Application of computer aided design for palm kernel shell steam boiler

Transcription

1 Leonardo Electronic Journal of Practice and Technoloie ISSN Iue 30, January-June 2017 p Enineerin, Environment Application of computer aided dein for palm ernel hell team boiler Kamoru Olufemi OLADOSU 1,3*, Buliaminu KAREEM 2, Bail Olufemi AKINNULI 2 and Teleem Babatunde ASAFA 1,3 1 Department of Mechanical Enineerin, Ladoe Aintola Univerity of Technoloy Obomoo, Oyo State, Nieria 2 Department of Mechanical Enineerin, Federal Univerity of Technoloy Aure, Ondo State, Nieria 3 Science and Enineerin Reearch Group (SEARCH) LAUTECH, Oyo State, Nieria ooladou@lautech.edu.n, arbil2002@yahoo.com, ifembola@yahoo.com and tbafa@lautech.edu.n *Correpondin Author: Received: December 21, 2016 / Accepted: June 13, 2017 / Publihed: June 30, 2017 Abtract Steam boiler i an interal and important component of team turbine ued for electricity eneration. It dein i however complex, time conumin and prone to error if done manually. Thi tudy aimed at uin computer baed approach to dein palm ernel hell combutin furnace for eneratin a deired amount of electricity. By way of bacward calculation approach, tandard dein equation were ued to ize furnace and it component. The equation were coded and olved uin C-Sharp prorammin lanuae. The reult howed that to enerate 5 W of electricity from palm ernel hell; 5.5 W turbine, 3.1 m uper heater, 3.8 m rier, furnace of m heiht and 0.45 m 3 volume were required havin conidered power lo due to friction and other. While thee reult are in ood areement with thoe calculated manually, human error are virtually eliminated. In addition, calculation and draftin time were reduced from 5 hr. 47 minute when done manually to about 4 minute when the developed code wa ued. Thi code can be ued to ize boiler for any deired power output. Keyword Steam boiler; Palm Kernel Shell; Dein; Computer aided; Power output 87

2 Application of computer aided dein for palm ernel hell team boiler Kamoru Olufemi OLADOSU, Buliaminu KAREEM, Bail Olufemi AKINNULI, Teleem Babatunde ASAFA Introduction In palm oil procein indutry, bioma reidue can be converted from bein potential environmental pollutant to ueful fuel for team and electricity eneration which are larely needed for indutrial ue [1]. Nieria, bein the fifth laret producer of palm oil, account for about 1.5% (930,000 metric tonne) of the lobal output. However, a hue quantity of oil palm reidue which could otherwie be ued for enery eneration are bein wated [2]. In [3] i reported that about 30 tonne of freh fruit bunche /hr. produce from a few palm oil mill can be ued to enerate up to MW of electricity. Thi can inificantly reduce reenhoue ae and increae employment for local population [1]. There are everal technoloie that enable oil palm mill to enerate enouh enery for it conumption and ometime for export. Amon them are fixed (1 W- 50 MW), fluidized (5 MW- 100 MW) and dut technoloy (10 MW- 500 MW). Efficiencie of thee technoloie are dependent on fuel propertie and the mixin quality between flue a and combution air [4]. Pitchet and Vladmir [5] recorded hih combution efficiency and low emiion performance in a fluidized bed combution of palm ernel hell uin optimized particle ize, althouh the tart up and runnin cot of operation aociated with thi technique mae it difficult to be operated by mall cale buine. Remarable improvement ha alo been recorded on dein of lare cale rate furnace (fixed bed), yet additional wor need to be done in mall cale buinee in term of poor mixin epecially when co-firin different fuel and hih moiture fuel content for improve combution and reduction of ah depoition on component of rate furnace [6]. The unique feature of rate furnace are the tolerance of fuel type; poitive movement of fuel down rate reduce blocae and well controlled air ditribution lead to hih combution efficiency [7]. In addition, the ue of additive mixed with olid wate can inificantly reduce alaline metal depoition on the urface of rier tube [8] and [9]. Thee will increae combution proce and decreae ah depoition. Boiler dein i a complex and time conumin procedure. It i alo prone to error if done manually. Previouly, emphai wa laid on primitive and probabilitic dein procee which reulted in hih cot of production. Dimenion of boiler for power eneration often depend on fuel and vaporization efficiency; the ma balance, heat balance and heat tranfer which ha to be pecified throuh empirical reult and experience. The aim of thi tudy i to ue computer baed approach to 88

