Urban Biodiversity and Climate Change. David J. Nowak USDA Forest Service Syracuse, NY, USA
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1 Urban Biodiversity and Climate Change David J. Nowak USDA Forest Service Syracuse, NY, USA
2 Overview Urban Biodiversity Climate Change and Urban Climate Vegetation Effects Management Recommendations
3 Urban Biodiversity Focus on urban trees Many other related factors Other vegetation Wildlife Insects, etc.
4 Urban Vegetation Structure Mix of Natural and Anthropogenic Factors Natural system Vegetation, climate, soils Anthropogenic system superimposed People, buildings, roads, energy use Interaction between both systems
5 Urban Tree Cover Ecoregion dominates US example: Cities in forests: 34% average tree cover Cities in grasslands: 18% average tree cover Cities in deserts: 9% average tree cover
6 Urban Tree Cover Additional factors: Land use Population density Management intensity Human preferences
7 Biodiversity and Environmental Benefits Structure Function Value
8 Factors influencing species richness and diversity: Natural Local environment Climate, soils, natural plant composition
9 Factors influencing species richness and diversity: Anthropogenic Management Planting, removal, spp introduction, mowing, paving, herbicides, watering, fertilization Directed energy Altered environment Pollution, microclimate changes Space for vegetation Indirect byproducts of human activity
10 Oakland, California (1850 s) 2.3% tree cover; spp richness ~ 10; diversity index ~ 1.9
11 Oakland, California (1990 s) 19% tree cover; spp richness > 350; diversity index ~ % native tree spp; 38% from Australia/New Zealand
12 26.3 = average species richness in eastern U.S. forests by county y (Iverson and Prasad, 2001)
13 Species Richness Atlanta (15) Freehold (13) Morgantown (17) New York City (15) Philadelphia (10) San Francisco (20) Atlanta (10) Freehold Morgantown (17) New York City (10) Philadelphia (11) San Francisco (10) Atlanta (20) Freehold (10) Morgantown (6) New York City (45) Philadelphia (19) San Francisco (65) Atlanta (67) Freehold (88) Morgantown (40) New York City (66) Philadelphia (30) San Francisco (58) n/a Commercial/Industrial Institutional Park/Open Space Residential Number of Species
14 = species diversity in eastern U.S. forests (Barbour et al.,, 1980)
15 Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index Atlanta (15) Freehold (13) Morgantown (17) New York City (15) Philadelphia (10) San Francisco (20) Atlanta (10) Freehold Morgantown (17) New York City (10) Philadelphia (11) San Francisco (10) Atlanta (20) Freehold (10) Morgantown (6) New York City (45) Philadelphia (19) San Francisco (65) Atlanta (67) Freehold (88) Morgantown (40) New York City (66) Philadelphia (30) San Francisco (58) n/a Commercial/Industrial Institutional Park/Open Space Residential
16 Species Origin
17 Percent Native to State Atlanta (15) Freehold (13) Morgantown (17) New York City (15) Philadelphia (10) San Francisco (20) Atlanta (10) Freehold Morgantown (17) New York City (10) Philadelphia (11) San Francisco (10) Atlanta (20) Freehold (10) Morgantown (6) New York City (45) Philadelphia (19) San Francisco (65) Atlanta (67) Freehold (88) Morgantown (40) New York City (66) Philadelphia (30) San Francisco (58) n/a Commercial/Industrial Institutional Park/Open Space Residential Percent
18 Plant composition will depend upon site MANAGEMENT
19 Climate Change
20 Increase in air and ocean temperatures Eleven of the last twelve years ( ) rank among the 12 warmest years in the instrumental record of global surface temperature (since 1850). Rising sea level sea level rise = 3.1 mm/yr Widespread melting of snow Source: IPCC
21 Effects of Global Warming warmer days (reduced cold days / nights; increase hot days /nights; heat waves) strengthening of winds; increased storms (tropical cyclones) changes in precipitation (increased droughts and heavy precipitation) Arctic Ocean ice pack thaw; rising sea levels reduction in permafrost loss of wild species, agricultural shifts changes in energy demands acidification of oceans
22 1.8 o C 2.4 o C 2.4 o C 2.8 o C 3.4 o C 4.0 o C Source: IPCC
23 Source: IPCC
24 Source: IPCC
25 Source: IPCC
26 Species Shifts Tilia americana Current Future 3x concentration Importance Values Iverson and Prasad Climate Change Tree Atlas
27 Species Shifts Robinia pseudoacacia Current Future 3x concentration Importance Values Iverson and Prasad Climate Change Tree Atlas
28 Species Shifts Betula papyrifera Current Future 3x concentration Importance Values Iverson and Prasad Climate Change Tree Atlas
29 Species Shifts Nyssa sylvatica Current Future 3x concentration Importance Values Iverson and Prasad Climate Change Tree Atlas
30 Urban Climate
31 Temperature and Precipitation Source: Shepherd, earthobservatory.nasa
32 Urban Heat Islands Source: NASA: Bright red = 65 o C; Dark green / blue ~ 25 o C Increased air temperatures: o C
33
34 Urban Heat Island Factors Enhanced heat storage Increased surface absorption Anthropogenic heat sources Reduced evaporation Decreased net longwave loss (night) Smaller skyview factor Mini-greenhouse effect Reduced wind speed
35 Heat Island Baltimore, Maryland - - Source: Heisler et al., USFS
36 Heat Island Baltimore, Maryland - - Source: Heisler et al., USFS
37 Heat Island Baltimore, Maryland - - Source: Heisler et al., USFS
38 Temperature and Smog (LA) Source: Lawrence Berkeley Lab
39 Air Temperature and Power Use Source: Lawrence Berkeley Lab
40 Increased Precipitation Downwind Possible reasons: Heat island (rising warm air) Cities disrupt air flow (force air upward or around) Pollution (aerosols for droplets) Decreased precipitation (China; Kaufmann et al 2007) Reduced evaporation Source: Shepherd, earthobservatory.nasa
41 Houston Precipitation Source: earthobservatory.nasa (Burian and Shepherd, 2005) Urban growth shifted timing of rain toward late afternoon
42 City Environment is Changed and Changing Heat Island = +1-6 o C Climate Change ~ +2 4 o C Precipitation = + or - Urbanization in Atlanta, Georgia. Source: NASA and University of Georgia
43 Climate change: Cities as Laboratories Urban rural gradients Urban: +16% CO 2 ; +2.1 o C (Baltimore; Ziska) CO 2 : Stimulates weed growth (Ziska) Stimulates poison ivy growth and production of oil (Ziska) Issues: Pollen production; allergies; pesticide use
44 Climate change: Cities as Laboratories Enhanced spread of species in Central Europe (Sukopp and Wurzel 2003) Warmer urban environment: Robinia pseudoacacia Ailanthus altissima Milder winter temperatures: Prunus laurocerasus Buddleia spp.
45 Urban Vegetation Benefits Air quality improvement Water quality improvement UV radiation reduction Cooler air temperature Building energy conservation Greenhouse gas reduction Aesthetics Noise reduction Wildlife habitat Social / physiological benefits Human health
46 Leaf Area and Canopy Cover
47 Average temperature differences form downtown site in Baltimore, MD Adjusted temperature diff., o C Summer 2004 temperature differences Woods Rural open Airport Apartments Residential under trees Residential o pen Hour Source: Heisler et al., USFS
48 Factors Affecting Air Temperature Temperature difference = T = β o + β 1 X 1 + β 2 X 2 + β n X n + ε i For Turner Class 1, R 2 = 0.35 Variables (X i ) Intercept (β( o ) Parameter Estimate (β( i ) Elevation difference (Tree cover up to 250 m) / (Rain over last 24 h) Difference in impervious cover up to 125 m (Vapor pressure deficit)*(tree cover up to 3 km) Source: Heisler et al., USFS
49 Greenhouse Effect Carbon Storage US Urban Trees Carbon storage ~ 700 million metric tons Carbon sequestration ~ 22.8 million metric tons / year
50 Building Energy Use US Urban Trees Avoided Carbon Emissions ~ 15 million metric tons / year
51 Management Recommendations Look to future climate New hardiness zones Temperature and precipitation changes Pest changes Storms Species shifts Plant for future environment (tree survival) May need to facilitate forest regeneration Native species concept may not be appropriate
52 Management Recommendations Enhance carbon sequestration Large, long-lived lived species Reduce air temperatures and energy use Design for optimal building and impervious surface shade Design stands near emission sources or populations High transpiration Supply ample water Minimize fossil fuel use Long lived, low maintenance, hardy species Utilize vegetation for energy Natural regeneration Measure and monitor Select appropriate species and designs to reduce environmental impacts and improve human health
53 Questions? nrs.fs.fed.us/urban
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