Book of Abstracts. Fifth International Conference on Estuaries and Coasts. November 2-4, 2015, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman

Transcription

1 Fifth International Conference on Estuaries and Coasts November 2-4, 2015 Sultan Qaboos University College of Engineering Book of Abstracts Fifth International Conference on Estuaries and Coasts November 2-4, 2015, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman Edited by A. Sana, L. Hewawasam and M.B. Waris

2 Muscat, Oman November 2-4, th International Conference on Estuaries and Coasts (ICEC 2015) Book of Abstracts A. Sana, L. Hewawasam and M.B. Waris (Editors) Sultan Qaboos University Muscat th International Conference on Estuaries and Coasts (ICEC2015) November 2-4, 2015, Muscat, Oman ii

3 Editors: Ahmad Sana, Ph. D. Luminda Hewawasam, Ph. D. Muhammad Bilal Waris, Ph. D. Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering Sultan Qaboos University, PO Box 33 Al-Khoudh, Muscat, Postal Code 123 Sultanate of Oman ISBN Sultan Qaboos University, Oman, 2015 Cover design: Said Al-Abri 5th International Conference on Estuaries and Coasts (ICEC2015) November 2-4, 2015, Muscat, Oman iii

4 Organization Sultan Qaboos University, Oman Sponsors The Research Council, Oman Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Oman Special Economic Zone Authority, Al-Duqm, Oman Ministry of Tourism, Oman International Research and Training Centre on Sedimentation and Erosion, China International Association for Hydro-Environment Engineering and Research 5th International Conference on Estuaries and Coasts (ICEC2015) November 2-4, 2015, Muscat, Oman iv

5 Introduction The Middle East region is going through an era of rapid coastal development which may be attributed to the strategic location of this region. Usually such developments bring economic growth and pose environmental concerns at the same time. This region has a diversity of seagrass beds, coral reefs, mangroves and salt marshes. Therefore, it is important to involve environmental science and engineering professionals in the decision making process related to coastal and marine construction in order to minimize damage to important ecosystems. ICEC 2015 is one of those platforms where engineers, researchers and administrators from industry, academia and public agencies are gathering to discuss and exchange information on issues important to sustainable coastal development. Conference Themes Coastal erosion: measurements, modeling, management. Seawater quality: coastal and offshore pollution, measurements, modeling, solutions. Tsunamis and storm surges: field observations, numerical modeling, mitigation. Estuaries: water quality observations, modeling and effect on marine resources, mangrove rehabilitation. Integrated Coastal Zone Management: approaches, measures. Seawater intrusion: measurement, modeling, management. Conference Venue Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khoudh, Muscat, Oman Conference Secretariat Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering Sultan Qaboos University, PO Box 33 Al-Khoudh, Postal Code 123, Muscat Sultanate of Oman Tel. and Fax: icec5th@gmail.com 5th International Conference on Estuaries and Coasts (ICEC2015) November 2-4, 2015, Muscat, Oman v

6 Local Organizing Committee Prof. Khalifa Al-Jabri (Chair) Dr. Mahad Baawain (Co-Chair) Dr. Ali Al-Harthy Dr. Issa Al-Harthy Dr. Hossam Hassan Dr. Mohamed Al-Aghbari Dr. Muhammad Bilal Waris Mr. Said Al-Abri Dr. Abdul Wahid Hago Dr. Ali Al-Nuaimi Dr. Ghazi Al-Rawas Dr. Ahmad Sana Mr. Ibrahim Al-Saifi Mr. Ahmed Al-Kharboshi International Scientific Committee Dr. Ahmad Sana (Chair) Dr. Ghazi Al-Rawas (Co-Chair) Dr. Mahad Baawain, Oman Dr. Luminda Hewawasam, Oman Dr. Adnan Al-Azri, Oman Dr. Ali Al-Balushi, Oman Prof. Cheng Liu, China Prof. Robert Dalrymple, USA Prof. Mark Stewart, Australia Prof. Chunhong Hu, China Dr. Khalid Al-Salem, Kuwait Prof. Vallam Sundar, India Dr. Abdullah Al-Mamun, Oman Dr. Mushtaque Ahmed, Oman Dr. Salim Al-Hatrushi, Oman Dr. Andy Kwarteng, Oman Prof. Hitoshi Tanaka, Japan Prof. Dano Roelvink, The Netherlands Prof. Joseph Lee, Hong Kong Prof. Qing He, China Dr. Mohsen Soltanpour, Iran Dr. Sompratana Ritphring, Thailand Dr. Nguyen Trung Viet, Vietnam 5th International Conference on Estuaries and Coasts (ICEC2015) November 2-4, 2015, Muscat, Oman vi

7 Contents Introduction... v Conference Themes... v Conference Venue... v Local Organizing Committee... vi International Scientific Committee... vi Contents... 1 Modeling Coastal Morphological Features Based on Equilibrium Theory... 5 FVCOM: Development, Improvement and Applications... 6 Post-tsunami Coastal Morphology Change on Sendai Coast, Japan... 7 Developing an SPH Model for Breaking Waves... 8 Coastal Hazards, Climate Change Risks, and Climate Adaptation Engineering for Coastal Infrastructure... 9 Study on Water-Sediment Transport and River-bed Evolution at Pearl River Estuary Field Experiment of Disinfection Dosage Optimization for the Hong Kong Harbour Area Treatment Scheme Potential Applications of Regional Sediment Management Planning along the Coast of Oman Harbour Sedimentation at Al Ashkhara Fishery Harbour Approaches to Addressing the Issue Wave Climate, Longshore Transport and Shoreline Change on the Oman Coast Numerical Study on Bottom Shear Stress under Breaking Waves Computational and Experimental Study of Flow at a T-junction Chamber Coastal Remediation in the Arabian Gulf The Hydraulic Restoration of a Tidal Lagoon in Saudi Arabia Numerical Simulation of Suspended Sediment s Transportation during Dredging of Harbor Basin and Channel in Bacao Port China CORMIX Simulations of Dredged Sediment Discharges in Coastal Waters D Numerical Simulation of Westlake Water Quality Using the EFDC Open-source Model 22 Study of Wave Characteristics of the Qiongzhou Channel during Typhoon Events Makran Tsunami modelling using MIKE Refined Risk Assessment of Storm Surge Disaster in Coastal Plain New Energy Dissipation Structure for Storm Discharge in Coastal Cities th International Conference on Estuaries and Coasts (ICEC2015) November 2-4, 2015, Muscat, Oman 1

8 Analysis on Erosion of Beach Adjacent to Cua Dai River Mouth, Central Vietnam Coastal Morphology Change and Its Relationship with Climate Characteristics on Nha Trang Coast, Vietnam A Review of Sedimentation and Preferred Solutions at Al-Ashkarah Fishery Port, Sultanate of Oman The Technology of the Sea-bottom Surveys for the Monitoring of the Coastal A Study of the Tide Generating Device and Control Technology for the Local Yellow River Estuary Model Managing Stand Density of Monospecific Mangrove Plantation for Better Carbon Stock Production A Review of Marine Pollution Studies in Sea of Oman Crab Plover Dromas ardeola Movement and Migration at Barr Al Hikman, Sultanate of Oman An Assessment of Trends in Extreme Temperature in Five Regions in Oman Changes of Storm High Tide Level Responses to Reclamation in Wenzhou Bay Influence of Salinity and Water Temperature on Reproduction of Corbicula japonica in Lake Jusan, Japan The Discussion on the Extension Plan of Haihe River Estuary Regulation Line MIKE 21 Estuarine Model for Goa Waterways Water Production from Seawater Multi Stage Flash Desalination Plant: A Case Study of Misurata, Libya Cascading predator-prey effects in a pristine seagrass-based food web Monitoring and Modeling study of Makran Coasts Coastal protection for Ada, Ghana a case study Coastal Area Assessment of Labuan Island, Malaysia Using Coastal Vulnerability Index (CVI) The Conservation, Sustainable Use and Management of Mangrove Habitat in Oman Assessment of Future Variability in Extreme Precipitation in Muscat, Oman Rough Estimation for Post-dam Global Land-Ocean Sediment Flux Engineering Challenges in Design, Construction and Operation of Fishery Harbours in Oman Comparison between the 2007 Cyclone Gonu Storm Surge and the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami in Oman and Hormozgan, Iran Assessing tidal scale hydrodynamics within a mangrove system through numerical modelling: a case study Interactive 2D Hydrodynamics Prediction Model for Arabian Gulf Waters by Smart Mobile Technology th International Conference on Estuaries and Coasts (ICEC2015) November 2-4, 2015, Muscat, Oman 2

9 Application of 2D Flow Mathematical Model in Flood Control Evaluation of Wharf Project in Zhuhai Gaolan Port Trend Analysis on Runoff and Sediment Fluxes and Its Effect on Area of Yellow River Delta Shoreline change at the Da Rang River Mouth, Vietnam Management and Utilities on Bottomland Resource Development Ground Water Quality Analysis for South Gujarat Aquifer, India th International Conference on Estuaries and Coasts (ICEC2015) November 2-4, 2015, Muscat, Oman 3

10 Keynote Lectures 5th International Conference on Estuaries and Coasts (ICEC2015) November 2-4, 2015, Muscat, Oman 4

11 Modeling Coastal Morphological Features Based on Equilibrium Theory Magnus Larson 1 Department of Water Resources Engineering, Lund University, Sweden Morphological features at many different scales appear at the coast as a result of sediment transport generated by waves, currents, and water level change. Under steady forcing, a specific feature tends to approach an equilibrium state with a characteristic geometry determined by the forcing as well as the sediment properties. The geometry of a certain morphological feature can be determined from mathematical models or through data analysis. In modeling the evolution of the feature, the governing equation can often be expressed in terms of the difference between the actual and the equilibrium state combined with a forcing function that quantifies the response time of the system. This paper demonstrates how the sediment transport rate and morphological evolution can be calculated at different scales based on equilibrium theory (ET). Examples of theoretical formulations at different scales are given together with applications to hypothetical cases as well as to laboratory and field data. A number of ET models is discussed that describes the evolution of different morphological features, including dunes, foreshores, longshore bars, offshore mounds, inlet shoals and bars, and linear spits. Key words: Beach; Mathematical Modeling; Equilibrium State; Coastal Evolution; Shoals and Bars. 1 magnus.larson@tvrl.lth.se 5th International Conference on Estuaries and Coasts (ICEC2015) November 2-4, 2015, Muscat, Oman 5

12 FVCOM: Development, Improvement and Applications Changsheng Chen Montgomery Chair Professor, School for Marine Sciences and Technology, University of Massachusetts-Dartmouth, MA 02744, USA Robert C. Beardsley Scientist Emeritus, Department of Physical Oceanography, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA Our team of University of Massachusetts-Dartmouth and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution researchers has been continuing to develop and improve the prognostic, freesurface, three-dimensional primitive equations-based unstructured-grid, Finite-Volume Community Ocean Model (FVCOM) since The present version of FVCOM has become a fully ice-current-wave-sediment coupled model system with options for multidomain nesting, two-way air-sea interactions and offline or online integration of ecosystem and water quality models. A global-regional-coastal-estuarine-wetland nested FVCOM model system was developed to resolve and examine multi-scale oceanic responses to climate change. The unstructured grid used in the system provides accurate fitting of the complex coastal geometry and steep slope topography with spatial scales up to 2 km in the global ocean to 10 m over wetlands. This nested model system was validated by a 36-year hindcast simulation through comparisons with available observational data. It has served as a framework to establish the Northeast Coastal Ocean Forecast System (NECOFS). The NECOFS is an integrated atmosphere-ocean-wave model system in which the ocean model domain covers the northeast US coastal region with a horizontal resolution of km in the open ocean, 1-5 km on the shelf, and down to 20 m in estuaries, inner bays, inlets and harbors. The system produces 3-day forecast fields of surface weather, surface icing, waves, water level, temperature, salinity, currents and storm-induced coastal inundation; with daily updating using data assimilated fields whenever field data are available. It was validated for both hindcast simulation over and forecast operations for storm-induced inundation. Built on the same framework, we have also established an Arabian Gulf-Sea of Oman atmosphere-ocean forecast system (named AGSO-FVCOM). The AGSO-FVCOM is configured with a horizontal resolution varying from ~100 m to 10 km. This system runs through nesting with Global-FVCOM and was placed into the 24/7 forecast operations in March Key words: FVCOM, multi-scale modeling, regional forecast systems, current-wave-ice interactions Corresponding author. c1chen@umassd.edu 5th International Conference on Estuaries and Coasts (ICEC2015) November 2-4, 2015, Muscat, Oman 6