3 Leonardo Electronic Journal of Practice and Technoloie ISSN Iue 30, January-June 2017 p dein palm ernel hell combutin furnace for eneratin a deired amount of electricity, thereby providin ubtantial avin in term of time and cot of production. Nomenclature A Area (m 2 ) H Heiht (m) V Volume (m 3 ) m Ma () h Heat tranfer coefficient (J/) Thermal conductivity (W/m 0 C) d Diameter (m) L Specific latent heat of vaporization (2256J/) C Specific heat capacity (J/K) q Heat duty required (J/) T Temperature ( 0 C) M Molecular ma of flue a (/Mol) U Overall heat tranfer coefficient t Wall thicne R Characteritic a contant (J/ 0 C) P Power (W) P Preure at team drum (N/m 2 ) Cpm Specific heat capacity of team (J/mol 0 C) ms Ma flow rate of team (/) c Size of bottom PKS fired furnace (m) Gree ymbol Generator efficiency Index number x Dryne fraction of team/water mixture α Dynamic vicoity of the flue a (/m) Exterior anle of truncated cone (Deree) Subcript in Inlet out Outlet p Contant preure v p b f Contant volume Superheater Rier Fuel w 1 b p 1 turb Saturation Flue a Stainle teel Water boilin Superheated Fraction Turbine 89

4 Application of computer aided dein for palm ernel hell team boiler Kamoru Olufemi OLADOSU, Buliaminu KAREEM, Bail Olufemi AKINNULI, Teleem Babatunde ASAFA Material and method Palm Kernel Shell (PKS) were collected from a local palm oil procein mill in Obomoo, Southwetern Nieria. The hell were cruhed into maller piece by uin a ranulator (SG-16 Serie) and further reduced with a blender. They were ubequently ieved to 5.0 mm particle ize accordin to [5]. The proximate and ultimate analye of the PKS were done followin [10]. Hiher Heatin Value (HHV) of the mixture wa determined uin GallenKamp Bomb Calorimeter accordin to [11]. Development of Grate Furnace and it Component The furnace under conideration wa baed on principle of water tube natural circulation. The main component of thi furnace are team drum, down comer, rier tube which repreent the complete fluid flow loop. Water flow to the team drum throuh down comer rier loop. The rier tube were ituated inide furnace where heat of flue ae vaporize the water into team and bac to the team drum throuh team header collection (Fi. 1). Becaue team water mixture inide rier tube i le dene than the aturated water at inlet tube, fluid flow upward in the rier tube and bac to the drum. The denity difference between water at the inlet tube and team-water mixture produce enouh force to overcome friction and ravitational reitance to flow, therefore maintain a team flow ytem [12]. The team drum i partitioned into two zone. The lower ection allow water intae to the drum while the upper ection produce team which flow from the top of the drum into the uper heater tube. The uperheated team i expected to turn turbine to enerate electricity. The dein analyi follow bacward calculation approach of izin the power plant component to enerate team for 5 W of electricity (Generator-Turbine-Super heater -Rier tube- Furnace dimenion). The dein approach to each component i decribed in the followin ection. 88

5 Leonardo Electronic Journal of Practice and Technoloie ISSN Iue 30, January-June 2017 p Fiure 1. Schematic diaram decribin water to team circulation loop Turbine Turbine i a rotary enine that convert the enery of the team, water or a into mechanical enery. The mechanical enery i then tranferred throuh a driven haft to power electric enerator. The power input from turbine P turb (W) can be related to the power output of enerator P out (W) by Eq. (1). Where: P turb P P (1) out lo The enerator efficiency ƞ i calculated from Eq. (2). out (2) P lo out P P lo P P P 2 mechanical I Rlo Ma flow rate of team m (/) from uper heater enterin turbine wa etimated uin enery equation for adiabatic expanion which relate the power output to team enery declinin by pain throuh the turbine [13], Eq. (3): m C pm P turb t ( Tin Tout ) (3) 89

