USING LOCAL AGGREGATE OF BANGKALAN REGENCY FOR NORMAL CONCRETE MIXTURE

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1 International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 9, Issue 5, May 2018, pp , Article ID: IJCIET_09_05_073 Available online at ISSN Print: and ISSN Online: IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed USING LOCAL AGGREGATE OF BANGKALAN REGENCY FOR NORMAL CONCRETE MIXTURE Dewi Pertiwi Civil Engineering Department, Institute of Technology Adhi Tama Surabaya-60117, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia Siti Choiriyah Civil Engineering Department, Institute of Technology Adhi Tama Surabaya-60117, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia ABSTRACT Madura Island is a developing region in which building structure widely used in this region is made of reinforced concrete. Aggregate consumed for its concrete mixture is imported from Java Island, however, currently some good-quality sand excavation sites in East Java (particularly in Lumajang) are not allowed to operate. Hence, an alternative use of fine aggregate for concrete mixture is needed. Bangkalan Regency contains some potential aggregate for concrete mixture, namely fine aggregate (sand) and coarse aggregate (gravel). Its sand has an extremely fine structure and is rarely used in concrete mixture, because fine structure generates a poor-quality concrete. This research aims to maximize the aggregate usage from Bangkalan Regency as concrete mixture by conducting a laboratory research to test physical properties of the fine and coarse aggregates. The test includes analyses of specific gravity, sludge level, sieve analysis, and its absorption level. It is then continued by producing 30 testing cylinders sized 15 x 30 cm. Each variation has its own specimen and tested with Water cement factor 0.4; 0.5; and 0.6. From the aggregate physical properties test, fine aggregate s specific gravity was verified at 2.50 and coarse aggregate s specific gravity at 2.60; thus, it fulfilled ASTM C requirement which was Absorption of fine aggregate was 3.30% and absorption of coarse aggregate was 3.45% ASTM C with a maximum rate of 4.0%. However, the sludge rate of fine aggregate of 15.38% did not fulfil the standard, so it should be washed. After being washed, the sludge rate of fine aggregate was at 3.44% which conformed to SII.0052 standards for maximum 5% rate. Moreover, the coarse aggregate of sludge content was documented at 2%, so it should be washed. After being washed, it recorded 0.09% which followed SII.0052 standards at maximum rate of 1%. Fine aggregate s gradation is found at 30% which editor@iaeme.com

2 Dewi Pertiwi and Siti Choiriyah fulfils SNI with less than 40 per cent, while the result of concrete compressive strength test from Bangkalan Regency is recorded at maximum of Mpa and water-cement factor of 0.4. For this case, the concrete compressive strength test using aggregate from Bangkalan Regency has not reached normal concrete weight, as the fine aggregate s grains are too soft. Keywords: physical properties, aggregate, Bangkalan Regency, concrete compressive strength test. Cite this Article: Dewi Pertiwi and Siti Choiriyah, Using Local Aggregate of Bangkalan Regency for Normal Concrete Mixture, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 9(5), 2018, pp INTRODUCTION Madura Island, which is a developing region, has been constructing many buildings. The building structure in this region is mainly used reinforced concrete. The aggregate for concrete mixture is imported from Java Island. Unfortunately, some good-quality excavation sites in East Java, particularly in Lumajang, is currently forbidden to be excavated; hence, an alternative to use fine aggregate for concrete mixture is required. Bangkalan Regency possesses some potential aggregates for concrete mixture, namely fine aggregate (sand) and coarse aggregate (gravel). The sand is extremely soft, so it is rarely used as a concrete mixture as it will result in a poor-quality concrete. In order to optimize the use of fine aggregate and coarse aggregate from Bangkalan for concrete mixture, a physical property test on the aggregate is necessitated to determine whether it is qualified to be used as concrete mixture. Julistiono Handojo and Handoko Sugiharto (2012)[6], titled Potential Usage Gravels, Torjun and Omben on Madura Island which researched on concrete structure and the usage of Madura gravels which came from Peterongan, Torjun, Omben. In general, it can be said that gravel s physical properties were almost identical from those from Mojokerto or Pasuruan. Therefore, gravels from Paterongan, Torjun, and Omben were recommended only for stamped concrete, while Torjun s gravels can possibly be used for concrete structure after improving the gradation. Avilatus Saadha and Karyoto (2014)[5], titled Utilizing local material (Langkap Sand) as a fine aggregate mixture for composite blocks based on its deflection. The planned concrete compressive strength was 20 Mpa, while the result showed Mpa using Langkap sand from Bangkalan. Heri Sujatmiko (2015)[6], titled Optimizing the usage of limestone waste as a replacement for coarse aggregate under 17.5 Mpa compression strength and its influence on time and cost analysis. Limestone waste was obtained from Banyuwangi using water-cement factor (W/C factor) of 0.55 and 0.6. The results showed that waste of Limestone can be used as a coarse aggregate for concrete mixture. In addition, water cement factor highly influences the resulted compressive strength. Higher water cement factor shall lower the concrete compressive strength. Moch.Hazin Mukti, Taurina Jenny Irwanto (2014)[7], titled The Advantage of Javanese s Split Stones to Maduranese s as Coarse Aggregate in Concrete Compressive Strength Value. With the planned concrete compressive strength is approximately Mpa, from the findings, it was found that the maximum compressive strength for East Java s stones reached 32 Mpa, while Maduranese s stones reached 28 Mpa editor@iaeme.com

