LUCERNE - agronomy and grazing management
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1 PGGW Kimihia 26 June 2014 LUCERNE - agronomy and grazing management Dr Derrick Moot Professor of Plant Science
2 MaxClover RG/Wc Lucerne CF/Sub CF/Balansa CF/Cc CF/Wc
3 MaxClover Total DM Yields (to 30 March 2011) Total annual accumulated DM yield (t DM/ha/y) Year /03 Year / Year / Year / Year /07 Date Year / Year /09 Year /10 Year /11 Jan03 Jan04 Jan05 Jan06 Jan07 Jan08 Jan09 Jan10 Jan mm 493 mm 635 mm 601 mm 643 mm 651 mm 767 mm 612 mm Luc CF/Sub RG/Wc Moot 2012
4 Spring Year 2 Summer Year 4 Unsown species <5% in Year 1... >45% in Year 6 RG/Wc pastures Annual grasses Taprooted dicot weeds
5 Spring WUE Accumulated DM (t/ha) Lucerne Grass/clover Grass only 20 kg DM/ha/mm 13 kg DM/ha/mm Water use (mm) 28 kg DM/ha/mm Moot et al. 2008
6 Nitrogen deficient pasture 1000 kg N/ha
7 Ryegrass/clover vs. Lucerne
8 Resistance to Pests and Diseases Cultivar Dormancy BGA PA SAA BW SN PRR VW LD Grasslands Kaituna Grasslands Otaio Grasslands Torlesse P54Q53 P54V09 Runner Wairau WL 325HQ I I D D D D SD I R R HR MR - - S R R R R MR HR - S R R R R MR R - S R R R R HR HR R S R R R - HR HR - S MR R R R HR HR S S R HR - S - MR S MR S - BGA = Blue-green aphid PA = Pea aphid SAA = Spotted alfalfa aphid BW = Bacterial Wilt SN = Stem nematode PRR = Phytopthora root rot VW = Verticillium wilt LD = Leaf diseases D = Dormant HR = 50%+ resistant R = Resistant = (31-50%) SD = Semi-dormant MR = 16-30% S = Susceptible Adapted from: Dunbier & Easton 1982
9 1. Lucerne establishment Soils - deep free draining - ph rg/wc fertility Sowing - inoculated mm - bare or coated 8-10 kg/ha - spring or autumn (grass grub) - cultivated or direct drilled - after fallow?
10 Sown seed and plant population over time 600 Seed or plants/m LSD Sowing rate of coated seed (kg/ha) Seed Emerge Sep'07 Aug'08 Aug'09 Aug'10 Aug'11 Aug'12 Feb-Mar Autumn Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year Moot et al., 2012
11 Seedling lucerne yield to early June Moot et al., 2012
12 Weeds 09 October 2007 (Year 1) Sown 21 Feb 2007 Sown 30 Mar 2007
13 Annual yield in relation to sowing rate Moot et al., 2012
14 Annual yield in relation to sowing date Moot et al., 2012
15 The Experiment At Lincoln University Dryland, variable silt loam soil No history of lucerne Split plot design with 3 replicates 4 sowing dates 4 seed inoculant technologies used Bare seed control also used (no rhizobia) Black & Moot 2013
16 Accumulated DM yield (t/ha) Jan 21 Feb 15 Mar 3 Apr 0 Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Harvest date Black & Moot 2013
17 Accumulated DM yield (t/ha) 14 PS CS ND AS BS 2 K. Wigley, D.J. Moot, Q. Khumalo and A. Mills 0 Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Harvest date Black & Moot 2013
18 No inoculant (bare seed) Black & Moot 2013
19 Inoculated with peat Black & Moot 2013
20 What a root nodule looks like Engine room for N-fixation Black & Moot 2013
21 Pre-development - browntop - hieracium - sweet vernal - <5% legume Source: Kearney et al. 2010
22 Low palatability Low production Low legume Source: Kearney et al. 2010
23 Lime and Fertiliser Application Lime 3-5 ton/ha Fertiliser kg/ha Source: Kearney et al. 2010
24 Typical 0.15 m soil test results for pre (2008) and post (2010) fertiliser applications from three Central Otago farms. ph Olsen P (ug/ml) Potassium (QTU) Sulphur (ug/g) Aluminium (mg/kg) Pre-Development (2008) Hills Creek Huntleigh Styx Post-Development (2010) Hills Creek Huntleigh Styx Source: Kearney et al. 2010
25 Soil ph & exchangeable Aluminium Exchangeable Soil Aluminium (me/100g) y = /(1+(x/5.5) 23.5 )) R 2 = 0.73 Change Point Soil ph Moir & Moot, 2010
26
27 Lucerne root ~8 months after sowing > 1.5 m length
28 Autumn Spraying Timing is Critical Most important tool Glyphosate, granstar, penetrant Key Results Conserve soil moisture Kill mass root systems Source: Kearney et al. 2010
29 2 nd Spray Spring Glyphosate, insecticide, penetrant Result from Autumn spray, photo taken 1 November 2010
30 Drilling seed with fertiliser Direct drilling = seed + fertiliser
31 Sown 21/11/2007 Photo taken 1/11/2010 Styx Station
32 Pasture growth 8 Unimproved Ryegrass/white clover Lucerne Yield (t DM/ha) M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J Year and month Source: Kearney et al. 2010
33
34
35 Seasonal grazing management Spring 1 st rotation aided by root reserves to produce high quality vegetative forage. can graze before flowers appear (~1500 kg DM/ha) ideally ewes and lambs but Never lamb on or set stock lucerne
36 Vegetative growth Above ground growth rate (kg DM/ha/d) July Spring Autumn Mean temperature ( o C) Jan Feb Source: Moot et al. 2003
