[DLCX] UNIQUENESS OF COMMISSIONING DAYLIGHTING: WHOLE BUILDING INTEGRATION REQUIRED

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1 [DLCX] UNIQUENESS OF COMMISSIONING DAYLIGHTING: WHOLE BUILDING INTEGRATION REQUIRED Joseph Deringer, AIA, LEED AP Building Science Analytics LLC 21 st National Conference on Building Commissioning

2 AIA Quality Assurance The Building Commissioning Association is a Registered Provider with The American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems (AIA/CES). Credit(s) earned on completion of this program will be reported to AIA/CES for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for both AIA members and non-aia members are available upon request. This program is registered with AIA/CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product. Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.

3 Presentation Description Daylighting is a key strategy for achieving high performance & substantial energy savings in many types of buildings. It can help to achieve very high performance buildings. Rudimentary daylighting is now required by codes & standard such as ASHRAE & CA s Title 24. Daylighting (DL) is unique in several ways that strongly impact Cx processes and issues. It is a strategy that to be successful must involve an integrated approach across several building systems, including: 1. Daylight and vision apertures in walls and roof, 2. Solar & glare shading & controls, both static & dynamic 3. Interior Design factors including optical properties of interior surfaces, furniture arrangements, and partition features 4. Lighting system options, and controls for lighting and daylighting Thus, daylighting commissioning (DL-Cx) must also be integrated across systems.

Learning Objectives At the end of this session, participants will be able to: Understand that: Daylighting involves design, delivery, & Cx across multiple Systems Traditional construction processes

4 Learning Objectives At the end of this session, participants will be able to: Understand that: Daylighting involves design, delivery, & Cx across multiple Systems Traditional construction processes ill-adapted to this Problems are very difficult to fix once daylighting is installed Must identify & fix problems beforehand Understand key DLCx activities: Owners Project Requirements (-DL) Basis of Design (-DL) Checklists Specifications Testing & Calibration Training of both occupant & operator

5 Daylighting Cuts Across Systems DLCx must also do so Traditional construction processes ill-adapted to this Difficulty of fixing problems once DL installed Exterior Enclosure & Glazing Building form & orientation Lighting Must identify & fix beforehand HVAC Daylighting Interiors Controls Education Source: Deringer, for BECxC presentation

6 Daylighting Cuts Across Systems Integration includes all systems & controls Cuts across traditional Cx Requires integrated commissioning (ICx) Source: Deringer, for BECxC presentation Source: elad Project, LBNL, SuPerB etal

7 NEED FOR EARLY TEAM ACTION Program Predesign Schematic Design Design Development Construction Documents Construction Management Post- Construction Potential for Sustainability Impact of careful selection of Construction Team Impact of Commissioning Degree of Effort Design to Construction Time Line Sources: Multiple, including J. Deringer, M. Lewis, T. Lawrence, etc.

8 HIGH PERFORMANCE & ENERGY LEVELS: COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS 54.8 (622) Standard Source: ASHRAE PDS presentations on Standards 90.1 and 189.1

9 Daylighting & High Performance & Net Zero Hi-R Window Advanced Lighting Wall-Roof Ins. Advanced Daylighting PV Low Energy HVAC

attention to integrated approach across systems to

10 GETTING TO ZERO NBI REPORT FINDINGS ZEBs use available readily technology, but they pay close attention to integrated approach across systems to achieve high levels of performance Source: NBI Getting to Zero report

11 PROBLEMS CAN BE HARD TO FIX Source: The Weidt Group, from a joint presentation with SuPerB

12 Some Possible Causes of Problems Sub-Header Design documents not detailed enough Leads to improper supply and installation Control specifications vague Manufacturers provide inconsistent information about control system performance characteristics Control functionality and installation requirements are not adequately detailed Insufficient coordination between design and construction trades Calibration Requirements are not explicit enough. Timing is not specific enough System declared a failure

13 DLCX: PROCESS FROM PRE-DESIGN THRU OCCUPANCY Pre-Design Schematic Design Design Development Construction Documents Bid Construction Occupancy & Operations Form & Orientation DR DR DR CR Issues OOR 10 mo Envelope & Glazing DR DR DR CR Issues OOR 10 mo Interiors DR DR CR Issues OOR 10 mo Lighting DR DR CR Issues OOR 10 mo Controls DR DR CR Issues OOR 10 mo Educate O&M Staff & Occupants DR DR Train Train

DNR BUILDING HOWARD WI LEED Gold Certified building in Wisconsin

The lighting and mechanical system were tuned for a number of months

5 73.1 61.9 Gas HVAC Lights Outlets 53.3 15.9 31.3 23.5 21.7 11.4 13.