13 Post-tsunami Coastal Morphology Change on Sendai Coast, Japan Hitoshi Tanaka, Vo Cong Hoang, Yuta Mitobe Department of Civil Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Japan The tsunami in March 2011 caused significant morphology changes on Sendai Coast, Japan. The erosion of sandy beach and the flushing of sand spit at the river mouth can be observed in many places on the coast. Immediately after the tsunami, shoreline on the right side of the Nanakita River mouth started getting eroded. The erosion propagated to the south and transported sediment to the north caused the complete closure of the Nanakita River mouth. The changes of morphology and its problems has been identified based on the analyzing of aerial photographs. The diffusion coefficient, which is an important parameter in theoretical treatment of shoreline change, has been estimated from analytical solution of one-line model and measured data of erosion propagating of shoreline. Key words: shoreline change, the 2011 tsunami, Sendai Coast, Nanakita River, one-line model. Corresponding author. 5th International Conference on Estuaries and Coasts (ICEC2015) November 2-4, 2015, Muscat, Oman 7

14 Developing an SPH Model for Breaking Waves Robert A. Dalrymple Department of Civil Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, United States Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) is a numerical method developed in the late 1970's for astrophysical problems that in the last twenty years has been applied to free surface fluid flow problems. While there is a robust community of developers and modelers (particularly in Europe), here I discuss my own history with SPH and the development of our SPH models for breaking waves in the surf zone. Two open source model have resulted from this effort: SPHysics and GPUSPH; both available for free on the Internet. Key words: Waves, SPH, Breakers, Model, Free Surface, Surfzone, Forces. Corresponding author. rad@jhu.edu 5th International Conference on Estuaries and Coasts (ICEC2015) November 2-4, 2015, Muscat, Oman 8

15 Coastal Hazards, Climate Change Risks, and Climate Adaptation Engineering for Coastal Infrastructure Mark G. Stewart 2 Director, Centre for Infrastructure Performance and Reliability, The University of Newcastle, Australia. A changing climate may result in more intense tropical cyclones and storms, storm surge, intense rain events and flooding, sea-level rise, and other natural hazards. This has the potential to dramatically increase the vulnerability and damage to sea-walls, wharf structures and other coastal infrastructure. Climate adaptation engineering involves estimating the risks, costs and benefits of climate adaptation strategies and assessing at what point in time climate adaptation becomes economically viable. The paper will describe how risk-based approaches are well suited to optimising climate adaptation strategies related to the design and maintenance of coastal infrastructure. Stochastic methods are used to model hazard intensity and likelihood, infrastructure performance, risk reduction, and effectiveness of adaptation strategies, exposure, and costs. These concepts will be illustrated with current research of risk-based life-cycle assessment of climate adaptation strategies. This will pave the way for more efficient and resilient infrastructure, and help 'future proof' coastal infrastructure to a changing climate. Key words: climate change, risk, infrastructure, decision-making. 2 mark.stewart@newcastle.edu.au 5th International Conference on Estuaries and Coasts (ICEC2015) November 2-4, 2015, Muscat, Oman 9

16 Study on Water-Sediment Transport and River-bed Evolution at Pearl River Estuary Jiaquan Deng and Hui Deng Key Laboratory of the Pearl River Estuarine Dynamics and Associated Process Regulation, Pearl River Hydraulic Research Institute, Ministry of Water Resources, Guangzhou, China, The Pearl River Estuary is of a complex network-river estuary which consists of more than 200 waterways. The fresh water comes from three upstream rivers, i.e. the West River, the North River and the East River, and discharge into the South China Sea through eight outlets. Both the fresh water and the tide from the sea are mixed in the estuary. Under such a flow the sediment transport is extremely complicated. Based on analysis of the variations in watersediment processes both in the network-rivers and the river-outlets, this paper explores the responses of the hydrodynamics, including the flow-diversion ratios at the first- and secondlevel flow-diversion nodes in the network rivers, and the flow-diversion ratios at outlets. The characteristics of sediment transport and the sediment-laden capacity, together with the sediment flocculating settling, in the estuary are studied. On these grounds, the evolution of the estuary under extensive human activities is analyzed and the characteristics of the evolution of the estuary are summarized. These results provide a basis for the governing, developing and protecting of the Pearl River Estuary. Key words: Water-sediment transport, River-bed evolution, Pearl River Estuary, Tidal sediment-laden capacity, Estuary dynamics Corresponding author. jiaquandeng@163.com 5th International Conference on Estuaries and Coasts (ICEC2015) November 2-4, 2015, Muscat, Oman 10

17 Field Experiment of Disinfection Dosage Optimization for the Hong Kong Harbour Area Treatment Scheme Joseph H.W. Lee, K.W. Choi, S.N. Chan Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China The Harbour Area Treatment Scheme (HATS) is the main sewage collection and treatment scheme serving the urban areas of Hong Kong on both sides of Victoria Harbour. The sewage of a population of around 3 million (1.4 million m 3 /d) is centrally collected and receives Chemically Enhanced Primary Treatment before discharge through a 1.2 km outfall. Since March 2010 the provision of chlorine disinfection to the treated effluent has brought significant water quality improvements to the nearby Tsuen Wan beaches. While chlorine is an effective disinfectant for reducing pathogen levels, it is nevertheless toxic to the marine environment and aquatic life. Field observations and three-dimensional (3D) mathematical model simulations reveal that the beach water quality varies significantly with the tide and also strongly correlated with tidal characteristics much lower E.coli concentrations are observed during days of diurnal tides. An optimal chlorine dosing strategy based on the use of a daily tidal form factor is proposed to utilize the natural purification capability of the receiving water. Pilot field trials of the novel environmental control strategy were undertaken from December 2014 to February The effectiveness of the environmental hydraulics based dosage reduction was evaluated using field surveys and 3D model simulations. It is found that the water quality objective (WQO) compliance rates at the Tsuen Wan beaches remain little affected, while chemical savings of around 30-40% can be achieved. This type of dosage optimization is simple to implement, and helps to minimize the environmental impact of chlorine discharge and reduce energy consumption and operation costs. Key words: sewage disinfection; dosage reduction; hydrodynamic modelling; beach water quality. Corresponding author. jhwlee@ust.hk 5th International Conference on Estuaries and Coasts (ICEC2015) November 2-4, 2015, Muscat, Oman 11

18 Session No. 1 Coastal Erosion: Measurements and Modeling I 5th International Conference on Estuaries and Coasts (ICEC2015) November 2-4, 2015, Muscat, Oman 12

19 Potential Applications of Regional Sediment Management Planning along the Coast of Oman David S. Brew, Jaap J. Flikweert Royal HaskoningDHV, Rightwell House, Bretton, Peterborough, PE3 8DW, United Kingdom Jasper Fiselier Royal HaskoningDHV, P.O. Box 1132, 3800 BC Amersfoort, The Netherlands Some of the beaches along the coast of Oman are eroding due to interruption of sediment transport processes by port and harbour infrastructure, placing seafront property and natural habitat at risk of loss. Coastal erosion is also exacerbated by the trapping of sediment in upstream dams on wadis that would otherwise reach the coast and enter the littoral system. These erosion problems could be addressed through sediment management planning at a regional scale that restores coastal environments by removing or lessening disturbances to natural sedimentary processes that intensify coastal erosion. Numerous regional sediment management strategies have been recommended and implemented elsewhere, and this paper describes ideas from southern Monterey Bay (California), northern Albania and The Netherlands which could be tailored to deliver management solutions in Oman. Application of these strategies could contribute large quantities of sand to the beaches of Oman, which would provide additional buffer to erosion. The case studies provide examples of where it is prevalent to use beach nourishment and where it would be possible to allow processes of erosion to continue, allowing sediment to continue to supply the coast naturally. Other options described include removal of engineered structures along the coast to restore sediment transport processes and extracting and recharging beaches with sediment impounded behind upstream dams on rivers (wadis) or by changing the operation of upstream structures. An innovative, very large-scale sand engine alternative is also introduced as a means to maximise the beneficial role of natural sedimentary processes. Key words: Al Batinah; Al Wusta; Coastal erosion; Sediment budget; Littoral cell; Coastal management; Sand engine. Corresponding author. david.brew@rhdhv.com 5th International Conference on Estuaries and Coasts (ICEC2015) November 2-4, 2015, Muscat, Oman 13

20 Harbour Sedimentation at Al Ashkhara Fishery Harbour Approaches to Addressing the Issue Majid Al Ghammari, Mohammad Dibajnia, Fiona Duckett, Chris Gibbons W.F. Baird & Associates Ltd. Engineering Consultancy LLC Al Ashkhara fishery harbour is located approximately 75 km south of Ras Al Hadd along the Arabian Sea coast of Oman. Since its construction between 2002 and 2004, sedimentation has been a growing issue for the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries (MOAF) and most importantly, for fishermen using the harbour. Sand has accumulated around the harbour and in the harbour entrance. Regular maintenance dredging is now undertaken, however it has become increasingly difficult to maintain the required depths at the harbour entrance year round. Remedial measures were evaluated to address the sedimentation issue and in particular, to eliminate the need for dredging at the harbour entrance and the resulting disruption to fishermen. A comprehensive field program was undertaken measuring tides, bathymetry, currents, waves, beach profiles, sediment samples and jet probing. Numerical modelling was used to assess the wave climate and sediment transport characteristics. GIS analysis of historical imagery was used to assess bathymetric change at the harbour. It is observed that the layout of the main breakwater did not create a reservoir for trapping the sand that is transported in a net northerly direction. The large longshore transport rates have resulted in the accumulation of large quantities of sand along both the north (lee) and south (main) breakwaters. Since the south breakwater acts as a relatively smooth extension to the headland, there is no updrift trapping capacity to create a fillet beach. This has resulted in the development of a shallow bypassing bar across the harbour entrance resulting in a condition equivalent to having built the harbour entrance directly at the shoreline. A harbour cannot remain functional along the Oman coast with an entrance constructed at the shoreline without significant jetties or breakwaters extending to deeper water.. Key words: Sedimentation; Fishery Harbour; Longshore Transport; Sultanate of Oman; Dredging malghammari@baird.com 5th International Conference on Estuaries and Coasts (ICEC2015) November 2-4, 2015, Muscat, Oman 14

21 Wave Climate, Longshore Transport and Shoreline Change on the Oman Coast Robert B. Nairn, Chris Gibbons, Fiona Duckett, Majid Al Ghammari Baird & Associates, P.O. Box 614, P.C. 116, Qurum, Sultanate of Oman Application of a long-term hindcast wave climate developed by Baird for the Arabian Sea and the Sea of Oman to predict longshore sand transport rates at several locations along the Omani coastline is presented. Model results are analyzed to show contributions from various wave components and the inter-annual variability in longshore sand transport rate and direction. Correct understanding of this variability is very important for developing mitigation approaches for projects which interrupt longshore transport. Model predictions are verified, where possible, using historic shoreline change and corresponding erosion/accretion volumes from comparison of historic satellite imagery. Key words: Longshore Sand Transport, Wave Climate, Sea of Oman, Arabian Sea, Salalah, Al Ashkhara. Corresponding author rnairn@baird.com 5th International Conference on Estuaries and Coasts (ICEC2015) November 2-4, 2015, Muscat, Oman 15

