Chapter : The Modernization of Quebec & the Quiet Revolution. Section 4: Quebec Society under the Bourassa Government ( ) Part 1

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1 Chapter : The Modernization of Quebec & the Quiet Revolution Section 4: Quebec Society under the Bourassa Government ( ) Part 1

2 Pages that correspond to this presentation Quebec Society under the Bourassa Government ( ): Pages

3 The Liberal Party takes back power in Union Nationale is elected led by Daniel Johnson September 26 th, 1968 Daniel Johnson suddenly dies right before the inauguration of the Manic-5 hydro dam Johnson is replaced by Jean-Jacques Bertrand A few issues such as Bill-63 (French language law introduced in 1969) caused people to lose confidence in the Union Nationale In the 1970 Quebec election The Liberal party won 72 seats while the Union Nationale only won 17 The newly formed Parti Quebecois won 7 seats

The Liberal Party takes back power in 1970 Quebec provincial election results in 1970 Liberal Part victory Important to note that the PQ only won 7 seats BUT

4 The Liberal Party takes back power in 1970 Quebec provincial election results in 1970 Liberal Part victory Important to note that the PQ only won 7 seats BUT won the second most votes total Source: Mouvement Démocratie Nouvelle.<

5 The Liberal Party takes back power in 1970 The leader of the Quebec Liberal Party in 1970 is Robert Bourassa Bourassa and the Quebec Liberals have the same focus as political parties from the 1960s improve the social, economic and cultural/linguistic elements of the province This included: Healthcare Human rights Hydroelectric development Increased protection of the French language in Quebec

The Liberal Party takes back power in 1970 Robert Bourassa in 1970 Source: Radio Canada. <https://ici.radio-canada.

6 The Liberal Party takes back power in 1970 Robert Bourassa in 1970 Source: Radio Canada. <

7 Quebec s Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms 1975 The Bourassa Liberals adopted the Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms This charter outlines rights that Quebeckers hold within the province including rights from safety to dignity to privacy (and many other elements) 1976 Quebec established a Human Rights Commission to ensure that the charter is being respected tasks include promoting the charter and investigating any cases where the charter has not been respected (including at work and school) You can see the charter HERE You can see the Human Rights Commission website HERE

8 Hydroelectric Development One of the Bourassa Liberals goals in the early 1970s was to continue to stimulate the economy in Quebec This included public investment on roads, highways, bridges and other infrastructures However Bourassa wanted to initiate and build the largest hydroelectric project in Quebec s history 1971 after much research as to WHERE in Quebec the next hydroelectric dam project should begin Bourassa announced that the project would begin in La Grande River - part of the James Bay region The James Bay Hydroelectric Project

<http://d-maps.com/carte.php?num_car=5136&lang=en> Source: Fortin, S., Lapointe, D.

9 Hydroelectric Development James Bay region where the James Bay Hydroelectric project can be found (3 phases indicated on zoomed in map) Source: D-Maps.< Source: Fortin, S., Lapointe, D., Lavoie, R. & Parent, A. Reflections.qc.ca.: 1840 to Our Times. Cheneliere Education Page 255

10 Hydroelectric Development The government stated that the initial cost for the First Phase would be $6 billion I have seen numbers as high as $13 billion The government also estimated that the project would create 125,000 jobs in the province The project would include several dams/power stations built in phases from 1973 until 2013 Phase 1: Phase 2: Phase 3:

11 Hydroelectric Development Heavy machinery used in construction of the James Bay- La Grande project Source: Hydro Quebec.<

12 Hydroelectric Development Bourassa standing in front of the Robert Bourassa Spillway (named later) early 1980s Source: Fortin, S., Lapointe, D., Lavoie, R. & Parent, A. Reflections.qc.ca.: 1840 to Our Times. Cheneliere Education Page 255

Hydroelectric Development Robert Bourassa Spillway in 2011 Source: Hydro Quebec.<http://www.hydroquebec.com/history-electricity-in-quebec/timeline/second-nationalization.

