Chapter 1, Unnumbered Figure, Page 1

Transcription

1 Chapter 1, Unnumbered Figure, Page 1

2 Chapter 1, Unnumbered Figure, Page 2

3 Figure 1.1 Renewable natural resources Sunlight Wind energy Wave energy Geothermal energy Fresh water Forest products Agricultural crops Soils Nonrenewable natural resources Crude oil Natural gas Coal Copper, aluminum, and other metals

4 Figure Agricultural revolution 10,000 yr before present Year Industrial revolution Human population (billions)

5 Figure 1.3

6 Figure 1.4

7 Figure 1.5 Biocapacity Global footprint (number of planets) Overshoot Ecological footprint Year

8 Chapter 1, Unnumbered Figure, Page 6

9 Chapter 1, Unnumbered Figure, Page 7

10 Figure 1.6 Ethics Ecology Economics Engineering Political science Environmental science History Anthropology Archaeology Geography Biology Chemistry Atmospheric science Oceanography Geology

11 Figure 1.7

12 Figure 1.8

13 Figure 1.9 (a) Prescribed burning (b) Chevy Volt, an electric hybrid car

14 Figure 1.9a (a) Prescribed burning

15 Figure 1.9b (b) Chevy Volt, an electric hybrid car

16 Figure 1.10 Scientific method Observations Questions Hypothesis Predictions Test Fail to reject hypothesis Results Reject hypothesis

17 Figure 1.11

18 Figure N latitude 20 C Researchers manipulate temperature directly, keeping one greenhouse cooler than the other Researchers study two field sites, one of which is cooler than the other 35 N latitude 25 C (a) Manipulative experiment (b) Natural experiment, or correlational study

19 Figure 1.12a 20 C Researchers manipulate temperature directly, keeping one greenhouse cooler than the other 25 C (a) Manipulative experiment

20 Figure 1.12b 40 N latitude Researchers study two field sites, one of which is cooler than the other 35 N latitude (b) Natural experiment, or correlational study

21 Figure 1.13 Scientific process (as practiced by scientific community) Scientific method (as practiced by individual researcher or research group) Observations Publication in scientific journal Further research by scientific community Questions Paper rejected Paper accepted Hypothesis Revise paper Predictions Test Fail to reject hypothesis Reject hypothesis Peer review Results Scientific paper

22 Figure 1.14 Brazil (2.4 ha) United States (9.4 ha) Mexico (3.4 ha) Afghanistan (0.5 ha) Haiti (0.5 ha) World average (2.7 ha) China (2.1 ha) France (4.9 ha) Israel (4.8 ha) Rwanda (0.8 ha) Canada (7.1 ha) Indonesia (0.9 ha) India (0.9 ha)

23 Figure 1.15 Human Influence Index High Low

24 Figure 1.16

25 TABLE 1.1 Main Findings of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Over the past 50 years, people have altered ecosystems more rapidly and extensively than ever, largely to meet growing demands for food, fresh water, timber, fiber, and fuel. This has caused a substantial and largely irreversible loss in the diversity of life on Earth. The changes to ecosystems have contributed to substantial net gains in human well-being and economic development. However, these gains have been achieved at growing costs, including the degradation of ecosystems and the services they provide and, for some people, the worsening of poverty. This degradation could grow significantly worse during the first half of this century. We can reverse the degradation of ecosystems while meeting increasing demands for their services, but doing so will require that we significantly modify many policies, institutions, and practices. Adapted from Millennium ecosystem assessment, 2005 ecosystems and human well-being: biodiversity synthesis. World Resources Institute, Washington, DC.

26 Figure 1.17

27 Figure 1.18

28 Chapter 1, Unnumbered Table, Page 22 Nation Ecological footprint (hectares per person) Proportion relative to world average footprint Proportion relative to world area available Bangladesh ( ) 0.3 ( ) Tanzania 1.1 Colombia 1.8 Thailand 2.1 Mexico 3.4 Sweden 5.1 United States 9.4 World average ( ) 1.29 ( ) Your personal footprint (see Question 4) Data from Living planet report WWF International, Zoological Society of London, and Global Footprint Network.