Density Management and Biodiversity. Joan Hagar USGS-FRESC
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1 Density Management and Biodiversity Joan Hagar USGS-FRESC
2 Stand Density Influences Wildlife Habitat Tree architecture Vegetative diversity Structural Complexity Vertical (layering) Horizontal (gaps) Dead wood recruitment
3 Tree Architecture Open-grown Confined growth
4 Tom Iraci Large limbs: nesting platforms
5 Tree Architecture: Greater taper = Stability = Longevity
6 Stand Density Influences Wildlife Habitat Tree architecture Vegetative diversity Structural Complexity Vertical (layering) Horizontal (gaps) Dead wood recruitment
7 Vegetative Diversity and Structural Complexity
8 Plant Species Diversity Why is it important to wildlife? Bob Altman
9 Matt Lee Matt Lee
10 Common theme across taxonomic groups: Positive Response to Understory Development Numerous studies, e.g.: Carey et al. small mammals, birds Humes et al bats Hayes et al small mammals, birds Hagar et al birds
11 Yuma myotis Response of Bats (Humes et al. 1999, J. Wildlife Manage. 63: ) Bat activity higher in thinned stands Structural changes caused by thinning may benefit bats Positive association between bat activity and shrubs Selection harvest could also improve habitat for bats
12 Response of Small Mammals Total abundance of small mammals higher in thinned than unthinned Positive effects for herbivores and granivores Development of understory likely increases food availability
13 Response of Songbirds Positive response from: Granivores (Dark-eyed Junco) Hardwood-associates (Warbling Vireo, W. Tanager) Most aerial insectivores (Olive-sided and Hammond s Flycatchers)
14 Insects are Food! Insect diversity correlated with plant diversity Deciduous species support more insects Insects are important food for wildlife
15 Common theme across taxonomic groups: Positive Response to Understory Development Reduced conifer density: Increased understory cover and diversity More food and cover Increased wildlife diversity
16 Vertical Diversity?
17 Food Resources Foliage Nectar Fruits Seeds
18 Vertical AND Functional Diversity!
19 Stand Density Influences Wildlife Habitat Tree architecture Vegetative diversity Structural Complexity Vertical (layering) Horizontal (gaps) Dead wood recruitment
20 Stand density influences Dead Wood Snags are rare in thinned stands Decrease in density-dependent mortality
21 Why an increase in abundance of many cavitynesting species in thinned stands?
22
23 Some species respond negatively to density reduction Short-term negative response from: Closed-canopy associates (G-C Kinglet, Hermit Warbler) Some shrub-associates (Swainson s thrush) Pacific-slope flycatcher But... what about long term effects of density reduction?
24 Response of Swainson s Thrush to thinning, Willamette N.F. Thinning and Diversity Study (preliminary data) Pre-treatment Post-treatment CO HT LG LT
25 Some species respond negatively to density reduction Late-seral associates (Flying Squirrel, Varied Thrush) Short-term negative response?
26 Thinning should provide long-term benefits to late-seral associates
27 ?
28 Use of density management under biodiversity pathways Pre-commercial thinning to forestall early canopy closure Variable density thinning (heavier than conventional levels) for tree growth, understory development, and wood products. Subsequent variable density thinnings to add dead wood to stands, maintain understory, and provide wood products and revenues
29 Density Management for Diversity Variable thinning intensity Retain shrubs and hardwoods Plan for Snags
30 Matt Lee
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