13 Hydroelectric Development Robert Bourassa Spillway in 2011 Source: Hydro Quebec.< You can check out the Robert Bourassa Spillway website (Hydro Quebec) HERE You can check out a condensed version of hydroelectric history in Quebec HERE (Hydro Quebec)

14 Hydroelectric Development Robert Bourassa Spillway in 2011 Source: Hydro Quebec.<

15 Hydroelectric Development The James Bay project has come with several environmental and social impacts: Mercury pollution Climate change in regions developed for the project Impact of water flow modifications Habitat destruction Changes in migration routes of animals Disruption of traditional way of life/traditional activities of indigenous groups the Cree and Inuit people

16 Hydroelectric Development The James and Northern Quebec Agreement The James Bay Project had many environmental impacts which in turn had effects on the traditional way of life of the Cree and Inuit groups Threats to the hunting and fishing territories of these indigenous groups These territories were/are important to continue traditional ways of life 1973 When the projects were planned no consultation involving the Cree and Inuit affected by the projects in the James Bay region

17 Hydroelectric Development The Cree and Inuit asked the Superior Court of Quebec to stop the projects this worked temporarily as the judgement to stop the project was overturned As a result in order for the James Bay project to continue there were negotiations between the government of Quebec and the Cree/Inuit indigenous groups The goal of the negotiations was to move ahead with the projects while compensating the Cree/Inuit for lost territories An agreement called The James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement was signed in 1975

Hydroelectric Development Signing of the James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement in 1975 Source: CTV News. <https://www.google.ca/search?

18 Hydroelectric Development Signing of the James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement in 1975 Source: CTV News. < AhWnTd8KHbVRDeAQ_AUICigB&biw=1366&bih=662#imgrc=L6xxtieuYa8ZGM:>

An agreement was reached during the negotiations to the right are some of the sections of the agreement named The James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement signed in

19 An agreement was reached during the negotiations to the right are some of the sections of the agreement named The James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement signed in 1975 Hydroelectric Development Source: Fortin, S., Lapointe, D., Lavoie, R. & Parent, A. Reflections.qc.ca.: 1840 to Our Times. Cheneliere Education Page 257

20 Hydroelectric Development Why was this agreement important (in a good /bad way)? The start of a massive hydroelectric project that will boost the economy in Quebec and bring in revenue to the province once completed The potential to have many environmental/ecological impacts on the territory The agreement kick-started relations between indigenous groups in Quebec and the Quebec government before this agreement, indigenous groups only dealt with the federal government (since 1867)

21 Greater Self Determination of Indigenous Groups Self determination = how a group of people assert their right to govern themselves (choose they style of government they want) By the early 1970s indigenous group begin to demand change in how they can govern themselves and gain more autonomy The Indian Act allowed indigenous groups the ability to form local governments however, these local governments only had limited autonomy

22 Greater Self Determination of Indigenous Groups Source: Fortin, S., Lapointe, D., Lavoie, R. & Parent, A. Reflections.qc.ca.: 1840 to Our Times. Cheneliere Education Page 256 Universal suffrage = an election systems that allows all people of voting age to participate in voting

23 Greater Self Determination of Indigenous Groups In order to pressure the federal government to allow more autonomy indigenous groups formed organizations that fought for similar causes A good example fighting for recognition of ancestral lands (traditional lands) 1970 The Native Council of Canada (NCC) was formed originally founded to represent Metis and non-status Indians The NCC is now called the Congress of Aboriginal Peoples you can check out the website HERE

24 Greater Self Determination of Indigenous Groups In Quebec 1972 The Native Alliance of Quebec was founded In 1973 An indigenous group named the Nisga a made a claim to ancestral territory in British Columbia However, the claim was denied by the federal government Despite the setback the federal government understood that Indigenous self-determination was not going anywhere In order to work with Indigenous groups The Canadian government established the Office of Native Claims

25 The October Crisis Quebec nationalism some Quebec nationalists used non-violent, political measures to achieve sovereignty for Quebec Parti Quebecois However in the early 1970s there were Quebec nationalists that tried to use violence to achieve the same goals One of the groups that used violence in this way was the Front de Libération du Québec (FLQ) essentially a terrorist organization