3 Using Local Aggregate of Bangkalan Regency for Normal Concrete Mixture This research shall test the physical properties of aggregate in the laboratory. The tests include aggregate s abrasion, sludge level test, specific gravity test, and aggregate s gradation. It is then continued by making a concrete as a test object, sized 15 x 30 cm with water-cement factor of 0.4; 0.5; 0.6 to be tested on its compressive strength at 28-day-old Water-Cement Factor (W/C factor)[10] In general, it is known that if the Water Cement factor value is bigger, the concrete strength s quality will be lower. Hence, in order to produce a high-quality concrete, the Water Cement factor value should be low; however, it causes difficulties in its production. Generally, the minimum Water Cement factor value for normal concrete is 0.4, while the maximum value is 0.65 (Tri Mulyono 2004:140) The relationship between Water Cement factor and concrete compressive ability (Duff Abrams, 1920:20) is formulated with this quotation, f c = A/(B¹ 5x), where A and B are constants and X is Water Cement factor value. Practically, to solve the difficulties in production due to low Water Cement Factor value, some new materials are added to enhance its dilution. Pressure Strength 28 days (Mpa) Table 1 Water-Cement Factor [14] Air-Entrained Concrete Water Cement Factor Non-Air-Entrained Concrete Source: Concrete Technology, Ir. Tri Mulyono 1.2. Quality Requirements for Aggregate Based on [12 [14] a. Quality Requirement for Fine Aggregate 1. Fineness modulus is between 1.5 and 3.8; 2. Sludge level or parts smaller than 70 microns (0.074 mm) with maximum value of 5 per cent; 3. Organic substances contained in the concrete is determined by mixing fine aggregate with 3 per cent of liquid natrium sulfate (NaSO 4 ). If it is compared with the standard color/comparison color, it does not look darker than the standard; 4. Grain hardness, compared to grains from Bangka s quartz sand, is no more than 2.20; 5. For immutability. if it is tested with natrium sulfate, the maximum disintegrated portion is 10 per cent; while it is recorded maximum 15 per cent, if tested with magnesium sulfate. b. Quality Requirement of Coarse Aggregate 1. Fineness modulus is between 6.0 to 7.1; 2. Sludge level or parts smaller than 70 microns (0.074 mm) with maximum value of 1 per cent; 3. If the weaker parts are tested with copper rod, it will result in maximum value of 5 per cent; editor@iaeme.com

