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![Structures can be classified based on deformation and type of primary load carried [i.e. Axial (tensile, compressive), flexure, shear and torsion] and their combinations.](/docs-images/81/83312108/images/1-0.jpg "In order to determine the type of the structure we need to strip it down to its basic skeleton.")
1 Structures can be classified based on deformation and type of primary load carried [i.e. Axial (tensile, compressive), flexure, shear and torsion] and their combinations. In order to determine the type of the structure we need to strip it down to its basic skeleton. Technical English - II 3 rd week Structural Engineering deformation / primary load / tensile / compressive / flexure / shear / torsion / strip down / skeleton Various components carry different types of loads The human skeleton is a structure which maintains the shape of the body, keeps the various organs and muscles in the right place and transmits loads down to the ground. maintain / shape / transmit / ground The spider s web is a good example of a tension structure. The weight of the spider and its prey is supported by tensile strength of the web spider web / tension structure / tensile strength All materials and structures deflect, to greatly varying extents, when they are loaded. The science of elasticity is about the interactions between forces and deflections. The material of the bough is stretched near its upper surface and compressed or contracted near its lower surface by the weight of the monkey. A building structure safely transmits loads down to Earth. deflect / elasticity / interaction between forces and deflections / stretch / compress / contract ground level / foundation / soil / rock 1
2 Some Types of Structures Arch Planar Truss Beam/Girder Braced Frame Rigid Frame Space Truss Cable Suspended Structure Arch Planar Truss Beam/Girder 2
3 Frames Braced Rigid Cable Suspended Structure Cable Stayed Bridge 3
4 Collapse or failure may take place under applied extreme loads such as earthquake, wind or blast. Failure may take place in various modes: plastic deformation (ductile, yielding), brittle fracture, buckling (elastic or inelastic), fatigue, vibration (resonance), foundation settlement and failure. A structure damaged during Northridge (CA) Earthquake Unexpected load scenario (for instance fire damage) and unwise design like inadequate sealing and paint protection that cause leakage and subsequent corrosion may also lead the structure to a case where it becomes out of service. collapse / failure / extreme loads / earthquake / wind / blast / mode / ductile / brittle fracture / buckling / elastic / inelastic / fatigue / vibration / resonance / sealing / leakage / corrosion Some loading types such as blasts cannot be beared. No matter how strong your design is damage may sometimes become just unavoidable as a result of the severity of loading unless your structure is built underground. A structure with blown off roof under strong winds The blast damage on A. P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City Damaged facade cladding during a hurricane blown off / roof / facade cladding / hurricane An underground shelter The nuclear blast damage in Hiroshima A buckled column due to excessive axial load during earthquake Buckling of a thinshell cylinder plastic hinge / sway / non-ductile / energy absorption / toughness / fracture 4
5 The Narrows Bridge collapsed as result of resonance in torsional mode of vibration. Collapse of a silo structure (The Transcona Grain Elevator) as a result of foundation failure (a) before collapse, and (b) after collapse Sealing a gap at the door-wall interface to prevent water infiltration using silicon type sealing material. Complete deterioration of prefabricated reinforced concrete driven pile as a result of corrosion that took place in sea water that triggers chlorine attack on concrete cover leading to the corrosion of rebars and spalling of the concrete. The rust accumulates on steel expanding the rebar diameter generating large pressures at micro scale. build-up / cracking / march on / extensive / break away / spalling / stain Bridges abutment / breast wall / pile footing / cap / seat / girder / span / deck / approach slab / roadway / slope protection / wingwall / piles approach embankment / abutment / back wall / longitudinal girder / crosss girder pier / slab / road level / approach slab / deck slab / kerb / handrail / parapet bearing / effective span / bed level / foundation 5
6 Steel Buildings anchor bolt purlin / eave / ridge / roof system / rafter / haunch / wall girt / post / gable / anchor bolt / rigid frame / bay spacing x-bracing / rafter / purlin / eave height / door header / endwall post / door jamb / eave strut / base angle / girt / endwall bay / interior bay Steel Connection Details Reinforced Concrete Building Details transition plate / assembly support angle / weld / provisional / leveling mortar / lock nut / anchorage plate / bevel slab / beam / column / spread footing / pedestal / slab on grade / basement floor / column capital / drop panel / bracket / roof / flat plate / upturned beam Reinforced Concrete Retaining Wall Details weathering course / parapet / roof slab / brick masonry / lintel / damp proof course / plinth / floor finish / floor concrete / sand filling / foundation / step stem / toe slab / counterfort / heel slab / distribution bar / hardcore / rubble / filtering material / weep hole / shrinkage crack / drainage channel / main bar / binders to beam / lean concrete / rebar / bending tendency / heel / toe 6
7 cantilever wall / topple / stabilize / anchored wall / driven into soil / expand / gravity wall / pivot / leverage / piling wall Reinforcement Cage of a Simply Supported Beam hanger bar / restrain / stirrup / dislocation / hook / longitudinal bar / tension reinforcement / support / shear / steel wire / precut and prebent bar / cage stirrup hanger / primary beam / secondary beam / support bar / construction joint / mud slab / mesh spacer / perimeter beam bottom reinforcement 7
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