26 The October Crisis FLQ Flag Source: Wikipedia. <

27 The October Crisis Starting the early 1960s the FLQ used violence and attacked places/businesses/organizations they saw as symbols of British colonialism and Anglophone power Examples of the violent activities of the FLQ: Canadian military barracks are bombed in March 1963 The RCMP headquarters in Westmount in bombed in April 1963 New Years 1969 Montreal City Hall attacked with bombs February 1969 bombing of the Montreal Stock Exchange September 1969 bombing of Montreal mayor Jean Drapeau was bombed

28 The October Crisis Mayor of Montreal- Jean Drapeau inspects his bombed house on September 29 th, 1969 Source: The Globe and Mail.<

29 The October Crisis Aftermath of the Montreal Stock Exchange bombing by the FLQ February 13 th, 1969 Source: Virtual Museum-Musee Quebecois de la Culture. <

The October Crisis Newspaper article showing bomb making materials seized from the FLQ - 1963 Source: Virtual

30 The October Crisis Newspaper article showing bomb making materials seized from the FLQ Source: Virtual Museum-Musee Quebecois de la Culture. <

31 The October Crisis Injured soldier-walter Leja lays on the ground injured after a mailbox bomb, planted by the FLQ explodes May 17 th, 1963 Source: Radio-Canada International.<

32 The October Crisis The FLQ is most well known for their actions during the October Crisis of 1970: October 5 th, 1970: A dozen members of the FLQ kidnaped a British politician named Richard James Cross they would not release him unless FLQ political prisoners were released October 8 th, 1970: The federal government let the MANIFESTO (demands) of the FLQ be read live on television on Radio-Canada You can see a translation of the MANIFESTO HERE

33 The October Crisis October 10 th, 1970: The Justice minister of Quebec stated that no FLQ political prisoners would be released That same day, the FLQ kidnaped the deputy Premier of Quebec Pierre Laporte (think of him as the vice president of Quebec) Quebec government officials including Robert Bourassa wanted to move on the situation However, they could not without warrants for police

34 The October Crisis Pierre Elliott Trudeau had one card he could play: The War Measures Act do you remember what this means? Trudeau was hesitant because he did not like taking away civil liberties of Canadians but after a letter written to him on October 15 th by Bourassa Trudeau enacted the War Measures Act (WMA) on October 16 th, 1970 You can see Trudeau s speech HERE

35 The October Crisis What did this mean? Some examples of the WMA during the October Crisis: The Canadian army was brought into Montreal Police could search houses, etc. without a warrant Arrests could be made without any reason 500 people were arrested within 24 hours without knowing the charges or access to a lawyer Curfews at night people had t be how at a certain hour You can see a good article written about being a teen during the October Crisis HERE

36 The October Crisis Newspaper headline the day after the War Measures Act was enacted during the October Crisis Source: Legion Magazine.<

The October Crisis Children observe Canadian soldiers in Montreal during the October Crisis - 1970

37 The October Crisis Children observe Canadian soldiers in Montreal during the October Crisis Source: Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. <

The October Crisis Canadian soldiers ride in a military truck in Montreal - 1970 Source: the

38 The October Crisis Canadian soldiers ride in a military truck in Montreal Source: the Montreal Gazette.<

The October Crisis Canadian soldiers march in Montreal - 1970 Source: The Toronto Star.

39 The October Crisis Canadian soldiers march in Montreal Source: The Toronto Star. <

40 The October Crisis October 17 th, 1970: The body of Pierre Laporte was found in the truck of a car on the South Shore on Montreal he was strangled to death Members of the FLQ claimed responsibility for the murder On December 3 rd, 1970 the kidnapers of Richard James Cross were discovered and he was released the kidnappers were exiled to Cuba 3 weeks later The killers of Pierre Laporte were found and found guilty on kidnapping and murder FLQ documentary by the National Film Board

41 Connections to the Precisions of Learning Only point that connects to the FLQ

42 Connections to the Precisions of Learning

Name: Group: 404- Date:

Name: Group: 404- Date: Notes 3.4 Chapter 3: 1945-1980: The Modernization of Quebec & the Quiet Revolution Section 3: Quebec Society under the Bourassa Government (1970-1976) Pages that correspond to this