Utilization of Manual Bucking in Cutting Softwood Logs in Finland

Transcription

1 Utilization of Manual Bucking in Cutting Softwood Logs in Finland Kalle Kärhä 1, Jyri Änäkkälä 2, Ollipekka Hakonen 2, Juha-Antti Sorsa 3, Teijo Palander 2, Tapio Räsänen 3, Tuomo Moilanen 4, Harri Järveläinen 1 & Mika Korvenranta 1 1 Stora Enso Wood Supply Finland & Wood Products, 2 University of Eastern Finland, 3 Metsäteho Ltd. & 4 Ponsse Plc. FORMEC 2016 From Theory to Practice: Challenges for Forest Engineering September 4 7, 2016, Hotel Puławska Residence, Warsaw, Poland

2 Outline Introduction Definitions of terms Cuttings of softwood logs in Finland Aims of the study Material & methods Framework for the study Data from stm files and production systems Highlights of the study Frequency of manual bucking Harvesting conditions & manual bucking Consequences of the utilization of manual bucking Discussion & conclusions. 2

3 Definitions of Terms Automated bucking = Cross-cutting according to the bucking proposals by the harvester computer. Butt saw log Middle saw log Top saw log Pulpwood pole Tree drawing: Ponsse Plc. 3

4 Definitions of Terms Automated bucking = Cross-cutting according to the bucking proposals by the harvester computer. Butt saw log Middle saw log Top saw log Pulpwood pole Tree drawing: Ponsse Plc. Automatically bucked butt log Automatically bucked log Automatically bucked log Manual bucking percentage of logs = (Volume of manually bucked logs [m 3 ] / Total volume of bucked logs [m 3 ]) 100 = 0% 4

5 Definitions of Terms Automated bucking = Cross-cutting according to the bucking proposals by the harvester computer. Manual bucking = The operator him-/herself decides the cross-cutting points of logs, or no bucking with the suggestions supplied by the harvester s automatic system. Tree drawing: Ponsse Plc. 5

6 Definitions of Terms Automated bucking = Cross-cutting according to the bucking proposals by the harvester computer. Manual bucking = The operator him-/herself decides the cross-cutting points of logs, or no bucking with the suggestions supplied by the harvester s automatic system Tree drawing: Ponsse Plc. Manually bucked butt log Automatically bucked log Automatically bucked log Manual bucking percentage of logs = (Volume of manually bucked logs [m 3 ] / Total volume of bucked logs [m 3 ]) 100 = (290/( )) 100 = 48.3% 6

7 Definitions of Terms Automated bucking = Cross-cutting according to the bucking proposals by the harvester computer. Manual bucking = The operator him-/herself decides the cross-cutting points of logs, or no bucking with the suggestions supplied by the harvester s automatic system. Tree drawing: Ponsse Plc. Manually bucked butt log Manually bucked log Manually bucked log Manual bucking percentage of logs = (Volume of manually bucked logs [m 3 ] / Total volume of bucked logs [m 3 ]) 100 = 100% 7

8 Cross-cutting Softwood Log Stems & Manual Bucking Norway spruce Length bucking Scots pine Quality bucking Manual bucking is minimized. Manual bucking is maximized. 8

9 Cuttings of Softwood Logs in Finland, Cuttings of softwood logs [Mm 3 sob] Pine logs Spruce logs Source: Natural Resources Institute Finland

10 Aims of the Study 1. To clarify the frequency of manual bucking with softwood logs, 2. To profile harvesting conditions where utilizing the manual bucking the most, and 3. To investigate the effects of the utilization of manual bucking on the bucking outcome. 10

11 Framework for the Manual Bucking Study + / + / Dependent variables for manual bucking Manual bucking Consequences of manual bucking 11