14 DNR BUILDING HOWARD WI LEED Gold Certified building in Wisconsin Simulation showed 50% energy savings. The lighting and mechanical system were tuned for a number of months The metered data shows 57% energy savings compared to the code Gas HVAC Lights Outlets Base Modeled Metered kbtu/sf Source: The Weidt Group

NYT Façade Layers External layer: Fixed -- Shading, light

thermal control - solar gain control -- Frit - solar, glare

Solar control -- Glare control Façade Layers: Floor to Floor

15 NYT Façade Layers External layer: Fixed -- Shading, light diffusion Glazing layer: Fixed -- Low-E, spectrally selective - thermal control - solar gain control -- Frit - solar, glare control Internal layer: Dynamic -- Motorized Shade system -- Solar control -- Glare control Façade Layers: Floor to Floor floor to desk desk to head head to ceiling plenum Source: LBNL, Steve Selkowitz

16 Pre-Design: Owner s Project Requirements (-DL) Important to get general statements of: DL goals & objectives Potential metrics for measuring success General budget Pre-Design -DL is likely to be very general Owners requirements for interiors, lighting, and controls may be very sketchy -DL may contain only placeholders as flags for future development. Example of a Pre-Design for Daylighting for a library project Building to design to achieve a LEED-NC 2.2 Gold Rating Achieve daylighting of 25 fc in 75% of the regularly occupiedspcaes Achieve energy savings of 30% min, 50% desirable (compared to ASHRAE ) Example 1 ofaprogram document with daylighting criteria Building Spaces Daylighting Daylighting Criteria Views to exterior Open Offices Required 2% DF Required Private Offices Required 2% DF Required Classrooms Required 2% DF Required Conference Meeting Rooms Required 2% DF Required Visualization Lab Not Desirable Not Required Storage Not Desirable Not Required Restrooms Not Desirable Not Required Locker Rooms Not Desirable Not Required Corridors Desirable Not Required Stairs Not Required Not Required Lobby Required Required Example 2 of a Program document with daylighting criteria from EPRI 1997 Source: The Weidt Group, from a joint presentation with SuPerB

NYT PRE-DESIGN APPROACH: TEST PERFORMANCE IN A

employee feedback and constructability: ~4500

17 NYT PRE-DESIGN APPROACH: TEST PERFORMANCE IN A FULL-SCALE MOCKUP Shading, daylighting, employee feedback and constructability: ~4500 sf mockup Concerns with glass facade: Window glare (Tv=0.75) Control of solar gain/cooling Daylight harvesting potential Real sun and sky conditions near construction site, 12-month monitored period North A B Source: LBNL, Steve Selkowitz

18 SCHEMATIC DESIGN: REFINE & EXPAND Add such items as: Illumination criteria Daylight objectives Percent of each space to provide task lighting predominantly from daylighting Percent of each space to provide ambient lighting predominantly from daylighting Variability expected diurnally and seasonally Glare criteria and preferred control devices Electric lighting system performance characteristics -DL is Expanded During Schematic Design 1. Integrated Building Design 2. Building Form & Orientati o n 3. Envelope & Glazing a. Fenestration criteri a i) Sidelighting strategei s ii) Toplighting strategie s iii) Heat loss/gain objectives or limi t s iv) Glare criteria and preferred control devices v) Reflectance criteria for interior surfaces and furnishing s vi) Partition locations, heights, and opacity criteria vii) Level of visual uniformity or contrast to be provided 4. Interio r s a. Interior design parameter s b. Surface reflectances c. Choice of colors related to brightness contrast objectives 5. Lighting a. Illumination criteria b. Daylight illumination objectives i) Percent of each space to provide task lighting predominantly from daylightin g ii) Percent of each space to provide ambient lighting predominantly from daylightin g iii) Variability expected diurnally and seasonall y 6. Controls a. Control narrative of typical operation of the control system including response spe e d 7. Educate O&M Staff & Occupan t s Source: The Weidt Group, from a joint presentation with SuPerB

spaces Achieve energy savings of 30% min, 50% desirable (compared to ASHRAE 90.