6 Application of computer aided dein for palm ernel hell team boiler Kamoru Olufemi OLADOSU, Buliaminu KAREEM, Bail Olufemi AKINNULI, Teleem Babatunde ASAFA For team, C J / K and C J K [14] p v / C But, C p v 1 Pout, therefore: T out Tin (4) Pin Where: Tin - inlet team temperature ( 0 C), Tout - outlet team temperature ( 0 C), ϒ - index number, Cp - pecific heat capacity of team at contant preure (J/K) and Cv - pecific heat capacity of team at contant volume, Cpm - mean pecific heat capacity of team (J/mol 0 C), ηt - efficiency of team turbine; For 5 W power ratin, Tin, Pin, Pout, and ηt are C, 0.1 MPa, 0.45 MPa, and 80% repectively. Thee were the tate propertie of uperheated team obtained from [15]. Coulon and Richardon [16] defined the mean pecific heat capacity Cpm over the temperature rane T1 to T2 a follow, Eq. (5): 2 C pdt T1 C pm (5) T2 C dt T T 1 p The pecific heat capacity (Cp), a a function of temperature, i iven by Eq. (6): 2 3 C p a bt ct dt (6) Super heater Super heater i heat exchaner that tranfer heat enery from a heatin medium to a heated medium. The heatin medium i uually flue a while the heated medium i team. The enery balance equation of uper heater i: qp m C pm T p T 1 (7) Where: qp - heat duty required by the uper heater (J/), Tp1 ( 0 C) and T ( 0 C) are the temperature of uperheated and aturated team from uper heater and boiler repectively. The enery balance equation of the rier tube i iven by Eq. (8): q b m C p T T d x m L (8) Aumin the water from down comer i aturated T d = C, and T = C; team i in equilibrium with water in the rier. T = T d = C, Therefore Eq. (9): q b xml (9) 90

7 Leonardo Electronic Journal of Practice and Technoloie ISSN Iue 30, January-June 2017 p Where: qb - heat duty required by rier tube (J/), L - pecific latent heat of vaporization (2256 J/), x - dryne fraction of team/water mixture. q f m fuel LHV (10) Where: mfuel - ma of the fuel (/hr), qf - heat liberated by the fuel (J/). m Air fuel ratio (11) air m fuel Furnace volume Chunen [17] documented typical value of volumetric heat releae rate qv, for bioma a MW/m 3. Similarly, Sebatian (2002) reported furnace train level larely depend on different fuel and if the electric power of the plant i nown, train level for volume can be choen. A lare number of pacae boiler have a cylindrical furnace with truncated cone a hown in Fiure 2. The exterior anle of the truncated cone i within 50 to 55 0 C. The furnace volume V (m 3 ) rate area and furnace heiht h (m) can be obtained from Eq. (12-14), repectively. q f V (12) q v 2 A d (13) 4 v h (14) A Sizin of rier and uper heater The heat duty required in the rier i iven by Eq. (15): q etimated a; UA (15) b T LM And the overall heat tranfer (U) baed on the outide area (A) of the rier tube can be 1 1 h t r w 1 h U 1 b d d o i Where: h - heat tranfer coefficient of flue a (J/), tr - wall thicne of rier tube, w - thermal conductivitie of tainle teel (304), (W/m 0 C), d0 (m) and di (m) are internal and external pipe diameter, hb1 - heat tranfer coefficient of water boilin (W/m 0 C). (16) 91

