OMI on board of EOS-Aura OMI TES MLS HIRDLS

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1 OMI on board of EOS-Aura OMI TES MLS HIRDLS 21

2 Ozone Monitoring Instrument OMI UV and VIS backscatter instrument ( nm) Wide swath telescope yields daily global maps (2600 km) Urban scale resolution is best ever for air quality measurements from space (13 x 24 km 2 ) Heritage: GOME, SCIAMACHY, GOMOS and TOMS 22

3 Measurement Principle UV/VIS spectrometers: Absorption Scattering by molecules 23

4 Small Pixels and Daily Global Coverage 24 August 13, 2004 Image by R. Dirksen, KNMI OMI will achieve a global coverage within one day Daily global Image by Mark coverage Kroon, KNMI Small pixels More cloud free data Tropospheric potential OMI radiance image showing small pixel size and geolocation verification

5 Satellite Solar based backscatter DOAS (nadir technique observation) Measurement Spectrum Reference Spectrum (source spectrum) 25

6 Solar backscatter technique Solar spectrum measured by satellite (no influence of atmosphere) Many structures can be seen: Fraunhofer structures from solar atmosphere Earth atmosphere spectrum measured by satellite from backscattered solar radiation. In addition to solar Fraunhofer structures, also the effect of ozone UV absorption can be seen clearly, as well as other absorptions. The effect of many other absorbing trace gases can not be easily 26 seen. Earth atmosphere spectrum UV IR

7 Solar backscatter technique UV Reflectivity Spectrum IR reflection-spectrum A cloud free reflectivity spectrum observed with GOME on 25 July 1995 above The Netherlands (Stammes and Piters, 1996) 27

8 Absorption cross sections Trace gases have characteristic absorption features as a function of wavelength. These are the result of electronic, vibrational and rotational transitions of molecular energy levels. Absorption Cross section (10-19 cm 2 molecule -1 ) Typical absorption optical thickness of trace gases in the atmosphere wavelength in nm

9 DOAS from space DOAS fit Reflectivity spectrum Slant column density Column Retrieval Air mass factor Vertical column density Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS): fitting of absorption structures Reflectance O3 Cross Section

10 Aircraft rerouting and volcano s Measurements above Europa Are available within 15 minutes For the Volcanic Ash Advisory Centra and KNMI/Schiphol Grimsvotn (Iceland, May 2011) Nabro (Eritrea, June 2011) 30

11 Examples of satellite measurements used for: Emissions Climate forcing Operational use of satellite data 31

12 NO 2 emissions in Europe Veefkind et al., KNMI 32

13 Validation OMI NRT trop. NO 2 product Cabauw campaign Comparison with ground based DOAS: 60% Comparison with RIVM in-situ ground based network: Rural 80 % Brinksma, Boersma, Aalbers, Richter De nieuwe generatie: OMI Rural comparison Folkert Boersma, EOS Aura Meeting, 8 november 2005 Comparison with Chimere model Blond, Boersma, Eskes 33

14 Can we control emissions and measure these changes from satellites? China A 27 % increase in SO 2 emissions in China in 2005 compared to 2000 (25.5 million tons of SO 2) 34 Krotkov et al., NASA GSFC NO 2 reduction during the Olympic Games (August 2007 & August 2008), Bas Mijling, KNMI

15 Trend in tropospheric NO 2 based on GOME and SCIAMACHY Grey : no significant trend Van der A et al., KNMI, JGR, GOME, 1997, van der A, KNMI SCIAMACHY, 2004 Van der A, KNMI

16 Ship emissions NO x 15 of the world's biggest ships may now emit as much pollution as all the world's 760 million cars [Guardian, April 2009] 15-30% of global nitrogen oxide (NO x ) emissions 5-7% of global sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) emissions 3-4% of global carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions About 70% of the ship emissions occur within 400 km of land Only industrial sector not regulated under the Kyoto Protocol Source: Corbett et al. (2007) Source: Eyring et al. (2005) 36

17 Ship emissions measured by satellites Vinken et al., TUE Modelling needs chemistry in a plume! OMI NO 2 7 Vinken, Boersma et al, TUE, KNMI 6 Emission inventory 37

18 Mildred Lake (Oil Sands), , SO 2 emissions: ~120 kt

19 Recurrent aerosol transport event: regional climate forcing sun-glint DRE (W/m 2 ) Torres et al.nasa GSFC, Veihelman et al, KNMI

20 Direct observations of Megacity emissions and lifetimes of nitrogen oxides by OMI Beirle, S., K. F. Boersma, U. Platt, M. G. Lawrence, and T. Wagner (2011), Megacity emissions and lifetimes of nitrogen oxides probed from space, Science 333, 1737, doi: /science Megacities are immense sources of numerous air pollutants. However, emission inventories in many of them still are highly uncertain, particularly in developing countries. OMI can be used to better quantify these emissions and NO x lifetimes without using a model.

