Bio Microbiology - Spring 2011 Learning Guide 01

Transcription

1 Bio Microbiology - Spring 2011 Learning Guide 01

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3 One does not have to "see bacteria" to know that they exist and that they are responsible for "chemical transformation" and infectious disease. What do you know that supports this statement?

4 John Snow 1854 P P P P P P P

5 IGNAZ SEMMELWEIS (July 1, August 13, 1865) In 1841 (30 years before the GERM THEORY of disease was established) young doctor IGNAZ SEMMELWEIS was hired to run a maternity ward in a Vienna hospital.

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8 The Francesco Redi experiment 1668

9 History of Spontaneous Generation Year Event Francesco Redi attacks spontaneous generation and disproves it for large organisms John Needham adds chick broth to a flask and boils it, lets it cool and waits. Microbes grow and he proposes it as an example of spontaneous generation. Lazzaro Spallanzani repeats Needham's experiment, but removes all the air from the flask. No growth occurs. Louis Pasteur's swan-neck flasks show that spontaneous generation does not occur. Thomas H. Huxley gives his "Biogenesis and Abiogenesis" lecture. The speech offered powerful support for Pasteur's claim to have experimentally disproved spontaneous generation. John Tyndall publishes his method for fractional sterilization, showing the existence of heat-resistant bacterial spores.

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12 What is this?

13 Bacillus anthracis. Gram stain. 1500X.

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15 Lister, Joseph BRITISH SURGEON

16 Differential staining of blood cells. These figures show the type of differential staining that gave Paul Ehrlich his idea for a "Magic Bullet". Different parts of the cells in these three pictures stain differently with a stain composed of the same mixture of dyes.

17 Erlich search for a magic bullet to cure syphilis, which in the late 19th century was a scourge as terrible as AIDS is today. In the final stages of syphilis, a sexually transmitted disease its victim suffered horribly and eventually died insane as the brain was destroyed by the infection. Over many years he tested 100s of chemicals and finally in 1910 he found one, he named SALVARSAN or compound 606, that killed the syphilis organisms without killing the host (usually).

18 The treatment, however, had many problems, causing long lasting health complications for those individuals who used it. In addition, despite Treponema being quite sensitive to salvarsan, the physician had to administer it intravenously for optimum effectiveness.

19 Martinus Willem Beijerinck was the father of Enrichment culture, a procedure which allows for the selective isolation of organisms from nature. (March 16, January 1, 1931)

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25 Highlights in the History of Microbiology A Brief History of Microbiology MICROBIOLOGY 101/102 INTERNET TEXT CHAPTER I: A BRIEF HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY

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27 Antecedents of Escherichia coli B have been traced through publications, inferences, and personal communication to a strain from the Institut Pasteur in Paris used by d'herelle in his studies of bacteriophages as early as 1918 (a strain not in the current collection). This strain appears to have passed from d'herelle to Bordet in 1920, and from Bordet to at least three other laboratories by The strain that Gratia received from Bordet was apparently passed to Bronfenbrenner by 1924 and from him to Luria around Delbrück and Luria published the first paper calling this strain B in Its choice as the common host for phages T1 T7 by the phage group that developed around Delbrück, Luria, and Hershey in the 1940s led to widespread use of B along with E. coli K-12, chosen about the same time for biochemical and genetic studies by Tatum and Lederberg. Not all currently available strains related to B are descended from the B of Delbrück and Luria; at least three strains with somewhat different characteristics were derived independently by Hershey directly from the Bronfenbrenner strain, and a strain that appears to have passed from Bordet to Wollman is in the current Collection of the Institut Pasteur. The succession of manipulations and strains that led from the B of Delbrück and Luria to REL606 and BL21 (DE3) is given, established in part through evidence from their recently determined complete genome sequences.

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29 The End