8 Application of computer aided dein for palm ernel hell team boiler Kamoru Olufemi OLADOSU, Buliaminu KAREEM, Bail Olufemi AKINNULI, Teleem Babatunde ASAFA The analyi of heat tranfer aociated with flow pat the exterior urface of a olid i a complicated ituation due to boundary layer eparation [21]. Nuet number can alo be ued to calculate heat tranfer coefficient of flue a (h). Specific heat capacity, dynamic vicoity and thermal conductivity of flue a Verbanc [18] determined pecific heat capacity of flue a (Cp) a the ummation of the product of the ma fraction of each component of flue a m () by it repective pecific heat at the relevant temperature c (J/ 0 C) a: C m c (17) p 2 c A BT CT (18) Haan and Ibrahim [19] tated that heat loe throuh cain mut be accounted for if accurate computation of flame temperature i to be made. Thi wa done by ettin up heat balance equation for fuel a a follow, Eq. (19-21): Q Q C m T T (19) combution Where: Q combution loe p air m LHV (20) fuel Accordin to [19], Q 5 % (21) loe Q combution The dynamic vicoity μ (/m) of flue a i obtained from Eq. (22) by [18]: m m (22) M M Thermal conductivity of the flue a (W/m 0 C) i determined from Eq. (23) by [20]: 1. 77R 1.32 c c v v (23) C v C R (24) p From Eq. (23) and Eq. (24), we have; 1.77R C p R 1.32 (25) c p R Where: R - characteritic a contant of flue a; R CO 2 188, R O 2 260, RH 462, 2O R N 297, R SO, 2 92

9 Leonardo Electronic Journal of Practice and Technoloie ISSN Iue 30, January-June 2017 p Cv - pecific heat capacity at contant volume (J/K) Prandtl and Reynold number of the flue a The Prandtl number Pr and Reynold number ReD of flue a are iven by Eq. (26) and Eq. (27), repectively. C p Pr (26) mdb Re D (27) A cr Where: Acr - cro ectional area of flow of flue a; Db - diameter of rier tube (m). For an external cro flow to a cylindrical pipe, the Reynold number rane and Pr 0.7, the averae correpondin Nuelt number accordin to [21] i iven by: D Re D Pr 3 NU (28) h Db NU D (29) The empirical equation propoed by [22] for the calculation of heat tranfer coefficient of water boilin h i a follow: h 2.8P q (30) Valid at 0.2 bar P 98 bar. w qb Where: q heat flux, P: aturated preure (Pa), 2 A - urface area of rier (m 2 ) m A Evaluation of loarithmic mean temperature T LM Heat obtained by the rier i the heat iven out by the flue a q b p in out m C T T (31) For a cro flow heat exchaner, [23] ive the Loarithmic Mean Temperature Difference a follow T T T T in o out in LMTD (32) Tin To Tout Tin 93

10 Application of computer aided dein for palm ernel hell team boiler Kamoru Olufemi OLADOSU, Buliaminu KAREEM, Bail Olufemi AKINNULI, Teleem Babatunde ASAFA Where: Tin temperature of flue a in ( 0 C); Tout - temperature of flue a out ( 0 C); To temperature of aturated team out ( 0 C), Tin temperature of aturated team in ( 0 C). From the equation (15) the total heat tranfer urface area A (m 2 ), outide diameter d0 (m) and lenth of the tube; L (m) i iven by; A d L (33) o The followin procedural tep / alorithm were adopted to dein the PKS combutin furnace uin bacward calculation approach. 1. Calculate the turbine power input from turbine, Pturb Pout Plo 2. Ma flow rate of ytem from uper heater, m C pm P turb t ( Tin Tout 3. Calculate heat duty required by the uper heater, q m C T T p pm p1 4. Calculate heat duty required by the rier tube, q m C T T x m L b p d ) Drum Super heater Rier Combution chamber α c Stand Fiure 2. Schematic picture of the furnace 5. Calculate total heat duty required by the combution chamber, Q q p q ) 6. Calculate heat liberated from the fuel, q m LHV f fuel ( b 94

11 Leonardo Electronic Journal of Practice and Technoloie ISSN Iue 30, January-June 2017 p Determination of heat loe throuh wall furnace for an accurate flame temperature. Q Q C m T T, Q combution loe 5 %. loe Q combution p air 8. Calculate the volumetric flow rate, V air M air denity of air q 9. Determine the furnace volume, V q f v, area, A d 4 2 and furnace heiht, h 10. Calculate the overall heat tranfer U, baed on the outide area of the rier and uper heater, 1 1 h t r w 1 h U 1 b d d 11. Calculate Prandtl and Reynold number of the flue a. C p Pr, and Re D o i md A b cr 12. Calculate the loarithmic mean temperature difference for a cro flow heat exchane, L MTD T T T T in o T T in out T T out o in in 13. Calculate the heat tranfer area of the rier and to the heat duty and overall heat tranfer coefficient, A qb VT LM 14. Calculate the lenth of the rier and uper heater required to exchane the deire heat. A L d v A Software development Baed on the equation (1-33) an alorithm wa prepared and then tranlated to computer code uin C# prorammin lanuae and.net framewor. The flow chart upon which the alorithm wa baed i hown in Fiure 3. The code receive input parameter in order to ize component for 5 W of electricity and ive dimenion of furnace, rier and uper heater tube a output. In addition, 2D draftin of combutin furnace wa done in AutoCAD and wa dynamically loaded into the Viual Studio worpace of the application. It hould be noted that.net frame 95

