APPLICATIONS OF BIOSENSORS IN CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY

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1 APPLICATIONS OF BIOSENSORS IN CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY Dr. Rohini Karunakaran Associate Professor, Unit of Biochemistry Preclinical Coordinator Acting Head Medical Education Unit Faculty of Medicine AIMST University

2 FATHER OF THE BIOSENSOR Professor Leland C Clark Jnr Invented Clark Oxygen Electrode - Pivotal device that allows real time monitoring of patients blood oxygen levels 8/17/2017 2

3 BIOSENSOR A biosensor is an analytical device, which comprises of a detects, transmit and record the information regarding the physiological, biochemical change or the Analyte Bio element Transducer presence of a specific analyte (a chemical or biological substance Biosensor that needs to be Electrical measured) by producing a signal Signal proportional to the concentration of the target analyte. 8/17/2017 3

4 COMPONENTS OF A BIOSENSOR TARGET ANALYTE is the specific molecule that is detected by the biosensor BIORECEPTOR TRANSDUCER AMPLIFIER SIGNAL PROCESSER RECORDING & DISPLAY is the biological particle that binds with the target analyte and undergoes conformation can convert the bioreceptor response from the analyte into a electric, measurable signal. magnifies the signal manifold from the transducer to make it more noticeable and easier to analyse and interpret. filters the intensified signal and obtains the proper signal by cancelling noise. visually represents the data to the ones who analyse and use the information to find solutions to problems. 8/17/2017 4

5 VARIOUS COMPONENTS OF A BIOSENSOR 8/17/2017 5

6 TYPES OF BIOSENSOR 8/17/2017 6

7 CHARACTERISTICS OF BIOSENSOR SENSITIVITY The ability of a biosensor to measure small variations of the concentration of the target analyte SELECTIVITY LINEARITY RESPONSE TIME PRECISION Chemicals Interference must be minimised for obtaining the correct result. Linearity of the sensor should be high for the detection of high substrate concentration. Time necessary for having 95% of the response The closeness of agreement between independent measurements on the same sample ACCURACY The closeness of the agreement between the biosensor measured value (concentration) and the true value the analyte in a test sample 8/17/2017 7

8 ADVANTAGES Highly specific Extremely fast response time Continuous measurement Small sample size with minimal preparation required Portable, Easy-to-use Cheaper than current technologies 8/17/2017 8

9 APPLICATIONS OF BIOSENSORS 8/17/2017 9

10 APPLICATIONS OF BIOSENSORS IN CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY 8/17/

11 Biosensor & chronic diseases Diabetes mellitus Prevalence of diabetes Nanotechnology Glucose monitoring techniques Nano biosensor Fluorescent polymeric nano sensor Quantum dots Nanorobots Glucose biosensor 8/17/

12 CHRONIC DISEASES Major chronic disease are cancer, asthma, arthritis, diabetes, COPD, hepatitis, HIV/AIDS etc. Nanotechnology is the field that has potential for early diagnostic & advancement in treatment of Diabetes mellitus. It is one of the worlds leading health care crisis. 8/17/

13 DIABETES MELLITUS Diabetes mellitus is a disorder that is characterized by change in level of blood sugar (glucose) resulting from defects in insulin production, insulin action or both. Around 150 millions are affected from this multifactorial polygenic disease and number is going to increase in coming future. 8/17/

14 TYPES OF DIABETES MELLITUS 8/17/

15 DIABETES MELLITUS Goal of diabetes treatment is to control blood glucose level and prevent diabetes complications. Type 1 diabetic must take insulin (oral insulin) to control diabetes Type 2 diabetic may be able to control blood glucose by diet adjustment and more exercises In long term need medication(insulin) to control BGL Require constant monitoring of glucose level to maintain appropriate glucose level Blood glucose level in the body are dynamic. 8/17/

16 MEASUREMENT OF BLOOD GLUCOSE 8/17/

17 MEASUREMENT OF BLOOD GLUCOSE 8/17/

18 CONDUCTOMETRIC UREA BIOSENSOR 8/17/

19 GENE CHIP LAYOUT 8/17/

20 IMMUNOSENSORS When antibodies are used as a reagent to recognize, bind and detect target analytes 8/17/

21 GLUCOWATCH non-invasive transcutaneous glucose measurement Reverse iontophoresis principle 8/17/

22 GLUCOSE MONITORING TECHNIQUES Nanotechnology had contributed a lot in the field of glucose monitoring and diabetes management Some of the techniques are:- 1) Nano scale biosensors or nano biosensors 2) Fluorescent polymeric biosensors or Smart tattoo 3) Quantum dots 4) Nanorobots 8/17/

23 NANOTECHNOLOGY 1 st sensors are designed using macro-micro scale components Nanotechnology 2 nd Nanofabrication technique generate glucose sensors that are nanoscale in dimension 8/17/

24 NANO BIOSENSOR Works on the principle of electro chemical biosensors

25 NANO BIOSENSOR - ADVANTAGES Small size High surface/volume ratio Enhanced optical properties Faster response & improved catalytic activity More efficient electron transfer from enzyme to electrode Eg:-Nano biosensors based on the property of fluoresence signals such as FRET-(Forster resonance energy transfer).

26 FLUORESCENT POLYMERIC NANOSENSOR OR SMART TATTOO It involves biosensing through skin rather than having electrode system implanted. In this glucose binding protein (boronic acid derivative) are incorporated on micro surface layer through layer by layer assembly of nano film to encapsulate the component. Eg:- Polyethylene glycol The fluorescence property change in response to BGL & this change can be noted based on optical interrogation through skin.

27 SMART TATTOO 8/17/

28 Smart tattoo are implanted into the skin like regular tattoo but need to be replaced on time scale from weeks to months Offer ability for continuous monitoring through skin with a less invasive approach Advantages SMART TATTOO Reduce the need to take blood sample Data collected in a more continuous manner Avoid complication of implanted devices

29 QUANTUM DOTS Quantum dots are the colloidal semiconductor nano crystals of a few nanometers in diameter their size& shape controlled during synthesis Synthesized from atom of group II-VI or III-V of periodic table Such as calcium telluride or cadmium selinium forming nano particles with florescent characteristics

30 QUANTUM DOTS 8/17/

31 Advantages QUANTUM DOTS Allows rapid optical detection of BGL Have ideal long term implantation (i.e. they will not photobleach over time) Disadvantages Fluorescent sensor based on quantum dots will be more expensive than current electro-chemical sensor. Implantation into body requires stringent toxicity testing.

32 NANOROBOTS Nanorobot is a tiny machine designed to perform specific task with a precision at nanoscale dimensions of few nanometers (nm) or less. It work at atomic, molecular or cellular level to perform task in medical & industrial field

33 NANOROBOTS 8/17/

34 NANOROBOTS Advantages Has no side effects Operate freely inside body along blood stream It operates at specific site only Disadvantages Initial design cost is very high Nanorobot design is very complicated

35 COMMERCIALLY USED GLUCOSE BIOSENSOR Finger stick Testing Most common method to monitor blood glucose Procedure:- Drop of blood is obtained with lancet Blood sample placed on test strip Test strip inserted in glucose meter to display BGL Some diabetics may have to perform testing four or more times daily

36 Sub dermal implants Measures glucose in skin fluids by implanting on skin. Sensors life span 72 hours Smart contact lens Contact lens surface is embedded with sensor & microchip. Measure glucose in tear fluid eye Source RTS, Medtronic Inc Source-Google contact lens

37 GlucoTrack (Integrity application) Based on ultrasonic, electromagnetic & heat capacity Spot measurement on ear clip Sensor life span (6 months) Symphony (echo therapeutics) Advanced micro abrasion system Enhances the flow of interstitial fluid & molecules across skin to transdermal surface Sensor life span hours

38 CONCLUSION There is a great need to bring synergy among R&D institutions and Government, Industrial houses that leads to smooth transmission of technology. The level of sophistication, awareness, cost, reliability, availability and marketing are all factors involved in deciding, whether biosensors would become popular in near future. Promising approach to medical diagnostics by patients or in doctors offices Other important applications: pathogens, disease biomarkers, DNA, peroxide, etc. Method of choice for blood glucose in diabetics Rapid diagnostics may lead to more timely and effective treatment 8/17/

39 CONCLUSION A Biosensor is a analytical device convert biological response to electrical signal Diabetes mellitus is disease occur due to insufficient insulin production or action or both Nanotechnology provides potential for early diagnosis of diabetes Main glucose monitoring techniques are Nano biosensor, Smart tattoo, Quantum dots & Nano robots. Commercially used sensors are Accu check, Smart contact lens, gluco track etc. Progress in this field is rapid but ultimate goal for accurate, continuous glucose monitoring in patient is yet to be achieved 8/17/

40 FUTURE CHALLENGES/DIRECTIONS The most important future challenges for biosensors consist of: size, remote operation, reliability, sensitivity, accuracy, sample handling, telemetry and range of analytes The multidisciplinary arena of expertise necessary for the development of biosensors can be sustained by the collaboration of many areas of academia and industry. Though the result is a slow process but most probably the only realistic path to successful future advances in biosensor technology. 8/17/

41 REFERENCES Biosensors and their application in healthcare: hot topics - Dilsat Ozkan-Ariksoysal 2013 Future Science doi: /ebo Future Directions of Biosensors - MdZakir Hossain, Rozina Akter, Anita L Jackson, Dev S Shrestha. Journal of Nanomedicine Research J Nanomed Res 2016, 3(1): Biosensors in clinical biochemistry. P Vadgama. Ann Clin Biochem 1993; 30: Biosensors for Health, Environment and Biosecurity. Biosensors in Applications. Kafashan and Azadshahraki, J Biosens Bioelectron 2016, 7:3 Applications of biosensors in the clinical laboratory. A. St John Riv Med Lab - JLM, Vol. 3, N. 2-S1, 2002 Ozkan-Ariksoysal D (2013) Biosensors and their application in healthcare: hot topics. Biosensors 2-4 Wang J (2005) Nanomaterial-based electrochemical biosensors. Analyst 130(4): Mohanty SP, Kougianos E (2006) Biosensors: A tutorial review. Potentials IEEE 25(2): Fan X, White IM, Shopova SI, Zhu H, Suter JD, Sun Y. Sensitive optical biosensors for unlabeled targets: a review. Anal Chim Acta. 620: 8 26, Johansson A, Kromer K, Sroka R, Stepp H. Clinical optical diagnostics Status and perspectives. Med Laser Appl. 23: , /17/

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