Sanitation Marketing Toolkit MANUAL FOR PRODUCTION AND INSTALLATION OF POUR-FLUSH LATRINES

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Noel Patrick
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1 Sanitation Marketing Toolkit MANUAL FOR PRODUCTION AND INSTALLATION OF POUR-FLUSH LATRINES

CONTENTS Page 1. Foreword 3 2. Introduction of Latrines 4 3. Components of Latrines 5 4. Moulds and Tools Needed for Latrine Production 6 5. Procedures for Concrete Ring Production 7 6.

3 CONTENTS Page 1. Foreword 3 2. Introduction of Latrines 4 3. Components of Latrines 5 4. Moulds and Tools Needed for Latrine Production 6 5. Procedures for Concrete Ring Production 7 6. Procedures for Concrete Slab Production Procedures for Latrine Transportation Procedures for Latrine Installation 19 Annex A.Latrine Production Quality Inspection Form 20 Annex B. Concrete Mixture Ratios 21 2

4 FOREWORD This standard manual for pour-flush latrine production and installation was designed by Vongkhamxay-OD Survey-Design & Construction Co., LTD. on behalf of Population Services International (PSI) Laos and Water and Sanitation Program of the World Bank (WSP). The purpose is to provide clear instructions to latrine producers on how to produce and install pour-flush latrines in rural areas where it can help provide users with better health and a cleaner environment. This latrine design takes into consideration the availability of required materials and the logistics of latrine production in rural areas in Laos. It has been designed to use those materials that are most easily accessible, while still prioritizing quality, attractiveness, and affordability. Latrine producers who use this design will be able to make a profit by producing quality, affordable latrines using local materials, and will also be contributing to a cleaner, healthier environment in the area they serve. PSI will provide production and installation training according to this manual for business owners who are members of the network. 3

Latrines are affordable and suitable for rural areas where there is more space. Important: The maximum pit depth for latrines is 1.5 meters.

5 INTRODUCTION TO LATRINES Latrines use a pit or trench to receive waste matter from the human body. The pit requires emptying after 5-7 years, depending on frequency of use and number of users. Latrines are affordable and suitable for rural areas where there is more space. Important: The maximum pit depth for latrines is 1.5 meters. Latrines should be installed at least 15 meters from any water source where the water may be consumed. COMPONENTS OF LATRINES Latrines consist of a pan, slab, concrete rings, and a hole for emptying the pit. - Pan: Allows waste matter to enter the pit and keeps gas from natural chemical reactions from escaping. 4

Circular rings are advantageous to square rings as they can better withstand pressure, and are more durable and

6 - Slab: Covers the pit and supports human weight. Tiles (optional) help to keep the area clean and easy to maintain. - Concrete rings: Prevents soil erosion. Circular rings are advantageous to square rings as they can better withstand pressure, and are more durable and cost effective. - Emptying hole: Gives access to the contents of the pit so that it can be emptied when necessary. MAXIMUM PIT DEPTH: 1.5M Pan Emptying Hole Slab Concrete Rings 5

7 MOULDS AND TOOLS NEEDED FOR LATRINE PRODUCTION Item Description Sketch 1 Steel mould for concrete rings -Inner mould -Outer mould -Steel wire 2 Slab Mould - Can be constructed using wood or steel - Dimensions of wood planks or steel bars: 4cm x 8cm x 120cm - Steel wire Tools 1 Concrete Mixer - Volume: 0.2 m³ or 0.5 m³ 2 Shovel 3 Trowel 4 Hammer 5 MetalCuttingSaw 6 Measuring Tape 6

PROCEDURES FOR CONCRETE RING PRODUCTION To produce a high quality ring, it is recommended to use 240kg/m³of concrete (refer to the 1:2:4 ratio for concrete production described in Annex B of this

8 PROCEDURES FOR CONCRETE RING PRODUCTION To produce a high quality ring, it is recommended to use 240kg/m³of concrete (refer to the 1:2:4 ratio for concrete production described in Annex B of this manual). VOLUME OF MATERIALS NEEDED TO PRODUCE ONE RING: Cement (kg) Sand (kg) Gravel (kg) Water (l) Steel Bar Steel (kg) Wire(kg) PREPARATION CLEAN AND INSTALL THE CONCRETE RINGMOULD! Clean the mould thoroughly before pouring concrete.! Put lubricant onto the surface of the mould.! Ensure that the mould has been placed on even ground and is properly level. 7

Outer Layer Surface of Mould CONSTRUCT STEEL WIRE STRUCTURE!