12 Which variables have significant effect on utilization of manual bucking? 12 Photo: Ponsse Plc.

13 Which variables have significant effect on utilization of manual bucking? Harvester? 13 Photo: Ponsse Plc.

14 Causality of Manual Bucking Dependent variables for manual bucking: - Harvester operator - Harvester - Harvesting conditions: - Cutting method - Size of log removal - Defectiveness of log removal - Tree species of log removal - Fertility of forest site class - Bucking instructions used - Other variables + / + / Manual bucking Consequences of manual bucking: - Dimensions of log section - Size of logs - Log percentage - Reject percentage - Apportionment degree - Production value of logs 14

15 Causality of Manual Bucking Dependent variables for manual bucking: - Harvester operator - Harvester - Harvesting conditions: - Cutting method - Size of log removal - Defectiveness of log removal - Tree species of log removal - Fertility of forest site class - Bucking instructions used - Other variables + / + / Manual bucking Consequences of manual bucking: - Dimensions of log section - Size of logs - Log percentage - Reject percentage - Apportionment degree - Production value of logs 15

16 By which attributes the goodness of log bucking outcome can be evaluated? 16

17 By which attributes the goodness of log bucking outcome can be evaluated? Utilization of log section (volume, length, top diameter of log section)? Log percentage? Log dimensions (volume, length, top diameter of logs)? Reject percentage? Apportionment degree? Production value of logs? 17

18 Causality of Manual Bucking Length of log section Cutting method Height of removal of log stems DBH of removal of log stems Volume of removal of log stems Share of defected timber in log stems Tree species of log removal Manual bucking percentage of logs Top diameter of log section Volume of log section Log length Log top diameter Log volume Log percentage Reject percentage Fertility of forest site class Apportionment degree Manual bucking percentage of logs = (Volume of manually bucked logs [m 3 ] / Total volume of bucked logs [m 3 ]) 100 Production value of logs 18

19 Study Materials: 1) stm files stm files from 55 PONSSE harvesters. Data collection: In June August 2015 in eastern Finland. In December 2015 January 2016 in southern Finland. Starting point of stm data collection: 1 st January, Softwood logs in study material: 958,416 m 3 solid over bark (sob) 1,964,884 log stems 4,051,804 logs. Study level: Harvesting site level (5,634 sites). 19

20 Study Materials: 2) Data from Production Systems Data from forest information system and sawmill production systems. Total data from forest information system was 91,496 m 3 and from sawmill production systems 74,803 m 3. Study level: Batch level of harvesting sites. 20

21 Shares of Manual Bucking of Norway spruce and Scots pine Logs by Harvesting Site 100 Manual bucking percentage of pine logs [%] Manual bucking percentage of spruce logs [%] 21

22 Shares of Manual Bucking of Norway spruce and Scots pine Logs by Harvesting Site 100 Manual bucking percentage of pine logs [%] Spruce Pine 45.5% 67.4% Manual bucking percentage of spruce logs [%] 22

23 Shares of Manual Bucking of Norway spruce and Scots pine Logs by Harvesting Site 100 Manual bucking percentage of pine logs [%] Spearman s rho = (p=0.000) Manual bucking percentage of spruce logs [%] 23

24 Shares of Manual Bucking of Norway spruce and Scots pine Logs by Harvester 100 Manual bucking percentage of pine logs [%] Manual bucking percentage of spruce logs [%] 24

25 Correlations of Manual Bucking with Norway spruce Cutting method (Thinning dum.) Height of removal of log stems DBH of removal of log stems Volume of removal of log stems Share of defected timber in log stems Manual bucking percentage of Norway spruce logs Length of log section Top diameter of log section Volume of log section Log length Log top diameter Log volume Log percentage Share of spruce log removal Fertility of forest site class (0.031) Reject percentage Apportionment degree Production value of logs 25

26 Correlations of Manual Bucking with Norway spruce Cutting method (Thinning dum.) Height of removal of log stems DBH of removal of log stems Volume of removal of log stems Share of defected timber in log stems Manual bucking percentage of Norway spruce logs Length of log section Top diameter of log section Volume of log section Log length Log top diameter Log volume Log percentage Share of spruce log removal Fertility of forest site class (0.031) Reject percentage Apportionment degree In thinning stands with small-sized and defected spruce log stems! Production value of logs 26

