Global Issues. Series Editor Jim Whitman Wakefield, West Yorkshire United Kingdom

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1 Global Issues Series Editor Jim Whitman Wakefield, West Yorkshire United Kingdom

2 This series comprises three principal themes: the interaction of human and natural systems; cooperation and conflict; and the enactment of values. There is an underlying emphasis on the examination of complex systems and casual relations in political decision-making; problems of knowledge; authority, control and accountability in issues of scale; and the reconciliation of conflicting values and competing claims. The concentration throughout is on an integration of existing disciplines toward the clarification of political possibility as well as impending crises. More information about this series at

3 Tatyana Novossiolova Governance of Biotechnology in Post-Soviet Russia

4 Tatyana Novossiolova Faculty of Social Sciences University of Bradford Bradford, West Yorkshire United Kingdom Global Issues ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / Library of Congress Control Number: The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Cover illustration: Children Are the Victims of Adult Vices, sculptures in Bolotnaya Square, Moscow, by Mihail Chemiakin BonkersAboutPictures / Alamy Printed on acid-free paper This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

5 For my family

6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Completing this book has been a deeply exciting, enriching, and intellectually stimulating endeavour. Above all, I am deeply indebted to Professor Jim Whitman for his excellent guidance throughout the project, especially in its early stages when finding a direction was nothing less than a challenge. His kind support and invaluable insights have proved indispensable for shaping my thoughts and finding my own voice during the process of writing. And his professionalism, wide-ranging scholarship, and deep commitment to academic excellence have been a constant source of inspiration, nurturing my perseverance and curiosity. I also owe a great debt of gratitude to my colleagues at the University Bradford, Professor Malcolm Dando, Professor Graham Pearson, Professor John Russell, and Dr Simon Whitby. Equally, I am grateful to the many colleagues and esteemed scholars whom I have met and had the pleasure of interacting with throughout the research. The list is too long to name each and every one of them but in particular thanks should go to Dr Jo Husbands, Professor Alastair Hay, Professor Maurizio Martellini, and all wonderful individuals at the Landau Network-Fondazione Volta, Dr Karin Hjalmarsson, Dr Dana Perkins, Maureen Ellis, and last but certainly not least, the numerous colleagues from Russia and other Former Soviet Union countries who kindly agreed to take part in the project and found time to talk to me. Further thanks should go to the Wellcome Trust without whose generous support the research would have been impossible. Special thanks are in order to the editorial team at Palgrave for their invaluable guidance and kind cooperation throughout the project. My friends, both back in Bulgaria and around the world, have been a constant vii

7 viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS source of support, positive energy, and encouragement, and I doubt that I would have made it through so smoothly had it not been for their reassurance and persistent faith in me. Finally, words cannot express how deeply indebted I am to my family for everything they have done and continue to do for me and it is to them that the book is dedicated.

8 CONTENTS 1 Introduction 1 Biotechnology Governance in the Twenty-first Century 1 The Concept of Inertia: The Case of Russia 6 The Book in a Nutshell 9 Notes 10 Part I Growth and Consolidation of Biotechnology Governance 2 Governance of Science Before Science as an Aristocratic Endeavour 15 Science as a Vocational Pursuit 20 Harnessing the Power of Science 25 Towards a Permanent Mobilisation 37 Notes 41 3 Governance and Cultures of Life Science Research During the Cold War 49 The Life Sciences as a Professional Domain 49 Life Science Research in the East and West 63 Notes 93 ix

9 x CONTENTS 4 Twenty-first Century Governance Challenges in the Life Sciences 113 Biotechnology Advancement in the Twenty-First Century 113 Trends in Biotechnology Governance 117 Engines that Drive Biotechnology Momentum 130 Runaway Biotechnology? 143 Notes 146 Part II Governance of Biotechnology: The Case of Russia 5 Organisation and Governance of Soviet Biotechnology 169 Science in the Soviet Union 169 Growth and Consolidation of Biotechnology Research in the Soviet Union 175 Features of Soviet Biotechnology Governance 182 Notes Post-Cold War Institutional and Infrastructural Legacies 217 The Collapse of the USSR and Its Impact on the Life Sciences 217 Persistence of Soviet Inertia 223 Notes Life Science Policy and Practice in Present-Day Russia 265 Current State of Biotechnology in Russia 265 Mapping Russia s Life Science Policy 268 Life Science Professional Practice 285 Soviet Inertia Revisited 293 Notes Conclusion 309 Notes Erratum to: Twenty-first Century Governance Challenges in the Life Sciences E1 Index 315

10 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AMN AP BTWC CBMs CRT CWC DTRA FANO FPI FRP FSU FTsP GKNT IHR ISTC MIAC NBIC OSRD RAMN RAN RASKhN RFFI RFTR RKB RKKA RNF Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR Anti-Plague Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention Confidence-Building Measures Cooperative Threat Reduction Chemical Weapons Convention Defence Threat Reduction Agency Federal Agency of Scientific Organisations Foundation for Advanced Research Fund for Industrial Development Former Soviet Union Federal Target Programme State Committee of Science and Technology International Health Regulations International Science and Technology Centre Military-Industrial-Academic Complex Nanotechnology, Biotechnology, Information Technology, and Cognitive Science Office of Scientific Research and Development Russian Academy of Medical Sciences Russian Academy of Sciences Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences Russian Foundation for Basic Research Russian Fund for Technological Development Russian Bioethics Committee Red Army Russian Science Foundation xi

11 xii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS TsK USSR VAK VASKhNIL VIEM WHO Communist Party s Central Committee Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Highest Central Attestation Commission for Scientific Degrees and Titles Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences All-Union Institute of Experimental Medicine World Health Organisation

12 LIST OF FIGURES Fig. 4.1 Examples of Experiments of Concern 125 xiii

13 LIST OF TABLES Table 7.1 State Policy Documents and Programmes with Relevance to Biotechnology in Russia 270 xv

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