! Use thin steel wire to tie the 6mm steel bar accordingly.

gravel, sand, and water should be mixed following the 1:2:4 ratio in the

9 Outer Layer Surface of Mould CONSTRUCT STEEL WIRE STRUCTURE! Cut the 6 mm steel bar into 3 pieces of 250cm and 4 pieces of 30 cm.! Use thin steel wire to tie the 6mm steel bar accordingly.! Each end will have an extra 2cm of wire, which should be fastened together. MIX CONCRETE! In order to produce high quality concrete suitable for latrines, cement, gravel, sand, and water should be mixed following the 1:2:4 ratio in the table in Annex B of this manual. Other possible ratios are listed in Annex B. The amounts listed in the table will produce 1.00m 3 of standard grade concrete. 8

Recommendations for high quality concrete: 1. Use clean sand and gravel 2. Use good quality cement 3. Use clean water in the proper volume Remember Be careful not to impact the mould while pouring.

10 Recommendations for high quality concrete: 1. Use clean sand and gravel 2. Use good quality cement 3. Use clean water in the proper volume Remember Be careful not to impact the mould while pouring. This could deform the mould, and therefore, the concrete ring or slab. Steadily pour the concrete directly in the middle of the mould and use the trowel to slowly spread it. Do not pour the concrete along the sides of the mould as it could cause separation of the mixtures. Do not pour from too high above the top of the mould as this could cause the water in the mixture to separate. Water should be properly mixed according to the instructions as it could rise up to the surface due to the pressure of the concrete sinking down. Use a steel bar or concrete vibrator to properly disperse the concrete into the mould as your pour. Before dismantling the mould, let sit for about 2 to 3 hours. Then, very carefully separate the mould to avoid deforming or breaking the ring or slab. POUR CONCRETE INTO MOULD! Place about 2cm of concrete at the bottom of the mould before placing the steel wire structure into the mould.! Steadily pour the concrete into the mould and fill to the top. 9

USE CONCRETE VIBRATOR TO HELP EVENLY DISPERSE CONCRETE IN MOULD!

mould and is dispersed evenly within the mould.

that it is even.! Let sit for 2 to 3 hours before dismantling the mould.

11 USE CONCRETE VIBRATOR TO HELP EVENLY DISPERSE CONCRETE IN MOULD! Use a concrete vibrator to help ensure that the concrete fills the entire mould and is dispersed evenly within the mould. Concrete can also be dispersed by using a steel bar to hit the outside of the mould repeatedly.! Use a trowel to smooth the concrete at the top of the mould to ensure that it is even.! Let sit for 2 to 3 hours before dismantling the mould. We recommend curing the concrete by keeping it wet for 2-3 days. This will create stronger concrete to ensure that it does not break during transportation or installation. 10

! Slowly remove the inner mould first, and keep the concrete wet to avoid cracking and to ensure high quality.

12 DISMANTLE THE MOULD! After 2 to 3 hours, check the hardness of the concrete to ensure that it is ready. Note that in very humid conditions, it is necessary to wait 3 to 4 hours before dismantling.! Slowly remove the inner mould first, and keep the concrete wet to avoid cracking and to ensure high quality. Remove the outer mould after the inner mould has been completely removed.! Leave concrete ring in the sun for 1 day before carrying to the stocking area. 11

13 PROCEDURES FOR CONCRETE SLAB PRODUCTION (1M X 1M X 0.04M) The weight of one finished slab is 77kg. THE VOLUME OF MATERIALS NEEDED TO PRODUCE A SLAB IS: Cement (kg) Sand (kg) Gravel (kg) Water (l) Steel Bar Steel Wire (kg) (kg) PREPARATION WOOD FRAME! Prepare 4 pieces of 4x8 wood planks or steel to produce the slab mould.! Cut out notches to fit the pieces together (see pictures below).! Use the wood or steel to construct a square of 1m x 1m x 4cm.! Apply lubricant to the mould. 12

14 STEEL FRAME Use L shape steel bar (4cm x 4cm) Inside scale: 1m x 1m Thickness: 4 cm 13

CONSTRUCTING THE STEEL WIRE STRUCTURE! Cut the 6mm steel bar into 95cm pieces (10), 30cm pieces (4), and 25cm pieces (6).! Place steel wire on the ground and tie accordingly.

15 CONSTRUCTING THE STEEL WIRE STRUCTURE! Cut the 6mm steel bar into 95cm pieces (10), 30cm pieces (4), and 25cm pieces (6).! Place steel wire on the ground and tie accordingly.! Use thinner steel wire to tie the steel structure together.! Keep a space open for the toilet bowl and construct the steel wire structure around this (refer to the picture). PREPARE AND CHECK THE MOULD BEFORE POURING CONCRETE 14

! Carefully check that the space left open for the pan is the correct size and placement.

Prepare a hole for emptying the pit(20cm in diameter or 1 piece of 20x20cm tile in the corner of the slab).

pouring the concrete. POUR CONCRETE INTO SLAB MOULD! Pour the concrete into the slab mould up to 2cm (halfway).

! Finish pouring the concrete until the mould is filled.