22 Numerical Study on Bottom Shear Stress under Breaking Waves Mohsin Siddique, Tarek Merabtene, Abdallah Shanableh and Rami Al-Ruzouq Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Sharjah, UAE Undoubtedly, the process of non-linear wave breaking is the most notable phenomenon in the surf zone that directly influences the sediment transport rates and beach morphology. Turbulence generated by wave breaking often penetrates to bottom layers and coupled with bottom turbulence impacts on the magnitude and profile of bottom shear stress. By combining non-linear Boussinesq equations with surface roller wave breaking model and Reynold's equation with turbulent kinetic energy models, present study focuses on numerical prediction of the bottom shear stresses under breaking and broken waves. The predictions of simulated experimental cases of wave breaking over roughened slope are compared with various commonly used bottom boundary layer shear models and found to be in close agreement when only bottom turbulence is considered in numerical setting. Moreover, when the bottom and wave breaking turbulences were combined together, the impact of breaking turbulence on bottom shear stress was less significant on highly roughened beds compared to lightly roughened beds. Key words: Wave breaking, Bottom shear stress, Boussinesq equations, Reynold's equation Corresponding author, 5th International Conference on Estuaries and Coasts (ICEC2015) November 2-4, 2015, Muscat, Oman 16

23 Computational and Experimental Study of Flow at a T- junction Chamber GUO Xin-lei, YANG Kai-lin, WANG Tao, FU Hui, GUO Yong-xin, XIA Qing-fu State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing , China T type hydraulic structure with a lateral inflow or outflow at 90 angle is very common in different open channel flow systems. The Wangqingtuo junction chamber, a typical T- junction hydraulic structure, is taking as a case study in the paper. To investigate the junction flow behavior and optimize the preliminary design, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model based on Fluent software was established to simulate the flow through T-junction. The model was assessed by comparing its results with the measurements of physical experiment. Good agreement was obtained between the two results and it indicated that the CFD model can be used to reveal the flow behavior at T-junction and guide for optimal design. Based on the flow characteristics and results, the water diversion and vortex precaution device of - type diversion walls was developed. The main character is that three diversion walls are parallel arranged with one in the middle and the other two in the extended line of the separation walls in the junction chamber. The flow character after the implementation of such new device was investigated. It was found that the velocity downstream was well distributed and the vertical-axis vortex in front of the outlet gate was prevented by adjusting the relative position of the three rows of diversion wall. Such new device with simply structure and low investment may be extended to other similar lateral inflow or outflow projects. Key words: Open Channel; T-junction; Chamber, - Type Diversion Walls, Flow Characteristics Corresponding author. guoxinlei@163.com 5th International Conference on Estuaries and Coasts (ICEC2015) November 2-4, 2015, Muscat, Oman 17

24 Session No. 2 Seawater quality: Coastal and offshore pollution 5th International Conference on Estuaries and Coasts (ICEC2015) November 2-4, 2015, Muscat, Oman 18

25 Coastal Remediation in the Arabian Gulf The Hydraulic Restoration of a Tidal Lagoon in Saudi Arabia Chris Gibbons, Robert Nairn W.F. Baird & Associates Coastal Engineers Ltd. Throughout the first Gulf War (1991), oil slicks were prevalent along the shoreline of the Arabian Gulf from damage to oil wells. The coastline and aquatic habitat sustained severe ecological damage from oil contamination. The United Nations Compensation Commission coordinated the remediation of several sites along this coastline. Brice Lagoon, Oil was diverted into Brice Lagoon on the Gulf coast of Saudi Arabia to protect downdrift intakes for desalination plants from contamination. The lagoon was subsequently closed off by the construction of a coastal road which prevented the natural tidal exchange in the lagoon and the inlet became filled with sediment. In addition to removing oiled sediment, an important aspect of the remediation at this site was to restore the hydraulic flushing of the lagoon. Hydraulic restoration was characterized as re-establishing the natural conditions prior to closure of the lagoon and included three main components: Estimating the tidal conveyance and water levels in the lagoon prior to the closure of the lagoon through the use of historic imagery and hydrodynamic modeling. Designing a network of restoration channels within the lagoon to ensure that the lagoon would fill and flush properly with the changing tide. Designing a series of culverts to achieve the required tidal exchange into the lagoon while still maintaining the coastal road. The main challenge of the hydraulic restoration was developing a channel design that was not only constructible due to the mild slopes of the design channels and the limited tide range, but also achieve the required tidal conveyance to fill and flush the lagoon sufficiently, and to keep the lagoon open by resisting infilling through longshore sand transport. Construction of the lagoon was completed in 2013 and the lagoon is currently functioning as planned. Other components of the remediation contract included removal of heavily oiled sediments and asphalt pavement from the shoreline and lagoon, tilling to restore hydrologic function of the underlying sediment, and planting of aquatic vegetation along the channel banks. Key words: Coastal Remediation; Tidal Lagoon; Inlet Stability; Saudi Arabia; Hydraulic Restoration Corresponding author cgibbons@baird.com 5th International Conference on Estuaries and Coasts (ICEC2015) November 2-4, 2015, Muscat, Oman 19

26 Numerical Simulation of Suspended Sediment s Transportation during Dredging of Harbor Basin and Channel in Bacao Port China WANG Shan-shan, MU Jin-bin, LI Hong (Zhejiang Institute of Hydraulics & Estuary, Hang Zhou, China, ) (Zhejiang Institute of Marine Planning & Design, Hangzhou, China, ) (Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Estuary and Coast, Hangzhou China, ) LI Lai-wu,HUANG Shi-chang,WU Chuang-shou (Zhejiang Institute of Hydraulics & Estuary, Hang Zhou, China, ) (Zhejiang Institute of Marine Planning & Design, Hangzhou, China, ) (Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Estuary and Coast, Hangzhou China, ) 2D mathematical model on convection-diffusion of tide and increased suspended sediment which was solved with finite element method was established and applied to simulate the dispersion-transportation of suspended sediment of Pacao central fish harbor in the south of East sea China during dredging engineering of the basin and channel. Based on the engineering practice, dredging process took 11 point sources, the source intensity of increased suspended sediment during dredging adopted a constant value, and the result revealed the dispersion-transportation mechanism of the suspended sediment during dredging. Key words: Numerical Simulation; Dispersion-transportation; Suspended sediment; Dredging. Corresponding author. shanshwang@gmail.com Corresponding author. jinbinmu@163.com 5th International Conference on Estuaries and Coasts (ICEC2015) November 2-4, 2015, Muscat, Oman 20

27 CORMIX Simulations of Dredged Sediment Discharges in Coastal Waters Anton Purnama Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Sultan Qaboos University, Sultanate of Oman Mahad S Baawain Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, Sultanate of Oman Dongdong Shao State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation & School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, China CORMIX simulations are carried out to study the resuspended plumes following discharges of the spoils taken from seabed during a marine outfall pipeline dredging operation. Two discharge configurations are considered, a slightly submerged vertical discharge in shallow water and a single jet above surface discharge. Due to inherent uncertainty in the input data, sensitivity analysis was conducted using iterative simulations by varying the ambient velocity, the discharge flow rate and the discharge density. At the end of simulation (1000 m downstream), the simulated suspended plumes for the vertical discharge are found still carrying a concentration of 6.37 kg/m 3 of mainly fine silt and clay. Similarly, for the above surface discharge, the plumes carry a small concentration of 3.38 kg/m 3. In terms of the accumulation of bottom deposit at a properly chosen disposal site, the vertical discharge of dredged sediment in shallow water will confine sedimentation at a smaller circular region. Key words: Resuspend sediment; side-casting; submerged vertical discharge; turbidity plume. Corresponding author. antonp@squ.edu.om 5th International Conference on Estuaries and Coasts (ICEC2015) November 2-4, 2015, Muscat, Oman 21

28 3D Numerical Simulation of Westlake Water Quality Using the EFDC Open-source Model Nguyen Xuan Tinh,1, Le Thi Thanh Thuy 1, Nguyen Trung Viet 1, and Nguyen Thi Minh Nguyet 1 Department of Civil Engineering, Thuyloi University, 175 Tay Son, Hanoi, Vietnam Makoto Umeda 2 and Hitoshi Tanaka 2 Department of Civil Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan Paul Micheal Craig 3 Dynamic Solutions International, LLC; 535/24 Lac Long Quan, Hanoi, Vietnam West Lake is one of largest lakes in the center of Hanoi Capital, Vietnam. The shore length is about 17km and the lake is surrounded by hotels, restaurants, and resident houses. At the moment, the incoming untreated water from the residential areas is flow directly to the lake. It is therefore the water quality of Westlake became a big concern for the local government and authority. Thus, it is important to deeply understand the lake hydrodynamic as well as water quality changes. A 3D model of West Lake is built using the famous open-source model called EFDC model which means the Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code original developed by Hamrick (1996). The model is based on the most recent update measured bathymetry in year of The boundary conditions for wind and atmospheric are taken from a nearby meteorological station. The model results are, then, compared with the detailed field observations at 13 different points on the West Lake on September 25, 2014 by the research cooperation with the Tohoku University. The comparison results of vertical variation for DO, Temp and Chlorophyll-a have been showing a good agreement with measured data. The lake dynamic is driven mainly by the wind. The lake is mixing quite well and due to large surface area and relatively strong wind. As a recommendation, since the water quality of the lake is getting bad because of polluted water flow to the lake; so for the sustainable development it is necessary to construct a waste water treatment plant in this area. A drainage sewer system should also build to collect the polluted water to the treatment plant before releasing the water out to the lake. Regular or continuous water quality station should be deployed at few locations on the lake to observe the water indicators for evaluating the model prediction results and better water management purposes. Key words: Westlake, water quality, EFDC model, water indicators, chlorophyll-a, eutrophication Corresponding author. tinhnx@tlu.edu.vn 5th International Conference on Estuaries and Coasts (ICEC2015) November 2-4, 2015, Muscat, Oman 22

29 Session No. 3 Tsunamis and Storm Surges 5th International Conference on Estuaries and Coasts (ICEC2015) November 2-4, 2015, Muscat, Oman 23

30 Study of Wave Characteristics of the Qiongzhou Channel during Typhoon Events Baolei Geng, Huaqing Zhang, Xianhua Wen Tianjin Research Institute for Water Transportation Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory for Port Hydraulic Construction Technology. No. 2618, Xingang Erhao Road, Binhai New Area, Tianjin, , China Using wave observations in the main water-way under the cross-sea bridge in the Qiongzhou Channel, wave data were obtained during the No Typhoon Kai-Tak and No Typhoon Son-Tinh. Then, the wave characteristics were analyzed by frequency spectrum and direction spectrum, and a method was developed to distinguish wind waves from surge waves. Analysis results show that during Typhoon Kai-Tak, the spectrum peak period was between 3.0 ~ 8.0 s, with a maximum spectrum peak value of 7.92 m 2 s. The wave direction was between W~N, and the changes of the frequency and direction spectrums show transformation from wind waves to surge waves; during Typhoon Son-Tinh, the spectrum peak period was between 5.0 ~ 6.5 s, with a maximum spectrum peak value of 2.70 m 2 s. The wave direction was between E ~ ESE, and the wind wave was the main type; the long period wave in the Qiongzhou Channel was a surge wave caused by the typhoon, and the period was between 6.5 ~ 10 s. Key words: typhoon; Qiongzhou Channel; wave characteristic; wind wave; surge wave. Corresponding author. stonegeng@163.com 5th International Conference on Estuaries and Coasts (ICEC2015) November 2-4, 2015, Muscat, Oman 24