27 Correlations of Manual Bucking with Scots pine Cutting method (Thinning dum.) Height of removal of log stems DBH of removal of log stems Volume of removal of log stems Share of defected timber in log stems Manual bucking percentage of Scots pine logs Length of log section Top diameter of log section Volume of log section Log length Log top diameter Log volume Log percentage Share of pine log removal Fertility of forest site class (-0.056) Reject percentage Apportionment degree Production value of logs 27

28 Correlations of Manual Bucking with Scots pine Cutting method (Thinning dum.) Height of removal of log stems DBH of removal of log stems Volume of removal of log stems Share of defected timber in log stems Manual bucking percentage of Scots pine logs Length of log section Top diameter of log section Volume of log section Log length Log top diameter Log volume Log percentage Share of pine log removal Fertility of forest site class (-0.056) Reject percentage Apportionment degree In thinning stands with small-sized and defected pine log stems! Production value of logs 28

29 Correlations of Manual Bucking with Norway spruce Length of log section Cutting method (Thinning dum.) Top diameter of log section Height of removal of log stems Volume of log section DBH of removal of log stems Log length Volume of removal of log stems Share of defected timber in log stems Manual bucking percentage of Norway spruce logs (-0.034) Log top diameter Log volume Log percentage Share of spruce log removal Reject percentage Fertility of forest site class (0.031) Apportionment degree Production value of logs 29

30 Correlations of Manual Bucking with Scots pine Length of log section Cutting method (Thinning dum.) Top diameter of log section Height of removal of log stems Volume of log section DBH of removal of log stems Log length Volume of removal of log stems Share of defected timber in log stems Manual bucking percentage of Scots pine logs (0.002) Log top diameter Log volume Log percentage Share of pine log removal (-0.040) Reject percentage Fertility of forest site class (-0.056) Apportionment degree Production value of logs 30

31 Effects of Manual Bucking with Norway spruce and Scots pine Manual bucking percentage of logs Low High Low High Norway spruce Scots pine Length of log section Longer Shorter Longer Shorter Top diameter of log section Thinner Thicker Thinner Thicker Volume of log section Bigger Smaller Bigger Smaller Log length Longer Shorter Longer Shorter Log top diameter Log volume Bigger Smaller Bigger Smaller Log percentage Higher Lower Higher Lower Reject percentage Higher Lower Apportionment degree Higher Lower Higher Lower Production value of logs Higher Lower Lower Higher 31

32 Discussion & Conclusions (1/2) Strong correlation between manual bucking percentages of spruce and pine log stems. Harvesting conditions and harvester operator have a significant effect on utilization of manual bucking. If the ultimate target for bucking is to maximize the production value of logs, Minimize the manual bucking percentage with spruce. Maximize the manual bucking percentage with pine. Norway spruce logs (average=46%): The target for the manual bucking percentage of spruce must be less than 20% of total spruce log volume. Bucking education sessions for harvester operators. Photo: Ponsse Plc. 32

33 Discussion & Conclusions (2/2) Scots pine logs (average=67%): Production value of pine logs can be increased with utilization of manual bucking. Great potential in the future!! Fully automated or semi-automated & harvester computer-aided quality bucking based on the quality grades of the log section zones of log stems. Mobile laser scanning & machine vision applications for harvesters in the future. 33

34 Harvesters Equipped with Mobile Laser Scanning / Machine Vision Sensors in the Near Future 34

35 To Sum up: Steps to the Future : : 2020 : Manual bucking percentage of pine logs [%] Manual bucking percentage of pine logs [%] Education Manual bucking percentage of pine logs [%] MLS / MV Manual bucking percentage of spruce logs [%] Manual bucking percentage of spruce logs [%] Manual bucking percentage of spruce logs [%] 35

36 Thank you! Dziękuję Ci!