12 Application of computer aided dein for palm ernel hell team boiler Kamoru Olufemi OLADOSU, Buliaminu KAREEM, Bail Olufemi AKINNULI, Teleem Babatunde ASAFA wor wa elected becaue of it eae of deployment, interoperability, automatic manaement of reource and cro platform upport. Start Supply input parameter NO Are upplied value o? NO YES Calculate turbine parameter Calculate P r and Re number IS Pr 0.7 and Re (40-40,000)? Compute heat tranfer coefficient of flue a and team water mixture Compute lenth of rier and uperheater Fiure 3. Flowchart howin izin of PKS combutin furnace (a) (b) (c) (d) Stop Here i the alorithm for the oftware development: Enter the electrical output power in W and efficiency of ynchronou enerator in (%) from dein requirement; The propertie of the PKS baed on it ultimate analyi (i.e. carbon, hydroen, oxyen nitroen and ulphur) were upplied; The mean fraction of the flue a component m and the mean pecific heat of the flue a component c available were tored in the oftware databae; Submit to compute for turbine parameter; 96

13 Leonardo Electronic Journal of Practice and Technoloie ISSN Iue 30, January-June 2017 p (e) (f) Clic on further calculation on furnace, heat tranfer coefficient of flue a and heat tranferred on uper heater and rier tube; Submit to compute furnace parameter, convection coefficient and lenth of uper heater and rier tube; When all condition required for izin furnace component have been adequately atified with repect to the calculation to the ix tep above, the dein parameter are then ued to draft the 2D of the furnace. Thi i done throuh the draftin module wherein the eometrie had been mathematically repreented within the developed oftware. Fabrication and aembly of team boiler The component of the boiler developed are uper heater, rier, water tan, drum, and furnace chamber. Fiure 4 and Table 1 howed the exploded view of PKS combution unit and their part lit. Each of the component fabrication proce, material election and cot analyi were not reported in thi paper. Table 1. Part lit of PKS furnace Fiure 4. Exploded view of PKS combutin furnace Reult and Dicuion Item Qty Part lit 1 1 Superheater exit port 2 3 Rier 3 1 Hopper 4 1 Primary air inlet 5 2 Ball bearin 6 1 Auer 7 1 Superheater 8 1 Furnace cover 9 1 Bric 10 1 Furnace tand 11 1 Water tan tand 12 1 Water control valve 13 1 Water tan 14 1 Drum Proximate and ultimate analyi The proximate analyi of the ample of PKS collected from a local oil palm mill in Ireapa Obomoo Southwetern, Nieria (Table 2) howed moiture content, volatile matter, fixed carbon, and ah of 2.70%, 44.20%, 52.79% and 0.31%, repectively. 97

14 Application of computer aided dein for palm ernel hell team boiler Kamoru Olufemi OLADOSU, Buliaminu KAREEM, Bail Olufemi AKINNULI, Teleem Babatunde ASAFA Table 2. Proximate Analyi (% by weiht on dry bai) Property Thi tudy [25]* Moiture Volatile matter Fixed Carbon Ah Table 3. Ultimate Analyi (% by weiht on dry bai) Property Thi tudy [25]* Carbon Hydroen Nitroen Oxyen Sulphur LHV (MJ/) Thee reult are larely different from thoe of [25]. It can be een that thi bioma contain low moiture and ah content which reulted to ubtantial hiher heatin value of the hell while compared to [25]. Similarly, the ultimate analyi (Table 3) how that percentae weiht of oxyen and hydroen content in thi tudy are hiher while carbon, ulphur and nitroen content are lower compared to thoe of [25]. Thi miht be due to the variation in the pecie, location, oil type, climatic condition of the palm ernel hell ourced. The raphical uer interface for izin turbine parameter i hown in Fiure 5. Fiure 5. Template for the Turbine Parameter 98

