Making Daylighting Work Applying Cx to Improve the Design and Implementation Process

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Making Daylighting Work Applying Cx to Improve the Design and Implementation Process the weidt group collaboration analysis research Jason

com jderinger@berkeleycbp.org HIGH PERFORMANCE BUILDINGS SINCE 1977 WWW.TWGI.

1 Making Daylighting Work Applying Cx to Improve the Design and Implementation Process the weidt group collaboration analysis research Jason Steinbock The Deringer Group Joseph Deringer, AIA, LEED ap HIGH PERFORMANCE BUILDINGS SINCE TOOLS & TECHNICAL SERVICES FOR SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS WORLDWIDE PAGE 1 THE WEIDT GROUP and THE DERINGER GROUP 2007 NCBC MAY 2007

2 Introduction For ages daylighting has effectively provided light for human tasks in buildings New technology and trends have brought new challenges Codes and utility programs require automatic controls and do not recognize manual controls Daylighting attractive for energy savings and for green solutions This presentation: Examines patterns of problems from a group of recent case studies. Recommends key Cx techniques to avoid the problems before they happen PAGE 2 THE WEIDT GROUP and THE DERINGER GROUP 2007 NCBC MAY 2007

3 Introduction The Weidt Group has had many years of successful Daylighting installations WI DNR 2 years IAMU 3 years Augsburg Library 9 years UNI CEEE 12 years Well Bank 23 years The construction industry is very risk averse Limited failures can slow the advance of valid technologies There are numerous opportunities for failure in Design Analysis Design Coordination Construction Practices Commissioning PAGE 3 THE WEIDT GROUP and THE DERINGER GROUP 2007 NCBC MAY 2007

4 Introduction In this session We identify the common failure modes of daylight systems We suggest Cx techniques to avoid problems or quickly fix them We recommend the development of a number of public guides and tools Daylighting requires integration during design Architectural Interior Design Lighting HVAC And further integration during construction and occupancy Contractors Suppliers, Manufacturers Building operators Occupants PAGE 4 THE WEIDT GROUP and THE DERINGER GROUP 2007 NCBC MAY 2007

5 Daylighting is Complex Successful daylighting is the product of many decisions Daylight apertures Shading glare control Interior surfaces Partition type and location Lights Controls Continued maintenance PAGE 5 THE WEIDT GROUP and THE DERINGER GROUP 2007 NCBC MAY 2007

System Efficacy Failure is not well understood we fail by degrees Component Perfection Excellent Good Fair Poor Window size 100% 98% 95% 100% 85% Sun shading 100% 98% 95% 91%

6 System Efficacy Failure is not well understood we fail by degrees Component Perfection Excellent Good Fair Poor Window size 100% 98% 95% 100% 85% Sun shading 100% 98% 95% 91% 85% Lighting design 100% 99% 95% 85% 85% Calibration 100% 95% 95% 90% 85% Total 100% 90% 81% 70% 52% PAGE 6 THE WEIDT GROUP and THE DERINGER GROUP 2007 NCBC MAY 2007

7 The Final Tests Are most of the lights off? Are the occupants happy? PAGE 7 THE WEIDT GROUP and THE DERINGER GROUP 2007 NCBC MAY 2007

8 Case Studies Successful Daylighting Solution DNR Office Building (one of many successes) Daylighting with Problems Architectural Firm Headquarters Community College College Dining Hall & Classroom The paper has 12 case studies PAGE 8 THE WEIDT GROUP and THE DERINGER GROUP 2007 NCBC MAY 2007

DNR Building Howard WI Not in the paper LEED Gold Certified building in Wisconsin Building orientated with the long axis running east west, enabling maximum southern and northern exposure to

Natural light from the south is easier to control with overhangs and light shelves because of high sun angles. Sun control on the north facade is not an issue and provides the best natural light.