31 1945 Makran Tsunami modelling using MIKE 21 Raj Kumar Singh Hyder Consulting India Pvt Limited (An ARCADIS Company) A deadly Tsunami was initiated in Arabian Sea on 21 st November 1945 in early morning due to a severe earthquake of moment magnitude near Makran coast of Pakistan. It had caused severe damage to property and life in the Arabian Sea region. Makran tsunami has caused severe devastation in Pakistan, Iran, Oman and Western India. The present study objective is to reproduce the propagation of the 1945 Makran tsunami in MIKE21model. A numerical model covering Arabian Sea, Indian Ocean and Gulf of Oman is setup to simulate the 1945 Makran tsunami propagation. The highest tsunami height reached India (Okha, Dwarka) was in the range of m. However the initial tsunami wave height at Makran was in the range of 6-7m. Tsunami waves being dispersive in nature weakens as it propagates towards Indian Ocean. At Mumbai tsunami wave was in the range of m. Many authors had done study on 1945 Makran Tsunami. This study is an attempt to use MIKE 21 model to simulate 1945 Makran tsunami propagation in Arabian Sea region. Key words: MIKE 21, Makran Tsunami, Oman, Iran, India and Arabian Sea. Corresponding author. raj09bit@hotmail.com 5th International Conference on Estuaries and Coasts (ICEC2015) November 2-4, 2015, Muscat, Oman 25

32 Refined Risk Assessment of Storm Surge Disaster in Coastal Plain Fuyuan Chen, Pubing Yu, LiHu Xiong, Wenlong Chen, Zhejiang institute of hydraulics & Estuary As the risk of storm tide on the coastal plains increases, the research on the disaster risk assessment plays a more important fundamental role in the disaster management, and more detailed topics are studied in the current academic circles. Coupled with typhoon, flood, astronomical tide and inshore waves, a refined numerical flooding model with the microtopography and buildings is built to determine the exact inundation water-depth and the submerge area on the floodplain. Based on the 3S technology, the disaster bodies are classified as many minimum units, and the vulnerability of these units is evaluated. A refined risk assessment of storm surge disaster for the coastal plains is obtained, and the detailed distribution of risk areas at different risk levels is achieved. These results can be widely applied in many areas, such as the disaster prevention and mitigation, the urban planning, the industrial arrangement, or the disaster insurance, and so on. Key word: coastal plain, storm tide, submergence, risk assessment Corresponding author @qq.com 5th International Conference on Estuaries and Coasts (ICEC2015) November 2-4, 2015, Muscat, Oman 26

33 New Energy Dissipation Structure for Storm Discharge in Coastal Cities WANG Tao, Guo Xin-lei, GUO Yong-xin, FU Hui, YANG Kai-lin State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing , China An outfall structure for a coastal rainstorm drainage project is studied by physical model experiments. Based on the requirements of flow condition, safe marine and ecology landscape, the key objective is to make the flow in the expanding basin be well-distributed and to dissipate the excessive energy in Outfall O-1. The two rows of baffle blocks are placed ingeniously in the expending basin to form new structures of energy dissipation called by the baffle-blocks stilling basins. The diverting baffle blocks at the outlet of the open channel on every side of the central bridge pier are placed in a 45 sector in order to have even flow dispersion to two sides as greatly as possible to further reduce its velocity in the sea. The apron constructed by the lop joint concrete slabs is good in stability to protect the apron from scouring because those slabs may adjust their positions with the foundation s settlement and distortion. The detailed method and principle are also given for the design of the new structures. A large number of physical experiments have verified that the improved structure meets the requirement of safe and reliable operation of the hydraulic performance. Although they are designed for a practical drainage project, the new types of new energy dissipation structures are also applicable to the other drainage projects. Key words: Drainage project, Coastal outfall, Stilling basin, Baffle blocks, Interlocked concrete slabs, Energy dissipation, Urban rainstorm. Corresponding author. taozy163@163.com 5th International Conference on Estuaries and Coasts (ICEC2015) November 2-4, 2015, Muscat, Oman 27

34 Session No. 4 Coastal Erosion: Measurements and Modeling II 5th International Conference on Estuaries and Coasts (ICEC2015) November 2-4, 2015, Muscat, Oman 28

35 Analysis on Erosion of Beach Adjacent to Cua Dai River Mouth, Central Vietnam Nguyen Trung Viet, Vo Cong Hoang (a,b), Hoang Dong Hai, Dinh Van Duy (a) Department of Hydraulic Structure, Thuyloi University, Vietnam Nguyen Van Giap State Audit Office, Vietnam Hitoshi Tanaka (b) Department of Civil Engineering, Tohoku University, Japan Severe erosion has been observed on Cua Dai beach, Hoi An City, Quang Nam Province, central part of Vietnam. The erosion was getting more and more serious in the past few years. This study presents the morphological changes in this area through the analysis of satellite images. The propagation to the north of sandy beach wedge toe can be observed. Tourism facilities such as resorts, hotels, embankments, etc. have significant influences to the evolution of the surrounding morphology. The construction of reservoirs upstream and sand mining activities along the river or at the river mouth lead to the reduction of the sediment supply which can be the cause of the erosion. Key words: Morphology; Erosion; Cua Dai beach; Shoreline; Satellite image. Corresponding author. 5th International Conference on Estuaries and Coasts (ICEC2015) November 2-4, 2015, Muscat, Oman 29

36 Coastal Morphology Change and Its Relationship with Climate Characteristics on Nha Trang Coast, Vietnam Tran Minh Thanh, Yuta Mitobe, Vo Cong Hoang Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tohoku University, Japan Nguyen Trung Viet Thuyloi University, Vietnam Hitoshi Tanaka Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tohoku University, Japan Nha Trang coast, which is located in south central coast of Vietnam, is frequently affected by severe erosion. Although many past studies have shown shoreline evolution on this coast, detailed process of morphological change remains unclear. In this study, shoreline evolution in the north area of southern Nha Trang Bay, where the most serious erosion has been observed, was analyzed using a coastal surveillance system by video-camera technique. The shoreline was extracted from time-averaged images which are combination of images taken every second in each 15 minutes interval from video monitoring. The seasonal variation of shoreline on Nha Trang coast is characterized by climate conditions. The retreat of shoreline occurs during the northeast monsoon period with strong northeast winds and high waves. While shoreline advances in the remaining periods with the dominant of moderate winds and calm waves from east-southeast. Key words: Nha Trang coast, beach erosion, northeast monsoon, video monitoring, shoreline change. Corresponding author. thanhtranqhtl@gmail.com 5th International Conference on Estuaries and Coasts (ICEC2015) November 2-4, 2015, Muscat, Oman 30

37 A Review of Sedimentation and Preferred Solutions at Al- Ashkarah Fishery Port, Sultanate of Oman Mohsen Soltanpour Civil Engineering Department, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Iran Ahmad Sana, Mahad Baawain Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, Sultanate of Oman, Oman The fishermen at Al-Ashkarah Port, located along the Arabian Sea coast of Oman, has suffered from sedimentation at the port entrance in a short interval after its construction. Two different companies in association with their international partners were appointed to study the sedimentation problem at Al-Ashkarah and to evaluate various solutions to solve the issue. However, since the outcome solutions of these two consultants were different, CIVIL TEC was later appointed as a Third Party to review and compare the developed solutions to address the severe sedimentation problems. The review reveals that although the layout of breakwaters is adequate regarding the required calmness of the harbor, it does not provide the necessary reservoir to trap the large northward Longshore Sediment Transport (LST) rate. Based on the estimation of LST rate, a system of two groins at updrift side of the port together with a regular mechanical excavation is proposed as the best cost-effective solution. The excavated material might be used or trapped in land but it is recommended to be mainly deposited far north of the port to prevent the long term downdrift erosion. Key words: Al-Ashkarah Fishery Port, sedimentation, longshore sediment transport, erosion, mitigating measures Corresponding author. soltanpour@kntu.ac.ir 5th International Conference on Estuaries and Coasts (ICEC2015) November 2-4, 2015, Muscat, Oman 31

38 The Technology of the Sea-bottom Surveys for the Monitoring of the Coastal Kazimierz Szefler, Łukasz Gajewski, Benedykt Hac, Stanisław Rudowski Department of Operational Oceanography, Maritime Institute in Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland Radosław Wróblewski Department of Geomorphology and Quaternary Geology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland Collecting high-resolution data to recognize topography and geological structure of nearshore is one of the newest accomplishments of marine sedimentology. The major methodical breakthrough is the possibility to obtain a digital model of the bottom with the sonar image of its relief and with the recognition of structures through parametric seismic profiling with decimetre resolution. An example of the possibilities of these methods is presented in the results of research performed by the Maritime Institute in Gdansk, in the vicinity of Ustka, in years and In the studies the following was used: a multibeam echosounder, side scan sonar, SES seismic profiling system; as well as classic invasive methods like surface and core sampling and non-invasive methods, e.g. ROV TV system. The accuracy of the research point position on the seabed better than 0.5 m was achieved using the RTK and DGPS with appropriate navigation systems. The obtained results were used to prepare the morpholithodynamic map, which is a synthesis of information on the surveyed bottom, that is necessary for a proper assessment of the state and trends of coastal seabed as an indicator of the state and development of the shorezone. The obtained detailed data are also an appropriate basis for monitoring surveys with detailed analysis of qualitative and quantitative changes of the seabed. Key words: Nearshore bottom condition, Noninvasive methods, Ustka, Poland, Baltic Sea. Corresponding author. kaszef@im.gda.pl 5th International Conference on Estuaries and Coasts (ICEC2015) November 2-4, 2015, Muscat, Oman 32

39 A Study of the Tide Generating Device and Control Technology for the Local Yellow River Estuary Model Wu Caiping, Li Yuanfa, Zhu Chao, Song Lixuan Yellow River Institute of Hydraulic Research, Key Laboratory of Yellow River Sediment of the Ministry of Water Resources, Zhengzhou, This paper has studied the tide generating device and control technology for the Yellow River Estuary Model in the viewpoint of tide characteristics of the Yellow River Estuary in a way of local Yellow River Estuary Model Test. It is indicated in the study that the improved tide generating device for the Yellow River Estuary adopts multiple water pumps evenly laid with the outlet setting horn fairing, each 2 parallel water pumps controlled by 1 inverter, the tide generating device adopts HMMC2000 control software, and the model is similar to the automatic simulation of the tide shape and level of the Yellow River Estuary but with the water level hysteresis. Moreover, this paper has proposed to improve the tide generating device in terms of the existing problems. Key words: Yellow River Estuary Model, Tide Generating Device, Variable Frequency Inverter. Corresponding author @qq.com 5th International Conference on Estuaries and Coasts (ICEC2015) November 2-4, 2015, Muscat, Oman 33

40 Session No. 5 Integrated Coastal Zone Management I 5th International Conference on Estuaries and Coasts (ICEC2015) November 2-4, 2015, Muscat, Oman 34