4 Dewi Pertiwi and Siti Choiriyah 4. For immutability, if it is tested with natrium sulfate, the maximum disintegrated portion is 18 per cent; 5. Not reactive to alkali, if alkali level as Na 2 o within cement is larger than 0.6 per cent; 6. It does not contain long and thin grains more than 20 per cent Concrete Compressive Strength Test [8] For 28-day-old concrete, this following formula is applied: Individual Compressive Strength Test: Where: P = maximum weight (N). A = cross sectional area (mm 2 ). fc = specified compressive strength (N/mm 2 ). (1) 2. RESEARCH DATA For this research on Bangkalan s aggregate usage for concrete mixture, there are several data needed to be tested in the laboratory, namely sludge level analysis, sieve analysis, specific gravity analysis, and sand and gravel abrasion test. Sludge level test is conducted to find out its level for both fine and coarse aggregate. The maximum sludge level allowed for fine aggregate is 5 per cent, while coarse aggregate has 1 per cent limit. If the sludge level in the aggregate is higher than allowed, it must be washed until it reaches the acceptable level. Moreover, sieve analysis is used to find out the gradation of aggregate grains, while specific gravity is used to determine the aggregate s specific gravity. The results obtained are then used to calculate material needs in concrete mixture. Furthermore, gravel absorption is used to verify the hardness and absorption level in coarse aggregate. Coarse aggregate has a maximum value of 40 per cent for its absorption level. Like other analyses results, they will be used and calculated to determine the material needs for concrete mixture. Concrete compressive strength test for Bangkalan s aggregate uses 15 x 30 cm concrete as a test object which was then tested using 2 variations, namely unwashed aggregate (variation 1) and washed aggregate (variation 2). Each variation employs water-cement factor of 0.4; 0.5; and 0.6 for the concrete mixture. The compressive strength test was conducted for a 28- day-old concrete. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 1. Fine Aggregate Test in Bangkalan Regency The results of fine aggregate test in Bangkalan Regency are illustrated in Table 2. Table 2 Fine Aggregate Test in Bangkalan Regency Test Results Requirements Notes Specific Gravity 2.50 ASTM C at Fulfilled Absorption 3.3 % ASTM C maximum at 4.0 per cent Fulfilled Grains Gradation Zona 4 ASTM C The maximum limit of soft aggregate which passed sieve analysis of 200 Fulfilled is 3 per cent Unwashed Sludge Level % SII.0052 sludge level at maximum at 5 per cent Fulfilled editor@iaeme.com

5 Using Local Aggregate of Bangkalan Regency for Normal Concrete Mixture Washed Sludge Level 3.44 % SII.0052 sludge level at maximum at 5 per cent Not fulfilled. The aggregate shall be washed. 2. Coarse Aggregate Test Coarse aggregate s test results in Bangkalan Regency can be viewed in Table 3. Table 3 Coarse Aggregate Test in Bangkalan Regency Test Results Requirements Notes Specific Gravity 2.60 ASTM C at Fulfilled Absorption 3.45 % ASTM C , maximum at 4.0 per cent Fulfilled Grains Gradation 3/3-3/16 inch ASTM C The maximum limit of soft aggregate which passed sieve Fulfilled analysis of 200 is 1 per cent. Abrasion 30 % SNI less than 40 per cent Fulfilled Unwashed Sludge Level 2 % Washed Sludge Level 0.90 % SII.0052 sludge level at maximum 1 per cent SII.0052 sludge level at maximum 1 per cent. Not fulfilled. The aggregate shall be washed. Fulfilled 3. Concrete Compressive Strength Test The concrete compressive test results use the washed and unwashed aggegate from Bangkalan Regency. The results are illustrated in Table 4. Table 4 Results of 28-days-old Concrete Compressive Strength Test Variation Concrete Compressive Strength Rate (Mpa) Increase Level (%) BTC BSC BTC BSC BTC BSC Notes: BTC = Concrete with unwashed aggregate BSC = Concrete with washed aggregate 0.4; 0.5; 0.6 = water-cement factor editor@iaeme.com