9 DNR Building Howard WI Not in the paper LEED Gold Certified building in Wisconsin Building orientated with the long axis running east west, enabling maximum southern and northern exposure to natural daylight. East and west elevations are essentially solid light from these directions is difficult to control with the sun angles being so low. Natural light from the south is easier to control with overhangs and light shelves because of high sun angles. Sun control on the north facade is not an issue and provides the best natural light. It also has the added advantage of not allowing solar heat gain because the sun never directly reaches that facade during business hours. N S Solid East/West Elevations PAGE 9 THE WEIDT GROUP and THE DERINGER GROUP 2007 NCBC MAY 2007

10 DNR Building Howard WI Daylighting Zones Open Office: 0.70 w/sf Private Office: 0.44 w/sf Architects Berners Schoeber Associates PAGE 10 THE WEIDT GROUP and THE DERINGER GROUP 2007 NCBC MAY 2007

11 DNR Building Howard WI Energy Performance Optimized energy design model showed 50% energy savings compared to the energy code The lighting and mechanical system were tuned for a number of months The metered data of the building shows a 57% energy savings compared to the code Base 61.9 Modeled Gas HVAC Lights Outlets 53.3 Metered kbtu/sf PAGE 11 THE WEIDT GROUP and THE DERINGER GROUP 2007 NCBC MAY 2007

DNR Building Howard WI Long-term metering results, lighting circuits Longer daylight hours in July, thus no peaking at the beginning and end of each day.

12 DNR Building Howard WI Long-term metering results, lighting circuits Longer daylight hours in July, thus no peaking at the beginning and end of each day. Overcast conditions Significant reduction in lighting power compared to connected lighting power full load (36 kw) kw July 3 days Total connected load kw Panel L1 Panel L2 Total November 3 days Panel L1 Panel L2 Total Shorter daylight hours cause peaking at the beginning and end of each day Significant reduction in lighting power compared to connected lighting power full load (36 kw) kw PAGE 12 THE WEIDT GROUP and THE DERINGER GROUP 2007 NCBC MAY 2007

13 Architectural Firm Headquarters PAGE 13 THE WEIDT GROUP and THE DERINGER GROUP 2007 NCBC MAY 2007

14 Architectural Firm Headquarters Lights never turn off PAGE 14 THE WEIDT GROUP and THE DERINGER GROUP 2007 NCBC MAY 2007

Architectural Firm Headquarters 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 fc level w/ 2000 fc sky Sensor capability Daylight levels it

15 Architectural Firm Headquarters fc level w/ 2000 fc sky Sensor capability Daylight levels it sees Distance (ft.) from Window 9 0 PAGE 15 THE WEIDT GROUP and THE DERINGER GROUP 2007 NCBC MAY 2007

16 Classroom and Lab Building Nevada PAGE 16 THE WEIDT GROUP and THE DERINGER GROUP 2007 NCBC MAY 2007

17 Classroom and Lab Building Solatube in second floor labs The angled tubes allow more flexibility of the ceiling openings with fixed location of the roof openings PAGE 17 THE WEIDT GROUP and THE DERINGER GROUP 2007 NCBC MAY 2007

18 Classroom and Lab Building Monitored Results However the lights are always on at a flat level. They always use less power than the calculated full load amps Amps Lab Lights Lights are always 4.0 Lights are always on on at at the the same same 3.5 level, level, even even after after 3.0 dark. dark. The The lighting lighting level is less than 2.5 level is less than full full load, load, 2.0 suggesting 1.5 dimming, but but always always to to the the same same 1.0 level level regardless of of 0.5 daylight. daylight :01 0:56 1:51 2:46 3:41 4:36 5:31 6:26 7:21 8:16 9:11 10:06 11:01 11:56 12:51 13:46 14:41 15:36 16:31 17:26 18:21 19:16 20:11 21:06 22:01 22:56 23:51 Time Calculated Potential Amps Measured Amps PAGE 18 THE WEIDT GROUP and THE DERINGER GROUP 2007 NCBC MAY 2007

19 Classroom and Lab Building Problem identified Photosensor looks directly at the electric lights PAGE 19 THE WEIDT GROUP and THE DERINGER GROUP 2007 NCBC MAY 2007