15 Leonardo Electronic Journal of Practice and Technoloie ISSN Iue 30, January-June 2017 p The input parameter, which are the output power, efficiency of enerator and location of PKS ued, are provided. To obtain furnace parameter, lenth of rier and uper heater tube, further calculation bottom i cliced. For example, to ize turbine component for 5 W of electricity eneration, the efficiency of a ynchronou enerator (90%) i provided and Obomoo i elected a the location of PKS ued. Component dimenion baed on the developed oftware By clicin the ubmit button, we obtained 5.56 W of turbine, / of team enterin turbine, C of outlet team temperature and J/mol0C of mean pecific capacity of the team (Fiure 6). Fiure 6. Output Screen for the Turbine Parameter Thee value are required to enerate 5 W of electricity. By clicin further calculation on furnace heat tranfer coefficient of flue a and heat tranferred on uper heater and rier tube, the furnace can be appropriately ized. 99

16 Application of computer aided dein for palm ernel hell team boiler Kamoru Olufemi OLADOSU, Buliaminu KAREEM, Bail Olufemi AKINNULI, Teleem Babatunde ASAFA Fiure 7. Output Screen for the Furnace parameter and Lenth of rier and uper heater tube For 5 W; /hr of fuel, m3 volume, m heiht and m3 volumetric air flow rate are needed (Fiure 7). The equivalent deined PKS combutin furnace i hown in Fiure 8. The oftware can be ued to ize furnace for eneratin pecified power. 100

17 Leonardo Electronic Journal of Practice and Technoloie ISSN Iue 30, January-June 2017 p Fiure 8. Output Screen Schematic Drawin and Etimated Value of (5 W) PKS Combutor Table 4. Comparion of Parameter Baed on Alorithm Generated and Traditional Calculation Parameter Traditional Calculation Baed on Alorithm Generated Power of the turbine (W) Ma flow rate of team enterin turbine (/) Outlet team temperature ( 0 C) Mean pecific heat capacity of team (J/mol 0 C) Ma of fuel (/hr) Volume of furnace (m 3 ) Grate Area (m 2 ) Heiht of furnace (m) Volumetric air flow rate (m 3 /) Diameter of drum (m) Thicne of rier tube (m) Heat duty of rier tube (J/) Heatduty required of uperheater tube (J/) Total heat required in combution chamber (J/) Lenth of rier tube (m) Lenth of uperheater (m) To validate the accuracy of the developed oftware, we compared the reult obtained baed on alorithm enerated and traditional calculation. The reult are found to be very imilar (Table 4). In term of time avin, traditional calculation and draftin of furnace 101

18 Application of computer aided dein for palm ernel hell team boiler Kamoru Olufemi OLADOSU, Buliaminu KAREEM, Bail Olufemi AKINNULI, Teleem Babatunde ASAFA component detail too about 5 hr. 47 minute while the ame proce wa completed in 4 minute when the alorithm enerated wa ued. In addition, inaccuracie due to human error are virtually eliminated. Concluion Traditional calculation and draftin of furnace component detail too about 5 hr. 47 minute while the ame proce wa completed in 4 minute when the oftware wa ued. For a fuel feed rate of 17.3 /hr. and volumetric air flow rate of m 3 /; the power of the turbine, volume of furnace, lenth of uper heater, and rier tube required for 5 W power ratin were 5.5 W, m 3, 3.89 m and 3.13 m repectively. Reference 1. Sulaiman N., Abdullah H., Gerhauer A. S., An outloo of Malayian enery, oil palm indutry and it utilization of wated a ueful reource, Bioma and Bioenery, 2011, 35, p Izah S., Ohimain E., Anaye T., Potential Thermal Enery from Palm Oil Procein Solid Wate in Nieria: Mill Conumption and Surplu Quantification, Britih Journal of Renewable Enery, 2016, 1, p Muhammad A., Tjahjono H., Meta R., Analyi of Palm Bioma a Electricity from Palm Oil Mill in North Sumatera, Enery Procedia, 2014, 47, p Sjaa V., Jaap K., Handboo of bioma combution and co-firin, 2008, ISBN- 13: Pichet N., Vladimir I., Combution of palm ernel hell in a fluidized bed : Optimization of bioma particle ize and operatin condition, Enery converion and manaement, 2014, 54 (01), p Najmi W. M., Roil A. N., Izat M. S., Combution Characteritic of Palm Kernel Shell Uin an Inclined Grate Combutor, Journal of Faculty of Mechanical Enineerin UiTM Malayia, 2007, p Thoma R., Jabouille F., Torero J. L., Effect of exce air on rate combution of olid wate and on aeou product, International Journal of Thermal Science, 2009, 48, p