6 Dewi Pertiwi and Siti Choiriyah Figure 1 Comparison of Concrete Compressive Strength Graphic Based on concrete compression test results using washed aggregate from Bangkalan, the aggregate recorded larger compression, because the sludge level has reached the permitted level. However, the maximum concrete compressive strength only reached Mpa with water-cement factor at 0.4, because Bangkalan s sand is included in grains gradation 4 (rather soft sand). 4. CONCLUSION Based on the research findings above, these following conclusions are drawn: 1. Based on the fine aggregate s test results at the laboratory, these following results were obtained: The specific gravity for aggregate was 2.5 and fulfilled ASTM C standard at ; The absorption of fine aggregate was verified at 3.3 percent and fulfilled ASTM C standards at 40 per cent maximum; The sludge level of fine aggregate was recorded at per cent; thus, it needed to be washed first. After being washed, it was recorded at 3.44 per cent which complied the sludge level requirement of fine aggregate for concrete mixture at 5 per cent maximum; The grains gradation was included at Zone 4 and the fine aggregate possessed rather soft grains. 2. Based on coarse aggregate s test result of Bangkalan Regency at the laboratory, these findings were obtained: Coarse aggregate s specific gravity was verified at 2.6, thus, fulfilled ASTM C standard of ; Coarse aggregate s absorption was recorded at 3.45 per cent, thus, conformed to ASTM C standard which at 40 per cent maximum; Coarse aggregate s abrasion reached 30 per cent, which fulfilled SNI requirement of less than 40; editor@iaeme.com

7 Using Local Aggregate of Bangkalan Regency for Normal Concrete Mixture Sludge level was documented at 2 per cent, so the coarse aggregate needed to be washed first. After being washed, it reached 0.09 per cent and fulfills the standard of sludge level for coarse aggregate for concrete mixture which was at 1 per cent maximum. 3. Concrete compressive strength test using Bangkalan s aggregate only reached maximum value of and water-cement ratio of 0.4. In this case, the concrete compressive strength test has not reached normal concrete weight due to the extremely soft grains of fine aggregate. 4. To reach normal concrete compressive strength result, it is suggested that fine aggregate of Bangkalan Regency is mixed with Java Island s sand. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The writers are expressed their gratitude to the Ministry of Research, Technology, and Education who has provided the opportunity and fund for this research. We also would like to thank the Head of Engineering Education Foundation, Rector, the Head of Research and Community Service Institute, and all lecturers for the undying support for the research, as well as the students who helped conducting this research in the laboratory. REFERENCES [1] ASTM C Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical concrete Spesimens [2] ASTM C Specific Gravity and Absorption of Fine Aggregates [3] ASTM C Sieve of Fine and Coarse Analysis [4] Avilatus, Saadha, Karyoto. The Use of Local Material (Lanskap Sand) as Soft Agregat Mixture of Composite Beam Reviewed from the Deflection e-journal.unesa.ac.id (9 Februari 2015) vol, No1/rekat/14,2014 [5] Heri Sujatmiko (2015). Optimization of Lime Stone Waste as Crude Aggregates Substitute towards Concrete Strenght of 17,5 MPa and Its Influence on Time and Cost Analysis [6] Julistiono, Handojo, ect The Potency of Gravel Usage in Peterongan, Torjun and Omben of Madura Island for Concrete Structure. access date 11 November 2012 [7] Moch.Hazin Mukti, Taurina Jemmy Irwanto (2014). The advantage of Java Crushed Stone compared to Madura Crushed Stone as a Coarse Aggregate to the Value of Concrete Strength. National Conferences ATPW 2014,Surabaya [8] Maria Dwi Ferdiana. The Introduction of Construction Basic of Elbow and Precast Concrete. TAKA Publisher Yogyakarta 2014 [9] Pujo Aji, Rachmat Purwono, Concrete Quality Control based on SNI, ACI and ASTM ITSpress [10] Paulus ugraha, Antoni. Material Technology. CV ANDY OFFSET Yogyakarta 2007 [11] SNI , Calculating Procedures of Concrete Structure buildings, ITS press2010 [12] Indonesian Industrial Standart (SII ), Industrial Department of Indonesia [13] SKSNI T , The Procedures of Making Normal Concrete Mixture Planning Public Works Departement,Yayasan LPMB, Bandung [14] Tri Mulyono, Concrete Technology Andy Offset,Yogyakarta editor@iaeme.com