20 College Dining Hall & Classrooms PAGE 20 THE WEIDT GROUP and THE DERINGER GROUP 2007 NCBC MAY 2007

lights in the daylight zone Classroom Clerestorey windows 2-6 high Lightshelves for south facing windows

21 College Dining Hall & Classrooms What Was Intended Dining Large windows on three sides and high diffuse glazing on the south side South windows to have a deep interior light shelf as a shading device Control lights in the daylight zone Classroom Clerestorey windows 2-6 high Lightshelves for south facing windows Control lights in the daylight zone PAGE 21 THE WEIDT GROUP and THE DERINGER GROUP 2007 NCBC MAY 2007

22 Dining Hall What Was Built Non dimmable light sources connected to the dimming control system Lighting control zones wired to the system were not always zones with daylight PAGE 22 THE WEIDT GROUP and THE DERINGER GROUP 2007 NCBC MAY 2007

23 Classrooms What Was Built Clerestoreys 1-9 high Light shelves under high windows in all classrooms and orientations Surface reflectance Ceiling reflectance 80% Wall reflectance 50% Floor reflectance 8%. PAGE 23 THE WEIDT GROUP and THE DERINGER GROUP 2007 NCBC MAY 2007

24 College Dining Hall & Classrooms Problem Resolution Controls were not calibrated during construction The users occupying spaces for no more than two hours were oblivious of the daylighting controls and did not perceive a problem Facilities staff that had been involved in the design process noticed the issue and called in for calibration almost a year later PAGE 24 THE WEIDT GROUP and THE DERINGER GROUP 2007 NCBC MAY 2007

25 College Dining Hall & Classrooms Problem Resolution Control software and hardware were sophisticated enough for the reprogramming Some lighting circuits in the daylighting zones were re-assigned appropriately to the daylight control system Where physical rewiring was necessary, problem resolution was harder to resolve PAGE 25 THE WEIDT GROUP and THE DERINGER GROUP 2007 NCBC MAY 2007

26 College Dining Hall & Classrooms Comments on Process The circuits were not wired as they were shown in the construction drawings Calibration was not included as a requirement for construction completion Had this been done, the wiring problems may have been discovered before the contractors left the site PAGE 26 THE WEIDT GROUP and THE DERINGER GROUP 2007 NCBC MAY 2007

28 One last example What came first in this design? Photosensor HVAC duct PAGE 28 THE WEIDT GROUP and THE DERINGER GROUP 2007 NCBC MAY 2007

29 Summary of Problems - Generalization Didn t Understand Understood, didn t fully document Understood and documented, didn t prepare the owner/user Designers have too little information about control system performance characteristics Documentation of control functionality, installation and calibration requirements are inadequate Controls are not explained to building operators or occupants Facility operators who are not well trained in these systems exclude them from ongoing maintenance and operation plans PAGE 29 THE WEIDT GROUP and THE DERINGER GROUP 2007 NCBC MAY 2007

30 Average Implementation Rates For lighting controls MG, % of the installed sidelit daylighting systems are functioning These 48% are on average saving 53% of the modeled savings WG, % of daylighting systems are installed and functioning 85% of OS strategies are installed and functioning 87% of manual controls are installed 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% % Implementation Rate 0% Manual Control Occupancy Sensor Control Strategic Switching Measuring the Success Rate of ECMs in New Construction Proceedings of ACEEE 2006 Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings. August 13-18, Pacific Grove, California. Switched Daylighting Controls Dimming Daylighting Controls PAGE 30 THE WEIDT GROUP and THE DERINGER GROUP 2007 NCBC MAY 2007

31 Reasons for lack of implementation Did not make it into the building Decided not to invest at this time Seemed too complicated to do, so skipped it Some rooms were left out (who knows why) Installed, but with problems Wrong control equipment installed Incorrect location for sensor Lights wired incorrectly Controls not calibrated Users want control, disable system PAGE 31 THE WEIDT GROUP and THE DERINGER GROUP 2007 NCBC MAY 2007