41 Managing Stand Density of Monospecific Mangrove Plantation for Better Carbon Stock Production Dixon T. Gevaña, Leni D. Camacho, Antonio P. Carandang, Sofronio C. Camacho College of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines Sangjun Im Department of Forest Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea Density and carbon stock assessment was conducted covering the mature Rhizophora stylosa plantations in Bohol, Philippines. Three stand conditions were studies: thinned not replanted (0.34 tree m -2 at 55 years old); self-thinned or non-thinned (1.2 tree m -2 at 55 years old) and young stand ( tree m -2 at 20 years old). These plantations were initially established with a spacing of 0.5m x 0.5m. Results showed that carbon stock was largest in least dense thinned not replanted stand with tc ha -1. Self-thinned or non-harvested stand has tc ha -1. Young stand has about tc ha -1. Differences in these estimates proposed that management of stand density through thinning (selective cutting) will be a better option to improve tree carbon stock, rather than the strict protection or preservation that is being imposed by the government today. Thinning provides growing space and ease tree competition. Mortality due to unavoidable self-thinning indicates income and subsistence opportunities that were be loss if stands were thinned for timber. By estimate, the self-thinning line was observed at 1.6 to 1.7 tree m -2. Carbon stock was found largest at 0.3 tree m -2 or 1 tree 9m -2, which is the proposed ideal stand density condition at the age of 55 years. By comparison, non-thinning of stands could give an average sequestration rate of tco2 ha -1 yr -1 ; while with thinning management, the site could generate tco2 ha -1 yr -1. These could provide an annual benefit of USD 723.3±104.3 ha - 1 for the former and USD 686.9±109.0 ha -1 for the latter. With a slim disparity in values, non-thinning may not be a better option since it will not guarantee larger carbon stock and significantly larger income benefits to local people. Key words: biomass, carbon stock, climate change, coastal mangrove, thinning Corresponding author. wuweidix@yahoo.com 5th International Conference on Estuaries and Coasts (ICEC2015) November 2-4, 2015, Muscat, Oman 35

42 A Review of Marine Pollution Studies in Sea of Oman Prerana Chitrakar, Mahad Baawain and Ahmad Sana Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, Sultanate of Oman More than half of world s crude oil is transported from the Gulf area passing through Strait of Hormuz on the north coast of Oman. Major oil spill occurred in Iraqi-Iranian War following damage to Nowruz Oil Field that estimated the leaking of 6 million barrels of Oil in Gulf. Further leakage was deliberated, massive release of approximately 7-11 million barrels of oil into Gulf by Iraqi force in In 1994 two tankers collided spilling 16,000 tons of Iranian crude oil into the Gulf of Oman which caused damage to the local marine environment. Oman as a member of Regional Organization for Protection of Marine Environment (ROPME) Sea Area (RAS) lies in major oil and gas producing area in the world. More than 20,000 oil tankers visits the region every year along with steady growth in dry cargo transportation that results in large amount of ballast water is discharged in RSA along with significant amount of oil spill every year. Oman s water supply system is highly dependent on desalination. Therefore, the pollution of sea due to ballast water and other discharge from ships will not only affect the marine life but will have serious impact on water distribution system. The review of previous studies and research indicates heavy metal, petroleum hydrocarbon, tar, harmful algal boom and marine debris as a major contaminant in coastal environment of Oman. Very high Cd concentrations (up to 195 μg/g) in the liver of some fish from southern Oman were detected which may be due to food-chain bioaccumulation into the productive surface waters by upwelling in the region. PAH contents show high concentrations in surface water, sediments and some species of economic fish in the Mina Al Fahal and its surrounding area where all the petroleum activities in the Sultanate of Oman are existing. Continuous monitoring and analysis of pollution source and contaminant is recommended to understand the ecosystem response to pollutants and to formulate the measures to safeguard marine environment from further degradation. Key words: Sedimentation; Fishery Harbour; Longshore Transport; Sultanate of Oman; Dredging Corresponding Author, p099279@student.squ.edu.om 5th International Conference on Estuaries and Coasts (ICEC2015) November 2-4, 2015, Muscat, Oman 36

43 Crab Plover Dromas ardeola Movement and Migration at Barr Al Hikman, Sultanate of Oman Andy Y. Kwarteng, Roeland A. Bom Remote Sensing and GIS Center, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 33, Al Khod, PC 123, Sultanate of Oman Jan A. van Gils Department of Marine Ecology, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, The Netherlands Data recorded by miniaturized solar-powered GPS loggers attached to Crab Plovers Dromas ardeola wintering at Barr Al Hikman, a vast pristine wetland in central-east coast of the Sultanate of Oman were downloaded and analyzed for their migration, breeding, staging and wintering patterns between 2011 and The five individuals that returned after the breeding season followed a similar spring route and migrated for approximately 1400 km from Barr Al Hikman to the breeding islands situated in northwest Arabian Gulf in Iran and Kuwait. The birds spent between days at the breeding colonies between March 10 and October 20. The fall migration back to Barr Al Hikman was mostly along the eastern coast of the Arabian Gulf, and occurred between July 19 and October 24, lasting 3-91 days. One individual with two consecutive years of data showed between-year consistency in migration, breeding and wintering patterns. High-temporal resolution movement data show that most of the birds spent the winter on the mudflat and sabkha on the northeast coast of Barr Al Hikman peninsula for foraging and roosting. Spring departure date at the wintering grounds is related to arrival date at the breeding grounds suggesting that Crab Plovers cannot (or do not need to) compensate for a late spring departure. On the contrary, there is no relation between departure at the breeding areas and arrival at the wintering grounds for fall migration. Early departing birds arrive around the same time in the wintering areas as late departing birds, suggesting that Crab Plovers refrain from arriving too early at their final wintering area. We speculate that either the food conditions or weather conditions (hot temperatures) in Barr Al Hikman or intraspecific social processes might cause Crab Plovers to await arrival at their wintering grounds. Key words: Crab Plovers Dromas ardeola, Barr Al Hikman, Bird migration, GPS-loggers, mudflat, West Asian-East African flyway. Corresponding author. Roeland.Bom@nioz.nl 5th International Conference on Estuaries and Coasts (ICEC2015) November 2-4, 2015, Muscat, Oman 37

44 An Assessment of Trends in Extreme Temperature in Five Regions in Oman Shaiban Al-Shibani, Luminda Gunawardhana, Ghazi Al-Rawas Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, Sultanate of Oman Temperature is one of the most important factors influencing many aspects of our life. In response to the increasing greenhouse effect in the recent years, the demand for understanding the spatial variability of temperature has risen significantly. A set of temperature indices derived from daily temperature data during period, with an essentially focus on extreme events, were computed by RclimDex software and analyzed. Computed results from temperature indices are used to plot spatial distribution variations by ArcGIS Software. A clear picture of temperature trends in the region has emerged. The general pattern of Oman for extreme temperature events is showing a statistically significant warming trend in night time during last 30 years. The annual minimum temperature shows a consistent pattern of increasing trend in most regions of Oman. Moreover, the percentilebased temperature indices examined for the same period, and the results show an increase in percentage change in count of warm nights on average overall country. The plots of spatial variation distribution demonstrate that the northern and southern regions experienced a significant change during the last 30 years. However, Muscat had exhibits the least changes over the same period. Key words: RClimDex, ArcGIS, Spatial distribution, extreme events. Corresponding author. u092320@student.squ.edu.om 5th International Conference on Estuaries and Coasts (ICEC2015) November 2-4, 2015, Muscat, Oman 38

45 Session No. 6 Estuaries: Water quality observations and modeling 5th International Conference on Estuaries and Coasts (ICEC2015) November 2-4, 2015, Muscat, Oman 39

46 Changes of Storm High Tide Level Responses to Reclamation in Wenzhou Bay Shichang Huang, Yali Xie, Xu Liu, Xin Zhao Zhejiang Institute of Hydraulics & Estuary, Hangzhou , China Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Estuary and Coast, Hangzhou , China The paper is focus on the variations of storm high tide level under three different reclaiming projects and different paths of typhoon, the numerical model of the coupling between astronomical tide and storm surge based on Mike 21 is applied to Wenzhou bay in Zhejiang Province. The predicted results show that rising or falling of storm high tidal level is mainly controlled by the path of typhoon after reclamation in Oujiang Estuary and Feiyun River Estuary. The path of typhoon has influence in current field in Oujiang Estuary, tidal water intrusion from north to south channel will occur at meantime of high water level when typhoon lands on reclamation, disappear when typhoon lands far away. For the typhoons landing on reclamation zone in Wenzhou bay, there is 0.02m~0.48m of rising in Oujiang Estuary, slight falling in Feiyun River Estuary and its adjacent sea area. For the typhoon landing far away from reclamation zone, storm high tide level will fall in Oujiang Estuary with 0.03m~0.08m, rise in Feiyun River Estuary. In the case of Saoma-type typhoon, the increment of high tidal level will exceed the designed safety value of bank along both sides of Oujiang estuary if south branch of Oujiang River is blocked, and typhoon passes the reclamation. Key words: Wenzhou Bay, numerical model, storm high tide level, reclamation Corresponding author. Corresponding author. 5th International Conference on Estuaries and Coasts (ICEC2015) November 2-4, 2015, Muscat, Oman 40

47 Influence of Salinity and Water Temperature on Reproduction of Corbicula japonica in Lake Jusan, Japan Makoto Umeda, Shuntaro Matsune, Hitoshi Tanaka Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Japan Mikio Sasaki Dept. of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Hachinohe Institute of Technology Lake Jusan is a brackish lake located in the down reaches of Iwaki River system and is a fishing place of Corbicula japonica. However, the annual catches of C. japonica have been fluctuated over time presumably because of aquatic environmental changes. To maintain sustainable fishery, it is necessary to understand the causal factors on reclamation processes of C. Japonica in relation to brackish environmental conditions of the lake. In this study, field measurements were conducted on salinity, water temperature, and distribution of larvae of C. Japonica. From the results, empirical formulation was made to estimate number of the larvae in the lake. By combining that formulation with numerical hydraulic simulation, a methodology was proposed to evaluate the influence of hydrological changes in the watershed on reclamation of C. japonica. Key words: Bivalve, Larva, Spawning, Brackish Lake Corresponding author. makoto.umeda.c6@tohoku.ac.jp 5th International Conference on Estuaries and Coasts (ICEC2015) November 2-4, 2015, Muscat, Oman 41

48 The Discussion on the Extension Plan of Haihe River Estuary Regulation Line Liu Jiangxia, Xing Bin Science and Technology consultation center, Haihe River Conservancy Commission, Ministry of Water Resources P.R.CHINA Haihe River estuary is on the west coast of Bohai Bay in Tianjin. It is the throat that catharsis Haihe and Tianjin flood. It is one of the important estuaries in Haihe basin. Establishing diversion dike along estuary planning regulation line is the controlling project included in Haihe River estuary comprehensive management. As the development of the economy and society, the development and construction in the port-centered industrial zone and Nanjiang harbor area in Tianjin will exceed the range of written reply in 9th, This essay put forward the estuary extension scheme and the entrance boundary solidification plan based on the water flow model experiment result. This essay includes the below contents: the plan layout optimization of part regulation line extension, the determination of the entrance spacing, the effect on the flood control and the integrated management of estuary and flood control. The polygon line extension scheme is recommended as the Haihe river estuary extension scheme. The scheme will provide reference for the harbor area development, which will also provide technical support for the regulation line adjustment and Haihe River Estuary governance. Key words: Haihe River Estuary, Regulation Line, Extension, Water Flow Experiment, Entrance Boundary Solidified, Haihe River Estuary Comprehensive Governance Corresponding author. 5th International Conference on Estuaries and Coasts (ICEC2015) November 2-4, 2015, Muscat, Oman 42

49 Session No. 7 Seawater quality: Coastal and offshore pollution II 5th International Conference on Estuaries and Coasts (ICEC2015) November 2-4, 2015, Muscat, Oman 43