16 ! Carefully check that the space left open for the pan is the correct size and placement. The hole should be in the middle of the slab,! Prepare a hole for emptying the pit(20cm in diameter or 1 piece of 20x20cm tile in the corner of the slab).! Make sure the area where the mould will be made is on flat, level ground and that is has been constructed properly before pouring the concrete. POUR CONCRETE INTO SLAB MOULD! Pour the concrete into the slab mould up to 2cm (halfway).! Properly place the steel wire structure at a height of 2cm, i.e. at half of the thickness of the mould.! Finish pouring the concrete until the mould is filled. USE A CONCRETE VIBRATOR TO HELP EVENLY DISPERSE THE CONCRETE IN THE MOULD! Use a concrete vibrator to ensure that the concrete completely fills the mould and is evenly dispersed throughout. Concrete can also be dispersed by using a steel bar to hit the outside of the mould repeatedly.! Use a trowel to spread the concrete at the top of the mould evenly and neatly. TILES 15

Cover the entire surface with tiles, including the space left open for the pan and emptying hole.

17 ! Tiles of 20cm or 25 cm may be used. 1 pack of tile will cover an area of 1.00m², which is the total area of the slab.! Place the cement mixture in on the cover, and steadily and evenly place the tiles on the wet cement mixture, starting from the outside. Cover the entire surface with tiles, including the space left open for the pan and emptying hole.! Make sure the cement is proportionally mixed with water to create the right consistency. CUTTING THE TILES! Place the pan in the designated area in the middle of the slab.! Draw marks on the tiles around the pan and outlet hole.! Use an appropriate tool to cut the tile around the pan and emptying hole according to the marks. ADDING CAULK AND FINISHING THE SLAB 16

18 ! Mix the caulk with a proportionate amount of water until the correct consistency is achieved.! Place the mixture into the spaces between the tiles.! The slab should only be moved after about 7 days to ensure that the cement and caulk dries completely 17

19 PROCEDURES FOR TRANSPORTATION OF LATRINEPARTS 1. Park the truck near the area where rings 2. Carryand load the rings one by one are stocked 3.Do not stack more than 3 rings 4.Repeat until the truck is full 5. Carry the slab carefully 6. Place the slabupright as shown 18

PROCEDURES FOR LATRINE INSTALLATION 1. Dig a square hole at the site where you would like to put your latrine that is 1m x 1m at the bottom and 1.4m x 1.4m at ground level.

20 PROCEDURES FOR LATRINE INSTALLATION 1. Dig a square hole at the site where you would like to put your latrine that is 1m x 1m at the bottom and 1.4m x 1.4m at ground level. For a three-ring latrine, dig the pit 1.0meter deep. For a four-ring latrine, dig the pit 1.4 meters deep. 2. Ensure that the earth is leveled evenly at the bottom of the pit. 3. Install the rings one on top of the other (3 to 4 units). Make sure that 20cm of the final ring is above ground level. 4. Backfill the earth around the rings and compact it tightly. 5. Fill the area surrounding the rings with earth, and then continue filling in dirt around the top 20cm of the final ring and compact it tightly. 6. Put cement around the top of the rings and immediately place the slab on the concrete rings. 7. Install the pan into the spare hole on the slab by plastering. 19

21 ANNEXES A: LATRINE PRODUCTIONQUALITY INSPECTION FORM Quality Inspection Form I. Round concrete ring (40cm x 80cm x 3cm) 1. Constructed with steel wire Yes No 2. Steel wire of Ø6mm and tie with distance of 15cm Yes No 3. Good and recognized quality cement Yes No 4. Gravel with size less than 1cm Yes No 5. Clean sand Yes No 6. Ratio of mixing concrete 1:2:4 1:3:5 Yes No II. III. Cover with size of : 100cm x 100cm x 4cm 1. Timber or steel structural Yes No 2. Steel wire of Ø6mm and tie with distance of 15cm Yes No 3. Good and recognized quality cement Yes No 4. Gravel with size less than 1cm Yes No 5. Clean sand Yes No 6. Ratio of mixing concrete 1:2:4 Yes No Storing and stocking 1. Production layout Yes No 2. Storing of materials needed and tools Yes No At :...Date :.../../. Inspection Engineer from PSI Producer or Factory 20

22 B: OTHER CONCRETE MIXTURE RATIOSPER 1 M 3 Ratio Cement (kg) Cement (sack) Sand Gravel Water per sack cement (L) Water per m³ concrete (L) 1:2: :2.5: :2: :3: :3: :3: To make high quality concrete, use one of the ratios of cement, sand and gravel listed in the table above. If a ratio of 1:2:4 is used, more time may be required to mix and pour concrete into the mould. However, this ratio is recommended because it creates a stronger, more durable latrine. 21

LATRINE CONSTRUCTION SHELTER. Pour flush latrine 2. Pour flush micro septic tank 3. Initial investment, location, human resources 4.

LATRINE CONSTRUCTION SHELTER. Pour flush latrine 2. Pour flush micro septic tank 3. Initial investment, location, human resources 4. LATRINE CONSTRUCTION Pour flush latrine 2 Pour flush micro septic tank 3 Initial investment, location, human resources 4 Concrete rings 5 Box 6 Cover 7 Slab and ceramic pan 8 Ring mold 9 Structure and