32 Effort for correction Matrix of Issues and Fixes with Effort Required Issues Fixes Add/ change control equipment Disable control Add manual override Move sensor/ control location Change sensor/ control orientation Add/ change fixture connections Change fixture location Program/ Calibrate the system Educate building operator Not implemented (const) hard very hard easy Not calibrated easy easy Wrong control equipment hard easy easy Sensor Location very hard easy easy easy Sensor Angle easy easy easy Not enough sensors installed hard very hard easy easy Too many sensors installed hard hard very hard easy easy All fixtures not connected very hard easy easy Wrong fixtures connected very hard easy easy Window position is different very hard easy very hard easy easy Lower surface reflectances very hard very hard easy easy Higher partitions very hard very hard easy easy Other obstructions very hard very hard easy easy Daylight quantity is less hard hard very hard easy very hard easy Users want more control very hard easy Most issues are very hard to fix after construction, and in fact do not get fixed PAGE 32 THE WEIDT GROUP and THE DERINGER GROUP 2007 NCBC MAY 2007

33 Case Study Conclusions Improve understanding of the control system hardware, software, and operations. Improve design products (drawings, checklists, specifications, testing plans, etc). Avoid problems with the daylighting systems before they happen. This is a primary role of modern commissioning approaches. If problems do occur, fix them as soon as possible. Waiting until the end of construction is too late. Develop and implement an incremental testing and calibration program for the construction period. PAGE 33 THE WEIDT GROUP and THE DERINGER GROUP 2007 NCBC MAY 2007

34 Applying Cx to Avoid Daylighting Problems At project outset: Help define a balance among the functional, quality, risk and cost objectives for daylighting. During pre-design and design, Improve consistency & detail of daylighting design information Share among the design team Pass on to the construction and operator/occupant teams. During bidding and construction: Better reflect the daylighting system design intent. Throughout the entire delivery process: Help building operators & occupants to better understand effective operation and use. PAGE 34 THE WEIDT GROUP and THE DERINGER GROUP 2007 NCBC MAY 2007

35 Cx Resources for Daylighting Total Building Commissioning documents produced from a collaboration of ASHRAE and NIBS. Cx procedures defined in ASHRAE Guideline Technical requirements for the building exterior enclosure defined in NIBS Guideline PAGE 35 THE WEIDT GROUP and THE DERINGER GROUP 2007 NCBC MAY 2007

36 Pre-Design - Clearly Identify Owner Project Requirements Illumination criteria Daylight objectives Percent of each space to provide task lighting predominantly from daylighting Percent of each space to provide ambient lighting predominantly from daylighting Variability expected diurnally and seasonally Glare criteria and preferred control devices Electric lighting system performance characteristics PAGE 36 THE WEIDT GROUP and THE DERINGER GROUP 2007 NCBC MAY 2007

37 Before Design Begins Clearly Identify Owner Project Requirements We recommend that: several examples of OPR be made publicly available to improve the quality and consistency of the Owner s Project Requirements for Daylighting (OPR-DL) being developed for buildings. Such examples should: enable designers to use them as templates to quickly develop and apply at low cost an OPR-DL for their building. This would help improve the consistency of daylighting design. Control system criteria Variability acceptable given the space use Possible manual override of controls to provide operators and occupants adequate control Interior design objectives Brightness objectives Reflectance criteria for interior surfaces and furnishings Partition locations, heights, and opacity criteria Level of visual uniformity or contrast desired in spaces PAGE 37 THE WEIDT GROUP and THE DERINGER GROUP 2007 NCBC MAY 2007

38 During Design Develop More Detailed Daylighting Information BOD-DL for daylighting could include Top lighting and/or sidelighting to achieve the interior illuminance levels Aperture sizes, locations, and glazing characteristics Interior design parameters Surface reflectances Choice of colors related to brightness contrast objectives Control narrative explaining a typical operation of the control system including response speed PAGE 38 THE WEIDT GROUP and THE DERINGER GROUP 2007 NCBC MAY 2007