37 Grazing Experiment 38 days resting 4 days grazing 25 days resting 3 days grazing
38 Partitioning to roots Tap root dry weight (t/ha) day 28-day A S O N D J F M A Month Source: Moot et al. 2003
39 Doug and Fraser Avery Bonavaree Where to plant
40 Seasonal grazing management Spring/summer (Nov-Jan) Priority is stock production (lamb/beef/deer) graze 6-8 weeks solely on lucerne 5-6 paddock rotation stocked with one class of stock (7-10 days on) allowance kg DM/hd/d increase later in season
41 Resident pasture Lucerne mixture Bonavaree Marlborough July 2010
42 July 2010
43 Spring = animals Maximize reliable spring growth high priority stock
44 Rotation 1 Pre-graze Plot 1 (21/9/07) 2.3 t DM/ha cm tall
45 Rotation 2 Pre-graze Plot 1 (2/11/07, 38 d) 2.9 t DM/ha cm tall
46 5 Experiment 3 (MaxClover) DM Yield (t/ha) Monthly rainfall (mm) Moot & Smith 2011 Practical Lucerne Management Guide 0 0 Jul07 Sep07 Nov07 Jan08 Mar08 May08 Jul08 Date
47 5 th September 2011 Cave Sth Canterbury
48 Metabolisable energy of lucerne 16 ME (MJ/kg DM) Leaves Stem Yield (t DM /ha) Source: Brown & Moot 2004
49 How to graze
50
51 Autumn = flowering plants Rotation 4 Pre-graze Plot 6 (28/2/08) 2.0 t DM/ha produced in 51 d Post-graze (4/3/08) 0.6 t DM/ha UTILISATION = 70%
52 Creating a net of opportunity Any autumn rain grows high quality feed
53 Seasonal grazing management Late autumn/winter (May-July) hard grazing once growth stops (frost) decrease aphid population spray for weeds days after winter graze - grazing/spraying early July - nodes developing at low temperatures
54 3. Animal health Redgut: problem on high quality feeds fibre Bloat: cattle more than sheep capsules Na def. (0.03%): salt licks/fence-line weeds/pasture Require 0.11% Na - sheep/beef/dairy (13%)
55 3. Animal health (cont d) Clostridial bacteria: vaccinate Cobalt: vitamin B12 injection Worm haven: Camping on small area river edge? Avoid flushing if: leaf spots or flowering lucerne - new regrowth or tops only are O.K.
56 Which animals?
57
58 What else to feed
59 Ewe hoggets grown on lucerne 54 kg ave
60 Corriedale 2th flushed on wilting lucerne
61 Lucerne (is not grass!!!) - flushing at Bonavaree
62
63 Close up of a prairie grass and lucerne mixture Bonavaree Marlborough July 2010
64 Tama annual ryegrass overdrilled into runout lucerne (12 yrs)
65 Tama annual ryegrass overdrilled into runout lucerne (12 yrs) - Close up -
66 Lucerne + cocksfoot
67 Lucerne + Prairie grass
68 The Blog On-farm activity diary Slide shows, photos and video Ability for farmers to comment/question/query Farmers and researchers can respond
69 Acknowledgements
70 References Black, D.B.S. and Moot, D.J Autumn establishment of lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) inoculated with four different carriers of Ensifer meliloti at four sowing dates. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association 75: Brown, H. E. and Moot, D. J Quality and quantity of chicory, lucerne and red clover production under irrigation. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, 66, Dunbier, M. W. and Easton, H. S Longer stand life with new cultivars. In: R. B. Wynn-Williams (ed). Lucerne for the 80's. Special Publication No. 1. Palmerston North: Agronomy Society of New Zealand, Kearney, J. K., Moot, D. J. and Pollock, K. M Dryland lucerne production in Central Otago. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, 72, Moir, J. and Moot D.J Soil ph, exchangeable aluminium and lucerne yield responses to lime in a South Island high country soil. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association 72: Moot, D. J An overview of dryland legume research in New Zealand. Crop and Pasture Science, 63, Moot, D. J., Brown, H. E., Pollock, K. and Mills, A Yield and water use of temperate pastures in summer dry environments. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, 70, Moot, D. J., Brown, H. E., Teixeira, E. I. and Pollock, K. M Crop growth and development affect seasonal priorities for lucerne management. In: D. J. Moot (ed). Legumes for dryland pastures Proceedings of a New Zealand Grassland Association Inc Symposium held at Lincoln University, November, 2003, Moot, D. J., Pollock, K. M. and Lewis, B Plant population, yield and water use of lucerne sown in autumn at four sowing rates. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, 74, Moot, D. J. and Smith, M Practical Lucerne Management Guide. 9 pp. Research/presentations/Lucerne-management-guide-Col.pdf.
CAVE 29 August 2013 LUCERNE agronomy and grazing management Dr Derrick Moot Professor of Plant Science
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