50 MIKE 21 Estuarine Model for Goa Waterways Vishnu S Das BYRNE LOOBY,, BAHRAIN (Formerly DHI (India) Water & Environment Pvt. Ltd), Ruchi Kalra and Flemming Jakobsen DHI (India) Water & Environment Pvt. Ltd Two waterways, the Mandovi and the Zuari, with their interconnecting channel, Cumbarjua canal, shape an estuarine framework in Goa on the west shore of India. The present study compares the existing conditions (baseline) in Goa waterways with the reduced upstream flow using MIKE 21 estuarine model. A numerical model covering the estuaries and the lower part of the rivers has been set-up and calibrated and validated satisfactory against predicted tide and measured discharges and suspended sediment concentration in the two rivers and in the canal. Two simulations (wet season and dry season) are carried out for each of the scenarios. All simulations covers exactly one complete neap-spring cycle (14.75 days), besides some warm-up period that is disregarded in the analyses of simulation results. The two baseline conditions simulations are scaled up to give the sediment deposition during a one year period, and a similar calculation is carried out for the reduced upstream flow condition. The MIKE 21 estuarine model reveals that in Zuari region the bed mass change is minimal and in the Mandovi region, the biggest siltation rates are found. Along significant stretches of Mandovi region, siltation rates in the range of +1 to +3 cm/year are identified. In the canal, the siltation rate is increasing due to the reduced upstream flow which may cause significant morphological changes in the estuary. Key words: MIKE 21 estuarine model, Mandovi and Zuari estuary, tides, siltation rates. Corresponding author. vishnusdas47@gmail.com 5th International Conference on Estuaries and Coasts (ICEC2015) November 2-4, 2015, Muscat, Oman 44

51 Water Production from Seawater Multi Stage Flash Desalination Plant: A Case Study of Misurata, Libya Eman Hasan National Water Research Center, Egypt The scarcity of water resources and the increasing gap between demand and available supply in Libya is a major challenging issue facing the development sectors. Misurata is a city in the northwestern Libya, situated 187 km to the east of Tripoli and 825 km west of Benghazi on the Mediterranean coast. Most of the water resources in Misurata come along the Great Man Made River (GMMR) and some desalinated water from the Multi Stage Fash (MSF) desalination plant which lies in the border of the Libyan Iron and steel company. The objective of this research is to emphasis the vital role of seawater desalination in industry and drinking purposes. The economic aspect of desalinated water production is also covered. The objective of the research is fulfilled by collecting data about the quantity of produced water from MSF desalination plant in cubic meter per day during several years. Meanwhile, the quality of the produced water that used in both industrial and potable purpose was checked and compared with the Libyan water quality limits for industrial and potable water. Cost analysis for the produced water was prepared. The results of this research proved that the water production of the MSF desalination plant was reduced by about 23% during the period from year 2008 till year 2013 and this due to lake of maintenance. The cost of one cubic meter of desalinated water increased by about 58% during the same period due to the rise in labors salary and cost of different input to desalination plant. Key words: desalination; sea water; potable; industry; economic aspect; Libya. Corresponding author. dr_eman30@hotmail.com 5th International Conference on Estuaries and Coasts (ICEC2015) November 2-4, 2015, Muscat, Oman 45

52 Cascading predator-prey effects in a pristine seagrassbased food web Jan A. Van Gilsi, Roeland A. Bom, Thijs Fijen NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, PO Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, The Netherlands Andy Y. Kwarteng Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khoudh, Muscat, PC 123, Oman Current biodiversity is lost at a tremendous rate, and often the biggest losses are found in the highest trophic levels. The loss of top-predators can greatly affect the functioning of ecosystems, especially when this loss affects so-called ecosystem engineers (i.e. organisms which alter their abiotic environment). Important ecosystem engineers in intertidal habitats are seagrasses. Their canopies attenuate currents and waves and thereby seagrasses not only improve the growing conditions for themselves but also for many other organisms. By contrast, crabs, through their bioturbating activities, often cause opposite erosion effects and thereby create sandy patches within seagrass beds. Predators that are able to control the activity and the number of crabs could potentially play a steering role in seagrass-based ecosystems. We want to study this idea in Barr al Hikman, an important intertidal ecosystem in the Middle East, where crab plovers feed on crabs on the edges of seagrass beds. Key words: Barr al Hikman, Coastal protection, Ecosystem functioning, Ecosystem engineers, Seagrass, Top predators Corresponding author. Jan.van.Gils@nioz.nl 5th International Conference on Estuaries and Coasts (ICEC2015) November 2-4, 2015, Muscat, Oman 46

53 Monitoring and Modeling study of Makran Coasts Allahyar, M.R 1., Nemati, M.H. 2, Jamalinia, E 3, Golshani, A 4. Ports & Maritime Organization, Iran. 1. Member of the board & vice president of Administration and Equipment Ports in PMO, M.Sc. in Maritime Structure 2. Head of Coastal Engineering Office in PMO, M.Sc. in Physical Oceanography 3. Expert, M.Sc. in Civil-Environmental in PMO 4. PhD, Coastal Engineering This paper intends to introduce Monitoring and Modeling study of Makran Coasts project, in the south of Iran, adjacent to the Oman Sea. The Ports and Maritime Organization as one of the major authorities in coasts and marine affairs, to perform its responsibilities and in the continuation of previous studies like measurement of marine parameters, modeling of Iranian sea waves and integrated coastal zone management has defined monitoring and modeling studies of Iranian coasts. In this regard Ports and Maritime Organization tends to accomplish the studies in Sistan- Balochestan provinces as the 7th phase. This paper intended to introduce monitoring and modeling study of Makran coasts, in the south of Iran adjacent to the Oman Sea. Prior to this, the first phase of plan covers 100 km of the Sistan and Baloochestan provinces shorelines, Chabahar bay. As well as human interference making use of this broad land, makes gaining access to such a compiled plan very difficult. One of the decisive elements in gaining access to this plan is to collect sufficient data on the Hydrodynamic regime and the zone sedimentation and to have an appropriate understanding of the alterations caused by different factors on the Geomorphologic specifications which, unfortunately, most of the time is not accessible because of the lack of sufficient data. Regarding the necessity of doing these measurements and mathematical modeling for the side operation in Integrated Coastal Zone Management plan and determination of the coastal zones privacy and accurate study of shoreline changes in the study areas for the country's future planning is important. Key words: Monitoring and Numerical Modeling, Makran Coasts, Wave and Current Measurements, Sea Level Measurement. Corresponding author. mallahyar@yahoo.com 5th International Conference on Estuaries and Coasts (ICEC2015) November 2-4, 2015, Muscat, Oman 47

54 Coastal protection for Ada, Ghana a case study Annelies Bolle, Luciana Das Neves, Vincent Gruwez, Joris Rooseleer, Fernando Toro IMDC nv (International Marine and Dredging Consultants), Antwerp, Belgium The Ada coastal protection project aims at stabilizing the coastline and limiting the amount of overwash along a 16km coastal stretch, just west of the Volta river mouth. A combination of groynes and a beach nourishment have been designed and constructed. Challenges for this project included, amongst others, the high-energetic environment, with long swell waves not only being responsible for the highly dynamic beaches, but also pushing designers and contractors beyond their comfort zone. This meant that they were forced to adapt to the local conditions and to be creative during the design and the execution of the works in order to find alternative, workable solutions that still fit into the tight budget. Three main subjects are discussed in this respect: data availability, modelling studies in function of the design, and selection of execution methods. Data availability varied importantly between the start and the end of the project, impacting the level of insight in the system s behaviour and the detail possible for the design. To get insight in the coastal system and to determine the design conditions, wave and hydrodynamic modelling (SWAN and Delft3D) were undertaken. In order to select the most suitable design for the beach nourishment and the groyne lay-out, both long term morphological coast-line modelling (Litpack) and shorter term modelling (several days to a couple of months) (XBeach 1D and 2D) were done. Not only the designers, but also the contractor was confronted with the highenergetic environment. Water based construction of the groynes being impossible in the surf zone due to the severe swell waves, a land based construction method for the submerged groynes was developed involving the use of a temporary steel jetty accessible from the beach. Despite all the challenges, appropriate solutions were provided to successfully complete the design and construction works. Key words: Coastal erosion, Coastal protection, Beach nourishment, Groynes, XBeach, Physical modelling, Supervision Corresponding author. annelies.bolle@imdc.be 5th International Conference on Estuaries and Coasts (ICEC2015) November 2-4, 2015, Muscat, Oman 48

55 Session No. 8 Integrated Coastal Zone Management II 5th International Conference on Estuaries and Coasts (ICEC2015) November 2-4, 2015, Muscat, Oman 49

56 Coastal Area Assessment of Labuan Island, Malaysia Using Coastal Vulnerability Index (CVI) Mohd Kamarul Huda Samion, Mohd Fauzi Mohamad, Lee Hin Lee National Hydraulic Research Institute of Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Selangor, Malaysia, The Labuan Island lies 8 km off the coast of the State of Sabah, Malaysia at the nearest, and on the northern edge of the Brunei Bay facing the South China Sea covering an area of 95.2 km² with the total shoreline of approximately 48 km. For safeguarding the Labuan Island coastal area from the negative impacts of developments a Coastal Vulnerability Index (CVI) assessment were carry out. Integration of all components such as beach materials, current speed, wave heights, erosion, and backshore length related to the rate of changes in height, width, current pattern and velocity occurring at the sub reach requires a mechanism for the assessment. By assigning a predetermined numerical value on the components or parameters in each of the sectors and subsequently summing all of them systematically via an interrelated matrix, a ranking system can be obtained that will provide the CVI for Labuan Island. The CVI is an indication of the sustainability of the coastal area in relation to the natural environmental processes. The Island are divided into 12 reaches and into 58 sub reaches based on the conditions of the coastal area. Each reaches is analysed based on the CVI derived from the coastal score. Coastal score is the cumulative score for all components ranked, and the index is expressed in percentages (Rank I: 1 20%, Rank II: 21 40%, Rank III: 41 60%, Rank IV: 61 80%, Rank V: %). The higher the percentage, the more susceptible the coastal area is to an adverse impacts or is already in an unsustainable state. From the study a total of eight reaches were ranked as Rank III and four reaches were ranked as Rank IV, there are no reach with CVI ranks of I, II and V. Key words: Coastal Vulnerability Index (CVI), shoreline, coastal area, current speed, wave height, erosion and backshore. Corresponding author. kamarul.nahrim@1govuc.gov.my 5th International Conference on Estuaries and Coasts (ICEC2015) November 2-4, 2015, Muscat, Oman 50

57 The Conservation, Sustainable Use and Management of Mangrove Habitat in Oman Zakiya AL-Afifi Environment Department, University of York, U.K. Mangroves are the only salt-tolerant trees inhabiting the intertidal zones of tropical and subtropical latitudes on Earth. These unique ecosystems contribute valuably to the welfare of humans through their ecological, economic and cultural values. This research aims to explore the role of mangrove ecosystems in Qurum, Sawadi and Mahout for human welfare in Oman. Each mangrove ecosystem in this study is characterised distinctively from the others. Qurum is a natural reserve since 1975 made by the Royal Decree No75/38, while Sawadi has been under restoration and afforestation since The Mahout ecosystem is one of the naturally existing forests in Oman and experiences interactions with local people and the ecosystem itself. The key objectives of the research are to: 1) Identify and highlight the contribution of the study areas to community wellbeing based on the 2005 Millennium Ecosystem Assessment framework for ecosystem services. 2) Valuate the services offered by these ecosystems using different techniques applicable for each location, for instance the Total Economic Value Approach. 3) Identify the drivers for environmental change for these mangrove ecosystems. 4) Recommend for sustainable management of mangroves forests at the national level in Oman. The research uses mainly secondary data as well as primary data from interviews, questionnaires and possibly economic valuation techniques. Key words: Mangrove conservation in Oman; Coastal ecosystems. zmaa502@york.ac.uk 5th International Conference on Estuaries and Coasts (ICEC2015) November 2-4, 2015, Muscat, Oman 51

58 Assessment of Future Variability in Extreme Precipitation in Muscat, Oman Abdulaziz Al-Salhi, Luminda Gunawardhana, Ghazi Al-Rawas Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, Sultanate of Oman The significant impacts on economic development and living conditions due to changes in extreme weather event have been occurred at an acceleration rate in recent decades. The objective of this study is to understand the potential variations in extreme precipitation in Muscat in future compared to the present climate. Precipitation observations from the Muscat international airport station were collected for the period, which is considered as the base line climate. For predicting potential changes in precipitation in the future, two General Circulation Models (GCM); MIROC and HadGEM2, were selected. Different characteristics of the precipitation time series were analyzed by using RClimDex software. The threshold for extreme precipitation was defined based on the 95th percentile of the precipitation during base period ( ). Results show that the annual total precipitation increases from 77.5mm during base line period to 162.3mm during period and to 200.8mm during period. However, number of wet days/year decrease from 8.4 during the base line period to 6.4 and to 7.1 during and periods, respectively. When the average of all RCP scenarios was considered, the annual total precipitation reduction due to changes in number of wet days is 18mm and 10mm during and periods, respectively. On the other hand, a 102mm and a 133mm increment in annual total precipitation can be expected during two future periods due to the changes in rainfall intensity. Analysis of extreme precipitation reveals that contribution from the extreme precipitation to the total precipitation in present climate is 37%, which according to the RCP scenarios will change in a range of 19~69% in period and in a range of 25~57% in period. Key words: Climate change, CMIP5, RCP scenarios, GCM. Corresponding author. u093660@student.squ.edu.om 5th International Conference on Estuaries and Coasts (ICEC2015) November 2-4, 2015, Muscat, Oman 52

59 Rough Estimation for Post-dam Global Land-Ocean Sediment Flux Cheng Liu International Research and Training Center on Erosion and Sedimentation, Beijing, China Yun He China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, China Jianguo Chen International Research and Training Center on Erosion and Sedimentation, Beijing, China The magnitude of global fluvial discharge of sediment to the coasts provides an important and sensitive indicator of changes in the operation of the Earth System, and it exerts significant influences in the global socio-economic and environmental problems in a certain extent. It is this reason that the study on global land-ocean sediment flux has attracted attentions of many researchers. Due to the lack of reliable and complete fluvial sediment load data, it is difficult to estimate the amount and changes of global sediment load transported to the coasts, with wide different estimated values without common understanding. In this paper estimations of the global fluvial discharge of sediment to the coasts proposed by 27 papers are collected and reviewed. Early estimates of the amount of global fluvial sediment load transported to the coasts vary largely, and the estimated values are becoming more reasonable with more in-depth study of this problem, mostly concentrated in Gt.yr -1. Referencing available sediment data of the seaward-most gauging stations on 90 rivers of the world with high sediment loads, and using the contemporary pre-dam land-ocean flux 19.1 Gt.yr -1 as a baseline, the post-dam global annual land-ocean sediment flux was roughly estimated with value of about 13.2 Gt.yr -1. Key words: River, land-ocean sediment flux, sediment load, erosion, sediment yield, sediment transport. Corresponding author. chliu@iwhr.com 5th International Conference on Estuaries and Coasts (ICEC2015) November 2-4, 2015, Muscat, Oman 53

60 Engineering Challenges in Design, Construction and Operation of Fishery Harbours in Oman Adil Al-Mujaini, Abdallah Al-Balushi, Ozgur Evren VAROL Directorate General of Fishery Harbours, Ministry of Agriculture and fisheries, Sultanate of Oman Fisheries sector is the second largest sector in Sultanate of Oman following Oil sector with The revenue of over 166 million Omani Rial annually (2014). Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Directorate General of Fishery Harbours is responsible for providing landing facilities and fishery Harbours for the fishermen across the 3165 km long coast of Sultanate. Current number of operational harbours is 21 and for the year 2020 it is planned to add 8 new harbours, and develop 7 existing harbours. Construction of one new harbour is completed, three are under construction and 11 are at different stages of design. All these harbours and landing sites are scattered across the Omani coast from Musandam Peninsula to Arabian sea, and each location has its own challenges with different wind and wave climate and tidal/current systems, sedimentation potential, soil characteristics, topography and bathymetry, availability of natural materials for construction etc. This paper/presentation focuses on the challenges faced in the design, construction and operation phases of fishery harbours all across Sultanate of Oman coasts. It will include selected case studies from different locations and emphasize the specific challenges met, the proposed/applied solutions and outcomes. Key words: Fishery harbours, Harbour sedimentation, Harbour design and construction Corresponding author. amblush@hotmail.com 5th International Conference on Estuaries and Coasts (ICEC2015) November 2-4, 2015, Muscat, Oman 54

61 Comparison between the 2007 Cyclone Gonu Storm Surge and the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami in Oman and Hormozgan, Iran Hermann M. Fritz School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 790 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA Abdolmajid Naderi Beni Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science, Tehran, Iran Super Cyclone Gonu was the strongest tropical cyclone on record in the Arabian Sea. Gonu attained Category 5 status with peak 1-min sustained winds of 263 km/h with gusts up to 315 km/h and a central pressure of 909 mbar on 4 June 2007 about 475 km east of Masirah Island off the coast of Oman. Cyclone gradually weakened due to cooler water temperatures and drier air as it approached the Arabian Peninsula. Cyclone Gonu crossed the eastern-most tip of Oman at Ras al-hadd with winds of 164 km/h late on 5 June, making it the strongest tropical cyclone on record to strike the Arabian Peninsula. On 6 June, the cyclone turned to the north-northwest and made landfall on the Makran coast of Iran as a tropical storm on 7 June. Gonu caused about $4 billion in damage and at least 49 deaths in the Sultanate of Oman, where the cyclone was considered the worst natural disaster in its history. Gonu dropped heavy rainfall near the eastern coastline, reaching up to 610 mm, which caused wadi flooding and heavy damage. The shore parallel cyclone track resulted in coastal damage due to storm surge and storm wave impact along a 300 km stretch of Omani coastline. In Iran, the cyclone caused 23 deaths and $215 million in damage. The widespread failure of tide gauges along the Gulf of Oman called upon a field survey crew to collect high water marks based on established protocol. The team surveyed 270 km of impacted Omani coastline from Ras al-hadd to Abu-Abali within 2 months of Gonu s landfall from 1 to 4 August 2007 (Fritz et al., 2010). The team measured coastal high water marks, inundation distances, wadi and overland flow depths. Further coastal erosion and deposition was documented. Ephemeral infrastructure damage was recorded at various scales. The high water marks peaked at Ras al- Hadd at the eastern tip of Oman exceeding 5 meters. The steep bathymetry between Ras al- Hadd to Muscat limited the relative contribution of storm surge, but increased storm wave impact. Some 500 km of Iranian coastline from the Strait of Hormuz with Qeshm and Hormuz Islands to 150 km east of Jask were surveyed from 10 to 17 October 2010, while part of a UNESCO field workshop searching for evidence of Makran tsunamis. Cyclone Gonu high water marks exceeded 5 m at several locations along a 100 km stretch of coastline extending east of Jask to Vavik. Cyclone Gonu s storm surge and storm waves were observed up to 80 km north of Ras al-kuh inside the Strait of Hormuz. The field survey in Hormozgan also documented the October 1981 storm impact and coastal inundation on Hormuz Island. The 1981 storm caused at least 200 fatalities mostly at sea in the Strait of Hormuz. A high resolution finite element mesh of the Arabian Sea is created to model the storm surge of Gonu using the Advanced Circulation Model (ADCIRC). Modeling results are compared to measurements and used to determine the contribution from storm surge and storm waves. The storm surge flooding hazard is expected to increase in the rare event of a cyclone landfall Corresponding author. fritz@gatech.edu 5th International Conference on Estuaries and Coasts (ICEC2015) November 2-4, 2015, Muscat, Oman 55

62 along the shallow shelf between Muscat, Oman and Al Fujayrah, United Arab Emirates (UAE) or near the Island of Masirah, Oman. Prior to Super Cyclone Gonu in 2007, only two similar cyclones struck the coast of the Sultanate of Oman in the last 1200 years. The two storms (in 1890 and 865) entered the Gulf of Oman, like Gonu, except both turned southwest to strike the northern coast of Oman. The 1890 storm drenched the coast from Soor to Suwayq and caused flooding inland as far as the Wadi Samail and Wadi Beni Ghafir. Matrah and Muscat were the hardest hit with many ships washing ashore. The storm is known to have killed about 727 people and destroyed date trees equivalent to $1.5 billion at the time. While less is known about the 865 storm, it had similar effects as the 1890 storm between Gobrah and Sohar. The multi-hazard aspect is analyzed by comparing overlapping field observations of Cyclone Gonu with the Indian Ocean Tsunami of 2004 in Oman and Iran. Corresponding 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami heights inside the Gulf of Oman were recorded based on eyewitness accounts while surveying cyclone Gonu in Oman in 2007 and Iran in Oman s Arabian Sea coastline from Masirah Island to Salalah was surveyed in 2005 (Okal et al., 2006). The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami may represent a worst case far field tsunami hazard scenario for areas inside the Arabian Sea. The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami exceeded the 2013 Baluchistan (Pakistan) tsunami in the Arabian Sea. The 1945 Makran tsunami remains the largest documented tsunami in the northern Arabian Sea (Okal et al., 2015). Coastal protection in the West Indian Ocean must be approached from a multi-hazard perspective given the combined tropical cyclone and tsunami hazards. The importance of raising tropical cyclone and tsunami public awareness is highlighted. Key words: Tropical Cyclone, Storm Surge, Gonu, Tsunami, Indian Ocean, Arabian Sea, Gulf of Oman, Strait of Hormuz, Makran 5th International Conference on Estuaries and Coasts (ICEC2015) November 2-4, 2015, Muscat, Oman 56

63 Session No. 9 Coastal Hydrodynamics 5th International Conference on Estuaries and Coasts (ICEC2015) November 2-4, 2015, Muscat, Oman 57

64 Assessing tidal scale hydrodynamics within a mangrove system through numerical modelling: a case study Yorick B. Broekema Department of Civil Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands G. M. Jahid Hasan Department of Civil Engineering, Military Institute of Science and Technology, Dhaka-1216, Bangladesh Alamsyah Kurniawan Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore Seng Keat Ooi Tropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore Stephane Bayen Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Quebec, Canada Mangrove areas are highly important from ecological and socio-economic perspectives, but they are degrading at an alarming rate nowadays. To understand the effects of pollutants on the degradation rates of mangrove areas numerical modelling has become an indispensable tool, since there are lots of limitations on obtaining data inside mangrove forests. The modelling of tidal flow dynamics is of great use in studying the effect of vegetation on flow characteristics and to understand and analyze the effects of changes in external parameters that may play a role in mangrove degradation. In this study, it is attempted to obtain insight in several model approaches to study the effect of vegetation on tidal flow inside a real mangrove reserve: the Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve in Singapore. Vegetation imposes extra resistance on the flow due to canopy drag, and this is modelled in two different ways: (i) imposing an extra term in the momentum equation, or (ii) increasing bottom roughness to account for the extra resistance. Both modelling approaches deliver different results. Increasing bottom roughness is a simple way of accounting for the extra resistance but it may yield different results when the bottom friction is of the same order of magnitude as the pressure gradient. In that case, increasing bottom roughness may lead to large deviations compared to the first method. Imposing vegetation through an extra term in the momentum equation as opposed to simply increasing bed roughness only affects the flow when the drag force due to the canopy is of the same or larger order of magnitude as the pressure gradient. Also, this method leads to strong alterations of the vertical flow profile, while increasing bed roughness does not. The alteration of the flow profile can effectively be used for predicting the fate of pollutants in mangrove regions. Key words: Mangroves; Numerical Modelling; Delft3D; Tidal Hydrodynamics; Flow Structure; Pollutants Corresponding author. jahid01@yahoo.com 5th International Conference on Estuaries and Coasts (ICEC2015) November 2-4, 2015, Muscat, Oman 58