21 Secondary aerosol formation via precursors: Example of AQ-climate interaction OMI NO2 and MODIS AOT OMI Tropospheric NO 2 MODIS AOT at 550 nm West Europe East Europe Mediterranean Time period Gridded 1x1 degree Veefkind et al.: Global satellite analysis of the relation between aerosols and shortlived trace gases, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11(3), ,

22 AOT - NO2 Spatial Correlation Region Correlation Slope West Europe East Europe Mediterranean N/a Veefkind et al, KNMI 42

23 Validation 43

24 How do we observe the ozone layer? 44

25 Brewer total ozone measurements: delivered to WMO WOUDC database since 1995 MSR: multi sensor reanalysis of total ozone 30 years 10 (all) Satellite instruments 14 (all) Total ozone datasets Calibration with ground-network Data-assimilation Published in ACP EP-TOMS SBUV OMI Brewer De Bilt #100 replaced by #189 Longest Brewer MKIII record in WOUDC database #100 currently in Antarctica Shown: MSR minus Brewer De Bilt 45 GOME-1 SCIAMACHY GOME-2

26 Validation of ground based and satellite measurements Scattering PBL Trop. NO2 column Lidar Insitu MAX DOAS Jennifer Hains, KNMI Conc. (7 altitudes) + PBL height (aerosol lidar) 46 VC pbl Concentration (0, 200 m) + PBL height (aerosol lidar) VC pbl Slant column + geo AMF tropospheric NO2 column

27 Validation of OMI tropospheric NO 2 : 4 March 2006 DC8: molec. cm -2 OMI: 2.62 ± molec. cm -2 (n = 19) Berkeley TD/LIF Boersma. et al,

28 Future satellite instrumentation: TROPOMI 48

29 sentinel-5 precursor GMES ATMOSPHERE MISSION IN POLAR ORBIT The ESA Sentinel-5 Precursor (S-5P) is a pre-operational mission focussing on global observations of the atmospheric composition for air quality and climate. The TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) is the payload of the S-5P mission and is jointly developed by The Netherlands and ESA. The planned launch date for S-5P is 2014 with a 7 year design lifetime. TROPOMI UV-VIS-NIR-SWIR nadir view grating spectrometer. Spectral range: , , 775, nm Spectral Resolution: nm Spatial Resolution: 7x7km 2 Global daily coverage at 13:30 local solar time. 49 CONTRIBUTION TO GMES Total column O3,, NO 2, CO, SO 2,CH 4, CH 2 O,H 2 O,BrO Tropospheric column O 3, NO 2 O 3 profile Aerosol absorbing index, type, optical depth

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31 TROPOMI Science Objectives To better constrain the strength, evolution, and spatiotemporal variability of the sources of trace gases and aerosols impacting air quality and climate. To improve upon the attribution of climate forcing by a better understanding of the processes controlling the lifetime and distribution of methane, tropospheric ozone, and aerosols. To better estimate long-term trends in the troposphere related to air quality and climate from the regional to the global scale. To develop and improve air quality model processes and data assimilation in support of operational services including air quality forecasting and protocol monitoring. 51

32 From OMI to TROPOMI: Dutch flagship instruments 6x higher spatial resolution 7x7 km 2 vs. 13x24 km 2 1-5x higher signal-to-noise better cloud information oxygen A band added CO and CH4 observations SWIR band added OMI Zoom 12x13 km 2 OMI 24x13 km 2 TROPOMI 7 x 7 km 2 52 Approx. GOME-2 72x39 km 2 Mexico City January 20, 2005

33 Conclusions Air Quality and Climate are linked: policy measures should take this into account. Satellite measurements are used for: Protocol monitoring Quantifying emissions Research Climate-AQ interaction Courtesy: H. Eskes, KNMI 53

34 Data and information KNMI websites: ( ( KNMI/ESA website NRT data and Google Earth: TEMIS website ( OMI Instrument and level 0-1b data processing overview: ( OMI Data: NASA GSFC DISC ( OMI VFD data : Very Fast Delivery ( SRON SCIAMACHY Google Earth data : ( 54