The process of new DNA to another organism. The goal is to add one or more that are not already found in that organism.

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Arnold Weaver
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1 Genetic Engineering Notes The process of new DNA to another organism. The goal is to add one or more that are not already found in that organism. Selective Breeding Carefully choosing which plants and animals to breed to obtain desired traits in offspring. - crossing similar organisms. - crossing different organisms. Humans use selective breeding, which takes advantage of in plants, animals, and other organisms, to pass desired traits to the next generation of offspring. Nearly all (horses, cats, and farm animals) and most have been produced by selective breeding. Selective Breeding Passing on to the next generation of organisms. Allows only those organisms with desired characteristics to produce the. Inbreeding The continued breeding of individuals with. Inbreeding helps to ensure that the characteristics that make each breed unique will be. Most of the members of a breed are. Serious can result from excessive inbreeding. Why? Chance of offspring inheriting for a genetic defect. Examples in dogs Blindness in German Shepherd Joint deformities in Golden Retrievers Hybridization Process of to bring together the best of both organisms., the individuals produced by such crosses, are often hardier than either of the parents. Late blight of potatoes Disease that was responsible for the in the mid-nineteenth century. Disease was caused by a Crossing a plant that has good with a plant that has a good i.e. the Burbank Potato Increasing Variation Mutations are the of genetic variation. Why might breeders try to induce mutations? Breeders in a population by inducing mutations. Mutations are in DNA. Mutations occur, but breeders can increase the mutation rate by using and. Breeders can often produce a few mutants with characteristics that are not found in the original population

Producing new kinds of bacteria has allowed scientists to develop hundreds of bacterial strains, including bacteria that can clean up oil spills.

2 Producing new kinds of bacteria has allowed scientists to develop hundreds of bacterial strains, including bacteria that can clean up oil spills. Producing new kinds of plants Mutations in some plant cells produce cells that have the normal number of chromosomes. This condition, known as polyploidy, produces new species of plants that are often and than their diploid relatives. Polyploidy in animals is usually. Manipulating DNA How do scientists change DNA? What are the tools of molecular biology? Genetic Engineering allows scientists to study and make changes in the of a living organism. Scientists use different tools to: DNA from cells DNA into smaller pieces DNA into fragments Tools of Molecular Biology DNA Extraction How do biologists get DNA out of a cell? DNA can be extracted from most cells by a simple. The cells are and the DNA is from the other cell parts. Cutting DNA Most DNA molecules are to be analyzed, so biologists cut them into smaller fragments using. Restriction enzymes cut DNA at a of nucleotides. Restriction enzymes DNA Eco R 1 CTTAAG sequence on DNA DNA into fragments at each CTTAAG sequence

Gel electrophoresis Restriction enzymes cut DNA into fragments DNA fragments

The electric voltage moves the DNA fragments across the gel.

Because longer fragments of DNA move through the gel more slowly, across the

3 Gel electrophoresis Restriction enzymes cut DNA into fragments DNA fragments are poured into The is applied to the gel. The electric voltage moves the DNA fragments across the gel. The smaller the DNA fragment, the and it will move across the gel. Because longer fragments of DNA move through the gel more slowly, across the gel as shorter fragments of DNA. Based on size, the DNA fragments make a on the gel. These bands can then be with other samples of DNA.

Recombinant DNA Contains DNA from a organism Made by from one organism into the DNA of

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Generate of a particular section of DNA from a very

- DNA cools down to allow primers to bind to single stranded DNA 3.

4 Recombinant DNA Contains DNA from a organism Made by from one organism into the DNA of another organism Transferred or new gene becomes part of the and is passed on. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Generate of a particular section of DNA from a very amount of DNA Steps: 1. - heating up DNA to separate the strands DNA cools down to allow primers to bind to single stranded DNA 3. - DNA polymerase makes copies of the region between the primers. PCR video clip PCR Stages

5 Cell Transformation What happens during cell transformation? A cell takes in DNA from the cell. This external DNA becomes a of the cell s DNA. Foreign DNA is first joined to a small, circular DNA molecule known as a. Plasmids are found naturally in some bacteria and have been very useful for DNA transfer. The external DNA becomes a component of the cell's DNA. If transformation is, the recombinant DNA is into one of the chromosomes of the cell Transgenic Organisms An organism that contains genes from. The is a common example of a transgenic organism, created when a horse and a donkey mate and produce offspring. Transgenic Microorganisms Transgenic produce important substances useful for health and industry. insulin growth hormone clotting factor Transgenic Animals Used to and to. Mice have been produced with human genes that make their immune systems act similarly to those of humans. This allows scientists to study the effects of diseases on the human immune system. Transgenic plants are now an important part of our food supply. Many of these plants contain a, so plants do not have to be sprayed with pesticides (i.e. cotton)

Manipulating DNA. Nucleic acids are chemically different from other macromolecules such as proteins and carbohydrates.

Manipulating DNA. Nucleic acids are chemically different from other macromolecules such as proteins and carbohydrates. Lesson Overview 14.3 Studying the Human Genome Nucleic acids are chemically different from other macromolecules such as proteins and carbohydrates. Nucleic acids are chemically different from other macromolecules