65 Interactive 2D Hydrodynamics Prediction Model for Arabian Gulf Waters by Smart Mobile Technology Khaled Al-Salem, Nada Al-Sulaiman Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait Hydrodynamic models (HD) represent the core of any simulation for flow field, water quality, erosion and siltation, and morphological studies. In the present investigation, a model, called KGulf was developed and was setup for the Arabian Gulf to predict the 2D/1D tidal currents and water level variations. A grid constituent value was setup for Arabian Gulf waters and refined grids inside Kuwaiti territorial Waters. The model was setup in two dimensional modes with an element size varying from 5-8 km within the Arabian Gulf to less than 50 m inside the Kuwaiti territorial waters for refined grid. The 2D tidal current prediction technique is developed for hind-cast, now-cast and forecasting of tidal current conditions over the Kuwaiti territorial water and the Arabian Gulf. It is an interactive online model. The computer simulation time required for this model technique for 2D/1D tidal current history prediction is very little. The present technique is validated with RMA- 10 model, Delft3D model and with measured field data. The model is named as KGulf model as shown in Figure 1. KGulf model was presented for smart phone devices technology such as IPhone Mobile as shown in Figure 1. For more information on KGulf Apps link to web adders, as: Keywords: Hydrodynamic model, Arabian Gulf, Tidal currents, Water level, Smart Phone Corresponding author, ksalem@kisr.edu.kw 5th International Conference on Estuaries and Coasts (ICEC2015) November 2-4, 2015, Muscat, Oman 59

66 Application of 2D Flow Mathematical Model in Flood Control Evaluation of Wharf Project in Zhuhai Gaolan Port Longhua Gao, Long Xie Pearl River Water Research Institute, Guangzhou of China The River, estuary and shallow sea composes a consecutive and integral water system, in which multiple forces(river discharge, tide, wave, wind, etc.) and different natures(temperature, density, salinity, etc.) coexist and interact with each. Its dynamic is rather comprehensive. Futher more, the Pearl River Estuary(PRE) is a multiple river/estuarine system with complex coastal geometry and abruptly varying bathymetry. Due to complexity of self- conditiongs, we could simulate water flow only using numerical method in most situations. This paper introduces the research and development of 2D mathematical model in PRE and its application in flood control evaluation of a wharf project in Zhuhai Gaolan port, China. The results show that after the wharf completion, the flow field in the sea area near the whaft changes with small amplitude by harbor basin excavation and hydraulic structure construction; under the conditions of four calculate hydrological conditions, the variation of flow velocity is little near the project area. It is indicated that the influence of the project on the stability of river regime is small. Key words: 2D flow mathematical model; Flood control evaluation; Wharf. Corresponding author. cyxlong@163.om 5th International Conference on Estuaries and Coasts (ICEC2015) November 2-4, 2015, Muscat, Oman 60

67 Trend Analysis on Runoff and Sediment Fluxes and Its Effect on Area of Yellow River Delta SHI Hongling International Research and Training Center on Erosion and Sedimentation, Beijing, CHINA TIAN Qingqi Department of International Cooperation, Science and Technology, Ministry of Water Resources, P. R. China, Beijing, CHINA Thanks to the abundant runoff and sediment flux from the Yellow River, the Yellow River Delta (in short is YRD) is one of the quickest continent-building areas worldwide. The YRD land area growth rate was controlled mainly by the amount of provided runoff and sediment. In this paper, the runoff and sediment load of Lijin hydro gauge station, located at the entrance of the YRD, are selected as the representatives; and the relationship between the supplements of the water / sediment and the land area is analyzed by correlation methods; besides, the variation trends of the incoming runoff and sediment load are illustrated based on the Mann Kendal statistics test. The result indicate that, in the period of record, the annual land area is perfect linear correlation with the accumulated annual runoff, as well with the accumulated annual sediment load; both of the annual runoff and annual sediment load fluxes from Lijin station are in significant decrease trends. At last, considering the crisis of the YRD faced, rational allocation of the water and sediment resources are put forward. Key words: the Yellow River Delta, variation of land area, runoff and sediment fluxes, trends test. Corresponding author. shihl@iwhr.com 5th International Conference on Estuaries and Coasts (ICEC2015) November 2-4, 2015, Muscat, Oman 61

68 Dynamic analysis of side by side floating offshore structures in operations M. A. Hannan, W. Bai Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore A. Choudhary, A. Hussain Keppel Offshore & Marine Technology Centre, 31 Shipyard Road, Singapore Floating Production Storage and Offloading (FPSO) vessel, now a day can be found at seas throughout the world ranging from deep offshore water towards shallow coastal regions. The main purpose of such vessel is to produce, purify and store the oil and gas extract from beneath the sea. In order to ensure maximum operability, a floatel (for example, Semisubmersible vessel (SEMI)) needs to be remained connected to the moored FPSO to provide sufficient support and maintenance. In this case, as the floatel is situated with a relatively large distance to the FPSO, the resonance of the wave elevation in the gap between these two structures might not be a major issue. However, the shielding effect due to wind, wave and currents will play a very important role here, as uncertainties in the floatel behavior can be caused by large amount of shielding effect due to the FPSO in the vicinity. In this study, commercial software Hydrostar is used to perform frequency domain analysis in order to understand the motion response of the floatel and other related phenomena while the floatel is under the shielding of the FPSO. Parametric study is performed to understand this shielding effect on various spacing between the FPSO and floatel, different location of the SEMI along the FPSO and change in orientation of floatel. It has been found that the SEMI receives least amount of disturbance when it is placed near the mid position of the FPSO and at an orientation angle of 90 degree with the FPSO. The results of these analyses will be helpful to understand the physics of shielding for this combination of FPSO and floatel and will help to further investigate the nonlinear phenomena related to shielding. Key words: Wave structure interaction; offshore structures; frequency domain; shielding effect; dynamic analysis. Corresponding author. ceemah@nus.edu.sg 5th International Conference on Estuaries and Coasts (ICEC2015) November 2-4, 2015, Muscat, Oman 62

69 Session No. 10 Shoreline Change and Seawater Intrusion 5th International Conference on Estuaries and Coasts (ICEC2015) November 2-4, 2015, Muscat, Oman 63

70 Shoreline change at the Da Rang River Mouth, Vietnam Vo Cong Hoang, Tran Minh Thanh, and Hitoshi Tanaka Department of Civil Engineering, Tohoku University, Japan Nguyen Trung Viet 1, 3 Department of Hydraulic Structure, Thuyloi University, Vietnam In recent years, the erosion of shoreline at the Da Rang River mouth that is located in Tuy Hoa City in central Vietnam has become serious. This study presents changes of coastal morphology at this river mouth through the analysis of satellite images. Shoreline position in the area of about 7km in length around the river mouth was eroded severely, while it was stable on other adjacent areas. The erosion was most severe at the river mouth, whereas it was mild on the beaches far away from the river mouth. There are demarcations where the severe erosion did not propagate beyond. The roles of sand terrace as submerged sand source proving sediment to the adjacent shoreline is also discussed. The evolution of morphology at this river mouth is very important; hence field survey data and further study are highly required. Key words: Da Rang River mouth, Morphology change, Aerial photograph, Erosion, River mouth terrace. Corresponding author. hoang@kasen.civil.ac.jp 5th International Conference on Estuaries and Coasts (ICEC2015) November 2-4, 2015, Muscat, Oman 64

71 Management and Utilities on Bottomland Resource Development Jian Hong General Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Planning and Design, Ministry of Water Resources, Beijing The present paper analyses ground Water Quality Index (WQI) of district Valsad which lies in coastal region of South Gujarat. Twenty years data, of fifty nine wells of study area, like TDS, ph, chlorine, EC, Total Hardness etc. were collected from GWRDC. Relative weight is assigned to each ground water quality parameter. The rating for each parameter was computed. Using this rating, Water Quality Index for each well, located up to a distance of fifty-five kilometers from sea shore, was computed. Further, analysis was done to evaluate variation of WQI with time, with pre-monsoon and post monsoon seasons and with distance from sea shore. Half of the wells of the study area fall in the category of having excellent water quality. Rests have good water quality but require regular monitoring. The variation of WQI is Maximum for the wells situated in 10 to 15 km zone for pre-monsoon and postmonsoon seasons. The wells situated in this zone are highly venerable to sea water intrusion. The variation of WQI is Minimum for the wells situated in 40 to 50 km zone for premonsoon and post-monsoon season. The wells situated in this zone are less susceptible to sea water intrusion. The variation of decadal average WQI trend is increasing. This is alarming situation for study area. Significant control measures are required to avoid further deterioration of Ground Water Quality of study region. Key words: Ground water quality; Seawater Intrusion; Distance from shore; Quality Rating; Water Quality Index hongjian@giwp.org.cn 5th International Conference on Estuaries and Coasts (ICEC2015) November 2-4, 2015, Muscat, Oman 65

72 Ground Water Quality Analysis for South Gujarat Aquifer, India S M Yadav Professor, S V National Institute of Technology, Surat, India S I Waikhom Associate professor, Dr.S & S.S. Gandhi Government Engineering College, Surat, India Aarati Avalkar Assistant Professor,M G Institute of Engineering and Research, Navasari, India Rahul Yadav B.Tech student, Sri Arbindo Institute of Technology, Indore,, India Shubham Mukherjee Manager,DDIP,Mumbai,India The present paper analyses ground Water Quality Index (WQI) of district Valsad which lies in coastal region of South Gujarat. Twenty years data, of fifty nine wells of study area, like TDS, ph, chlorine, EC, Total Hardness etc. were collected from GWRDC. Relative weight is assigned to each ground water quality parameter. The rating for each parameter was computed. Using this rating, Water Quality Index for each well, located up to a distance of fifty-five kilometers from sea shore, was computed. Further, analysis was done to evaluate variation of WQI with time, with pre-monsoon and post monsoon seasons and with distance from sea shore. Half of the wells of the study area fall in the category of having excellent water quality. Rests have good water quality but require regular monitoring. The variation of WQI is Maximum for the wells situated in 10 to 15 km zone for pre-monsoon and postmonsoon seasons. The wells situated in this zone are highly venerable to sea water intrusion. The variation of WQI is Minimum for the wells situated in 40 to 50 km zone for premonsoon and post-monsoon season. The wells situated in this zone are less susceptible to sea water intrusion. The variation of decadal average WQI trend is increasing. This is alarming situation for study area. Significant control measures are required to avoid further deterioration of Ground Water Quality of study region. Key words: Ground water quality; Seawater Intrusion; Distance from shore; Quality Rating; Water Quality Index Corresponding Author E mail:shivnam27@gmail.com 5th International Conference on Estuaries and Coasts (ICEC2015) November 2-4, 2015, Muscat, Oman 66

73 About ICEC ICEC 2015 is the 5th conference in this series of international conferences. Earlier conferences have been held in Year 2003 at Hangzhou, China (1st), Year 2006 at Guangzhou, China (2nd), Year 2009 at Sendai, Japan (3rd) and Year 2012 at Hanoi, Vietnam (4th). This conference has attracted a significant number of participants from various countries in the past. For the 5th conference Oman was selected which is logical because of a rich maritime history of the Sultanate and His Majesty Sultan Qaboos bin Saeed s strong commitment to the environmental protection and conservation.