Manipulating the Genome. By Zach Wyatt and Bobby

Transcription

1 Manipulating the Genome By Zach Wyatt and Bobby

2 Manipulating The Genome Within recent years scientists have developed powerful tools to create specific breaks in DNA sequences, they can either repair those breaks or introduce new DNA into the sequence. This is known as genome editing and it can contribute to many things such as a higher intelligence, better muscular development, better eye vision, lower risk of diseases such as cancer and it can contribute to many other things.

3 Manipulating The Genome Recently scientists have begun to use a new gene editing technology called CRISPR, this allows them to edit the genomes of living cells by cutting out one gene and replacing it with another. Before this scientists could only add or silence certain genes.

4 Manipulating The Genome Many scientists and ethicists want a worldwide ban on the use of human genome engineering. as it is use of CRISPR on humans is currently banned in 29 different countries across the world. Since CRISPR emerged 3 years ago scientists have used it to create animal models of human diseases. However if CRISPR is used to alter human genomes, the new human beings being created would have artificially inserted genes in every cell tissue in their body. Very little is known of the potential side effects as a result of this.

5 Transgenic Organism A transgenic organism contains a gene or genes which have been artificially inserted instead of the organism acquiring them through reproduction.

6 The Difference. In Nature the process used is called natural selection where the strongest most fit animals breed for example the deer rut and spar until the most fit buck prevails. Artificial selection is what many people use to get selective traits from an animal by breeding two animals with those traits but with this there is still no guarantee and it is less time consuming than natural selection but could still take a few years to get the desired animal By artificially inserting genes into cells could get all the traits wanted in the least amount of time

7 The Knockout knock-out mice are transgenic mice that have a particular gene of interest disabled. By studying the effects of the missing gene, researchers can better understand the normal function of the gene.

8 Cloning -Cloning is something that has been around for along time. Cloning first started with plants hundreds of years ago and it is only within the last hundred years that we have been able to clone animals.

9 Natural Example of Cloning -A natural example of cloning is asexual reproduction since the offspring is genetically Identical.

10 First Clones -The first animal clones started being created during the 1960 s -In 1962 the first cloning of animals is said to have taken place. It was the cloning of south african frogs from intestinal cells by John Gurdon of Oxford -In 1984 the first confirmed mammalian cloning happened. A sheep was cloned from embryonic cells by Steen Willadsen -Dolly the sheep was cloned in 1997 from adult cells. What makes Dolly special is the fact that she was the first animal to be cloned from adult cells -there have been multiple clones created since then for example they have cloned monkeys, cows, sheep, and more.

11 Preventing Extinction -Endangered species can be cloned to to try and prevent extinction. For example in 2001 an endangered wild ox was cloned and he was the first endangered species to be cloned. Since this has been it has opened up the path to cloning other endangered species.

12 Pros and Cons to Cloning and Manipulating the Genome Cloning Manipulating the Genome pros Cons Pros Cons -Help Endangered species -Ethical concerns -Can make us faster stronger and smarter -Is it ethical -create more animals for meat -Cloned animals sometimes have a shorter lifespan -CRISPR could have unknown side effects

13 References Cloning. (2013, April 9). Retrieved December 1, 2015, from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy website: CRISPR. (2015, November 30). Retrieved from CBC News website: Crispr/Cas9. (n.d.). Retrieved from Biolabs website: Editing humanity. (2015, August 22). Retrieved from The Economist website: Genome surgery. (n.d.). Retrieved from MIT Technology Review website: HISTORY OF CLONING. (n.d.). Retrieved December 1, 2015, from Basic Science Partenership Harvard Medical School website: harvard.edu/?q=node/18 Manipulating the human genome. (n.d.). Retrieved from CQ Press website: id=cqresrre Transgenic Animals: Their Benefits To Human Welfare. (n.d.). Retrieved from actionbioscience website: org/biotechnology/margawati.html Transgenic Organisms. (n.d.). Retrieved from Genetics Generation website: