The Role of CDM Forestry Projects in Poverty Alleviation. Dr. David F. Karnosky Michigan Technological University

Transcription

1 The Role of CDM Forestry Projects in Poverty Alleviation Dr. David F. Karnosky Michigan Technological University Workshop on Clean Development Mechanisms (CDM) Accra, Ghana, October 1-4, 2006

2 My co-authors: Dr. Joe Cobbinah FORIG Dr. Emanuel Opuni-Frimpong FORIG Mr Yaw Ofori Lartey Samartex

3 Foundations and Organizations Interested in Combined CDM Forestry and Poverty Alleviation: World Bank - Carbon Finance Unit ( International Emissions Trading Association (IETA) USAID - TIST( The International Small Group and Tree Planting Program Environtrade - Plan Vivo - Edinburgh Centre for Carbon Management - FACE Foundation -

4 Carbon Offset Prices Jan 5-Feb 5-M ar 5-Apr 5-May 5-Jun 5-Jul 5-Aug 5-Sep 5-Oct 5-N ov 5-D ec 5-Jan 5-F eb 5-M ar 5-Apr 5-May 5-Jun 5-Jul 5-Aug 5-Sep 5-Oc t 5-N ov 5-Dec 2005 XSO 7/24/2006 Iowa Farm Bureau, West Des Moines, IA 1 $ Per Metric Ton

5 Western Africa Poverty Indices GNP (US $ per capita) Population below poverty ($1/day) (%) Human Poverty Index (Rank of 103 Developing Countries) Benin Burkina Faso Cape Verde Cote d lvoire Gamba Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissaw Liberia ? Mali Mauritania Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Togo Regional Average: Data: World Bank (1991); Wikipedia (2006), Fact Monster (2006); CIA World Factbook (2006); White et al African Poverty at the Millennium: Causes, Complexities, and Challenges; Human Development Report 2005 (UNDP); ClickAfrique.com (2006).

6 Why Does CDM Reforestation and Poverty Alleviation Make Sense in Western Africa? The financial need of the rural people - Poverty is more pervasive in the rural areas where about 75% of population below poverty line live - High unemployment - People drain to cities Poverty and forests - Poor people dependence on forests resources is immediate - Forests provide life supporting goods (food, fuel, fodder, medicines, construction materials, etc.) - Provides income and employment

7 Ghana Forest Inventory Forests have been largely harvested without regard to sustainability. Only 20% of high forest currently remains. Productive areas of forest reserves declined from 1.76m ha in 1970 to 0.72m ha in Vol M3 x Mature Potential

8 Many species (e.g. Pericopsis, Makore and Odum) harvested to the brink of commercial extinction Needs for reforestation Current reforestation initiatives in Ghana National Plantation Development Programme (HIPC Plantations) Modified Taungya Programme (FSD) Community Forest Management Programme (ADB) Participative Forest Reserve Management Programme (JICA) Forest Resources Utilization and Management Programme (GTZ) Forest Plantation Development Fund Management Programme

9 Opportunities for CDM/Forest Productivity/ Agroforestry/Poverty Alleviation Reforestation with rapid-growing (high C sequestration) plus high value end products (i.e. teak, mahogany) Co-culture with other agricultural or horticultural crops (i.e. cassava, beans, pepper, oil palm, bananas, cocoa, etc.) Carbon Sequestration and the Kyoto Protocol. The Kyoto Protocol allows developing countries like Ghana to sell carbon sequestered to developed countries

10 For Successful CDM Forestry in Western Africa Conditions to be met: Sustainability Fix additional carbon Carbon sequestered must be certified Permanence - i.e. the carbon should be conserved in the system (25 years) Leakage i.e. the project should not lead to releases outside the project area. Challenges: Transaction cost high? Uncertainty large? Opportunities: Upfront capital possible Funds for maintenance over the first few years (1-5 years) Additional income

11 Location of FORIG and Community Reforestation programs: 1. Kranka, mahogany mixed with food crops 2. Samartex, Oda Community Agroforestry Project Forest Reserves Savanna Woodland Dry Semi-deciduous Cote d Ivoire Togo Moist Semi-deciduous 1 Kumsi Mist evergreen Wet evergreen 2 FORIG Accra Gulf of Guinea

12 Community Case Studies in Ghana I. Kranka Village II. Samartex Community Agroforestry Project

13 Kranka Village Community Project Established July, ha 500 mahogany trees

14 Clearing The Plantation Establishment Hole and Peg Preparation Planting One-year-old mahogany seedlings

15 The Economics Clearing: Hole and peg preparation Planting Weeding (3x per year) Watering (1x per year) # people-days/ha 30 days 3 days 6 days 42 days 3 days Cost/ha (cedis) 450,000 45,000 90, ,000 45,000 Costs for Year 1: (Totals) 84 days 1,260,000 US$/year = $ (year 1) = $75.00/yr (years 2-5) Note: These rates of pay and work amounts were negotiated at the beginning of the project with the Chief of the Kranka Village and our FORIG technicians.

16 Partners: - Samartex (Forest Products Industry) - Oda-Kotomso (Village) - German Development Services (DED) provides technical support - Ghana Min. Food & Agriculture (MOFA) - Ghana Forest Services Division (FSD) Goals: Long-term agroforestry project to supply wood for Samartex, annual income (from agro) and long-term income from stumpage sale for villagers and village.

17 450 ha Samartex Project over 200 people involved from the village main tree crops (from 19 species): - Cedrela (South American Mahogany) - Cieba - Khaya (African Mahogany) - Wawa main agro crops: - cassava (12 million cedis/month processing cassava into gari) - oil palm - pepper - cocoa - banana

18 Samartex Project (People) Agro 104 farmers practicing agroforestry processing of cassava snail farming cocoa production citrus production vegetable production beekeeping (200 farmers) - In total estimated to be valued at $50-$150/ ha/year Forestry 150 young people involved in plantation development (about $100/ha/year) carvingcentertotrainpeopletouse thinnedwoodandbranchwood

19 Samartex Project Cedrela (9 years) Oil Palm

20 Samartex Project Cieba (9 years) Pepper (under Khaya canopy)

21 Arrangement: Samartex/chiefs/farmers Entry fee of 50,000 Cedis is paid to chiefs by farmers/1 acre 3 phases for the 1 acre (implement all 3 phases) (1) long-term crops (timber with rotation ages from years) (2) medium-term crops (citrus, cola palm, black pepper) (3) short-term crops (cassava, plantain, cocoa yam, etc.) Sharing system (1) long-term (2/3 value to farmer, 1/3 to chiefs) (2) medium-term (2/3 value to farmer, 1/3 to chiefs) (3) short-term (100% to the farmer) (4) Samartex has the right to purchase the timber at maturity at prevailing market price Nurseries - 3 run in collaboration (Samartex, Village) with seedlings given away.

22 Lessons Learned (Samartex Project) Pure plantations are not necessarily the answer for rehabitation of degraded forest lands Community involvement is a key to good land management (decreased slash and burn agriculture and clean cultivation means trees are free-togrow ) Having a share in the final product is an incentive for farmers to plant and maintain trees Private ownership (by the farmers) is important Over 1000 individuals have benefited with employment from this project (farmers, youth, beekeepers, cassava processors)

23 ITTO-sponsored Project on Mahogany Silviculture on Samartex Land

24 FORIG Plantation 1-year-old Cedrela (3-4 m)

25 Our ITTO-Mahogany Project Plus Tree Selection Field Trials (silvicultural tests) Seed Source Evaluation Mass Propagation of Superior Genotypes

26 Our Goal: To develop silvicultural systems to restore native African Mahogany in Western Africa 30-year-old plantationgrown Khaya anthotheca

27 The Challenge The pest Hypsipyla robusta Close-up of shoot damage The result is largely unmarketable stems Supported principally by ITTO

28 Summary Model systems are already in place to showcase CDM/lumber production/agrogroforestry for poverty alleviation in Ghana. Joint ownership and shared profits are keys for successful programs. Successful farmers, supportive chiefs and elders, and good nursery and afforestation techniques, are critically important to these integrated programs. These models could be used in CDM/lumber production/agroforestry for poverty alleviation in other parts of western Africa.

29 The Future (our plan) Short-term Goal: 1) Develop another ha sustainable CDM/lumber production/ agroforestry sites in Ghana 2) Involve low-income villagers per site Financial Needs: Approximately $150,000/yr for 5 years plus $100,000 startup capital or about $850,000 Long-term Goal: 1) Transfer the Ghana system to other regions in western Africa Needs: Variable depending on the size of the projects initiated

30 Thank You!