19 EXAMPLE,, & PROCESS LIBRARY (LEED NC 2.2 PROJECT DESIGNED IN 2006) Schematic Design LEED Gold Rating Achieve daylighting of 25 fc in 75% of regularly occupied spaces Achieve energy savings of 30% min, 50% desirable (compared to ASHRAE ) Schematic Design Orient building NS Window to floor area ratio of 20-25% All spaces within 2xH of window WWR of 30-40% Design Analysis Daylighting performance for design options Source: The Weidt Group, from a joint presentation with SuPerB

20 SCHEMATIC DESIGN- ANALYSIS: ILLUMINANCE PLANS & EVALUATION OPT 1 OPT 1 OPT 2 OPT 3 Pre-Design was: 25 fc in 75% of regularly occupied spaces Energy savings of 30%, 50 desirable OPT 2 OPT 4 Schematic Evaluation All options achieve 25 fc Option 2, 3, 4 optimize glazing area Option 4 minimizes solar penetration Option 3 works for library layout Source: The Weidt Group, from a joint presentation with SuPerB OPT 3 OPT 4

21 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT:,, AND DETAILED ANALYSIS LIBRARY (LEED NC 2.2 project designed in 2006) Achieve daylighting of 25 fc in 75% of regularly occupied spaces Achieve energy savings of 30% (min, 50% desirable compared to ASHRAE ) ised Develop Option 3 Raise window sills Internal reflectances Ceiling shape, stack orientation (furniture) Daylighting control Lowest wattage lighting design Total heat recovery w/ WLHP Evap condenser AHUs, hot water reheat Occupancy sensor control of lighting CO2 control of outside air Max envelope Annual Energy Savings $0 $3,000 $6,000 $9,000 $12,000 $15,000 Peak KW Savings Design Analysis Building Envelope Lighting Design Lighting Controls Mechanical Systems and Controls Condensing gas boiler 96% efficiency Lighting switch strategies Flat panel monitors Source: The Weidt Group, from a joint presentation with SuPerB

22 DD: ENERGY ANALYSIS Source: The Weidt Group, from a joint presentation with SuPerB

23 CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTS:,, AND PROCESS LIBRARY ised Building Development Process Commissioning Process ised Energy strategy list Narrative List of parameters Zone diagrams Identify Outstanding Enclosure Issues Project iew Meeting Prepare Construction Documents Design Phase: Construction Documents Project iew Meeting Design iews Update Training Requirements Update Basis of Design () Update Systems Manual Structure Update Update Cx Plan Documents Drawings Specifications Checklists Plan Owner Acceptance of Constr. Documents Products To Construction Phase ( 7) Owner Acceptance of Cx Products ( 6.3) Design Process Develop Cx Requirements for Construction Documents ( 6.4) Document iew

24 CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTS: CHECKLISTS AND SPECIFICATIONS FRAMEWORK Example Checklists Detailed specification of control equipment functionality Sensor locations Proper number and type of sensors to be installed Clear specification of which fixtures are to be connected to which daylighting circuits Aperture locations, sizes and visible transmittance characteristics Surface reflectances (minimum criteria) Partition heights and opacity characteristics (maximum criteria) Obstruction of daylighting from other objects (maximum criteria) Example Specifications Control Narrative Features and Capability of the system Submittal Requirements Calibration Requirements Project Record Documents Source: The Weidt Group, from a joint presentation with SuPerB

25 CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTS: DL DESIGN REVIEW AT 95% CD LIBRARY Summary 44% of the total selected bundle savings appear specified Produces 26% energy savings instead of the expected 59% in DD. Daylighting All areas expected to have daylighting have access to daylight Window area: LEED Daylighting Calculations Glazing type and shading was found as required Interior reflectance values ceiling reflectance was low at 40% Orientation of stacks was appropriate perpendicular to windows Daylighting Controls Photo-sensors and dimming controllers were found as expected. Not found were Dimming ballasts, Control Narrative, Calibration Requirements, or Contractor submittal requirements Lighting Design Many areas have been specified with a higher watts/sf than expected resulting in less savings. Source: The Weidt Group, from a joint presentation with SuPerB

26 CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTS: WHY REVIEW IS IMPORTANT LIBRARY 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Selection CD Verification Mechanical Glazing Lighting Design/Controls Envelope Insulation Daylighting Controls Source: The Weidt Group, from a joint presentation with SuPerB

COLLEGE DINING HALL WHAT WAS INTENDED VERSUS WHAT WAS BUILT What Was Built: Non dimmable light sources connected to the dimming control system Lighting control zones wired to the system were not