19 Leonardo Electronic Journal of Practice and Technoloie ISSN Iue 30, January-June 2017 p Lian W., Lovå T., Houhfar E., Effect of Sewae Slude Addition on Potaium Releae and Ah Tranformation durin Wheat Straw Combution. available from 10 March, 2013) 2014,37, p Kamoru O. O., Buliaminu K., Bail O., and Aba O. A., Optimization of Ah Yield from the Combution of Palm Kernel Shell and Selected Additive (Al2O3, CaO, MO) Uin D-Optimal Dein, Leonardo Electronic Journal of Practice and Tecchnoloie, 2016, 28, p ASTM Standard method of proximate analyi of coal and coe, in aeou fuel; coal and coe ection 5, Annual Boo of ASTM Standard, 2001, 5, p ASTM E Standard tet method for ro calorific value of coal and coe uin GallenKamp bomb calorimeter, in aeou fuel; coal and coe, ection 5, Annual Boo of ASTM Standard 2001, 5, p Atrom K., J. Bell R. D., Drum-boiler dynamic, Automatica 2000, 36 p Chaibahh A., Ghaffari A Simulation Modellin Practice and Theory Steam Turbine Model, Simulation Modellin Practice and Theory, 2008, 16 p Kyle B.G., Chemical and Proce Thermodynamic 3IE Adapted by Permiion of Pearon Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, (Acceed 15 April, 2013), Steam Turbine V-FLO Pump and Sytem available from (Acceed 18 June, 2013), p Coulon R., Chemical Enineerin Dein fourth edition, 2005, 6, p Chunen Y., Roen-dahl L., Kær S. K., Grate-firin of bioma for heat and power production, Prore in Enery and Combution Science, 2008, 34, p Verbanc, Development of a mathematical model for water tube boiler heat tranfer calculation, Proc S Afr Su Technol A, 1997 p Haan A., Ibrahim A., Calculation of Radiant Section Temperature in Fired Proce Heater, Scientific Reearch to Knowlede, 2013,(5)1 p Eucen M., A model maxwell-eucen equation for calculatin the thermal conductivity of two component olution or mixture, Journal of Refrieration, 2005, 4, p Illinoi Intitute of Technoloy (IIT), Convection Worhop Academic Reource Centre, Available from January, 2014),

20 Application of computer aided dein for palm ernel hell team boiler Kamoru Olufemi OLADOSU, Buliaminu KAREEM, Bail Olufemi AKINNULI, Teleem Babatunde ASAFA 22. Kandliar, Pennier K., A General Correlation for Saturated Two-Phae Flow Boilin Heat Tranfer Inide Horizontal and Vertical Tube, Heat Tranfer, 2006,112, p Sebatian T., Thermal Dein of Heat Exchaner, Enery Enineerin and Environmental Protection, 2002, p Rajumar T., Ramaa V. M., Gobi K., Boiler drum level control by uin wide open control with three element control ytem, Journal of Reearch in Manaement and Technoloy, 2013, 11, p Ninduandee P., and Kupranov V. I., Fludied-Bed Combution of Bioma with Elevated Alali Content: A Comparative Study between Two Alternative Bed Material, International Journal of Chemical, Nuclear, Metallurical and Material Enineerin, 2014, 8, p