39 During Design Develop More Detailed Daylighting Information For example, the models should be updated with significant changes in key items such as window size, glazing visible transmittance, interior surface reflectances, etc. OPR-DL should be used as the basis for defining objectives for the daylighting products for the phase. then, at the end of the phase the daylighting products should be reviewed to see how well they have achieved the objectives for the phase. Daylighting Model Physical or computer-based modeling to estimate performance and projected energy savings from daylighting. Update the model whenever significant changes occur in any feature or combination of features that would affect the daylighting performance of the design. PAGE 39 THE WEIDT GROUP and THE DERINGER GROUP 2007 NCBC MAY 2007

40 During Design, Develop More Detailed Daylighting Information We recommend that: a public performance specification for daylighting controls be developed and published. It would be very useful to include with the performance specification several examples of its application to the daylighting control systems for several buildings. An example specification developed by TWGI is attached to the paper. Checklists and Specifications Detailed specification of control equipment functionality Sensor locations Proper number and type of sensors to be installed Clear specification of which fixtures are to be connected to which daylighting circuits Aperture locations, sizes and visible transmittance characteristics Surface reflectances (minimum criteria) Partition heights and opacity characteristics (maximum criteria) Obstruction of daylighting from other objects (maximum criteria) PAGE 40 THE WEIDT GROUP and THE DERINGER GROUP 2007 NCBC MAY 2007

41 During Design Develop More Detailed Daylighting Information We recommend that: several public examples of daylighting testing and calibration plans be developed and published. These plans should: be representative of such plans developed during the design phases for application during construction Prepare Plan for Testing & Calibration Wiring of daylighting systems properly installed Installed sensors are of proper types and numbers, and that they are located and pointed in the proper directions. Control hardware and software responds properly to the threshold conditions Control hardware and software responds properly to longer-term operating conditions. This requires datalogging and monitoring of the systems. PAGE 41 THE WEIDT GROUP and THE DERINGER GROUP 2007 NCBC MAY 2007

42 During Construction Review Submittals, Track Issues, Test & Calibrate We recommend that: several public examples of daylighting testing and calibration activities during construction be developed and published. Review Construction Submittals for compliance with OPR-DL, BOD-DL Drawings, checklists, specifications, control narrative, testing plan and other design documents for the daylighting system. Track Project Issues Daylighting issues that have been identified specifically for the current project Daylighting issues derived from a list of known general problems with daylighting systems should also be maintained and regularly reviewed. Conduct the Testing and Calibration The wiring of daylighting systems is properly installed Installed sensors are of proper types and numbers, and that they are located and pointed in the proper directions. The control hardware and software functions properly. PAGE 42 THE WEIDT GROUP and THE DERINGER GROUP 2007 NCBC MAY 2007

43 During Occupancy and Operation Provide for adequate training We recommend that: at least one public example of a daylighting training program for building operators and occupants be developed and published. Provide training in how the daylighting system is supposed to work So that if problems occur, operators and occupants can distinguish between design and operational causes. Provide training on impacts of: Apertures Shading Interior surface treatment Partitions Electric lighting systems Lighting and daylighting control systems. PAGE 43 THE WEIDT GROUP and THE DERINGER GROUP 2007 NCBC MAY 2007

44 Concluding Observations NIBS is planning to develop a daylighting supplement to Guideline NIBS has begun to assemble a project committee to accomplish this work. Hopefully, improved Cx guidance on daylighting systems will help avoid problems in the future. PAGE 44 THE WEIDT GROUP and THE DERINGER GROUP 2007 NCBC MAY 2007

45 Thank You the weidt group collaboration analysis research Jason Steinbock The Deringer Group Joseph Deringer, AIA, LEED ap HIGH PERFORMANCE BUILDINGS SINCE TOOLS & TECHNICAL SERVICES FOR SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS WORLDWIDE PAGE 45 THE WEIDT GROUP and THE DERINGER GROUP 2007 NCBC MAY 2007

[DLCX] UNIQUENESS OF COMMISSIONING DAYLIGHTING: WHOLE BUILDING INTEGRATION REQUIRED

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