27 COLLEGE DINING HALL WHAT WAS INTENDED VERSUS WHAT WAS BUILT What Was Built: Non dimmable light sources connected to the dimming control system Lighting control zones wired to the system were not always zones with daylight What Was Intended: Large windows on three sides and high diffuse glazing on the south side South windows to have a deep interior light shelf as a shading device Control lights in the daylight zone Source: The Weidt Group, from a joint presentation with SuPerB

COLLEGE CLASSROOMS WHAT WAS INTENDED VERSUS WHAT WAS BUILT What Was

windows Control lights in the daylight zone What Was Built: Clerestoreys

orientations Surface reflectance Ceiling reflectance 80% Wall

28 COLLEGE CLASSROOMS WHAT WAS INTENDED VERSUS WHAT WAS BUILT What Was Intended: Clerestorey windows 2-6 high Lightshelves for south facing windows Control lights in the daylight zone What Was Built: Clerestoreys 1-9 high Light shelves under high windows in all classrooms and orientations Surface reflectance Ceiling reflectance 80% Wall reflectance 50% Floor reflectance 8%. Source: The Weidt Group, from a joint presentation with SuPerB

DURING CONSTRUCTION REVIEW SUBMITTALS, TRACK ISSUES, TEST & CALIBRATE iew Construction Submittals for compliance with -DL, -DL Drawings, checklists, specifications, control narrative, testing plan

29 DURING CONSTRUCTION REVIEW SUBMITTALS, TRACK ISSUES, TEST & CALIBRATE iew Construction Submittals for compliance with -DL, -DL Drawings, checklists, specifications, control narrative, testing plan and other design documents for the daylighting system. Track Project Issues Daylighting issues that have been identified specifically for the current project Daylighting issues derived from a list of known general problems with daylighting systems should also be maintained and regularly reviewed.

30 DURING CONSTRUCTION REVIEW SUBMITTALS, TRACK ISSUES, TEST & CALIBRATE Conduct the Testing and Calibration The wiring of daylighting systems is properly installed Installed sensors are of proper types and numbers, and that they are located and pointed in the proper directions. The control hardware and software functions properly. Issue: timing of various items

31 THE NEW YORK TIMES HEADQUARTERS: SHADE COMMISSIONING (T&C) TOOL BEING TESTED Source: LBNL, Steve Selkowitz

TRAINING Training components What the system components are Expected operation (narrative) The benefits Energy savings Improved visual quality Possible

Provide for continuous training capability Provide training in several easilyaccessed formats Accessible on local LAN Accessible on Internet Video

32 TRAINING Training components What the system components are Expected operation (narrative) The benefits Energy savings Improved visual quality Possible problems Overdimming Underdimming Cycling How to override Who to call to fix Training Delivery Plan for turnover of operating staff and occupants Provide for continuous training capability Provide training in several easilyaccessed formats Accessible on local LAN Accessible on Internet Video presentations Video demonstrations of the system, its normal and faulty operation, and how to troubleshoot likely problems Image Source: elad, LBNL, SuPerB etal

33 NEED FOR (IN SUMMARY) There is a need for templates of the following documents and reference examples of their use: Owners Project Requirements for Daylighting (-DL) Performance specification for daylighting controls Several daylighting testing and calibration plans Cx roles and responsibilities matrix for daylighting Daylighting training program for building operators and occupants Modeling of daylighting illumination and energy impacts

34 THE FINAL TESTS Are most of the lights off? Are the occupants happy? Pre-Design Schematic Design Design Development Construction Documents Bid Construction Occupancy & Operations Form & Orientation DR DR DR CR Issues OOR 10 mo Envelope & Glazing DR DR DR CR Issues OOR 10 mo Interiors DR DR CR Issues OOR 10 mo Lighting DR DR CR Issues OOR 10 mo Controls DR DR CR Issues OOR 10 mo Educate O&M Staff & Occupants DR DR Train Train

35 THANK YOU Joseph J. Deringer, AIA, LEED AP Building Science Analytics LLC 1349 Addison Street, Berkeley, CA

Making Daylighting Work Applying Cx to Improve the Design and Implementation Process

Making Daylighting Work Applying Cx to Improve the Design and Implementation Process the weidt group collaboration analysis research Jason Steinbock jasons@twgi.com The Deringer Group Joseph Deringer,