Special Feature: Photovoltaic Generation Technologies
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- Marylou Gaines
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1 Special Feature: Photovoltaic Generation Technologies Almost all energy to sustain our economic activities is generated from fossil fuels such as finite petroleum and coal. Greenhouse gas emission from the burning of fossil fuels causes global warming which advances on a global scale, leading to the destruction of nature by abnormal weather conditions, acid rain and so on. Photovoltaic generation using inexhaustible solar energy, a typical clean energy generating option, has been steadily accepted as a technology that contributes to global warming prevention. Japan has developed world-level photovoltaic generation technologies, with the rapidly increasing number of buildings equipped with photovoltaic systems. APEC Virtual Center for Environmental Technology Exchange compiled a special feature topic schematically introducing photovoltaic generation technologies and devices developed by ten APEC-VC member corporations and posted it in our webpage in This time, the webpage has been updated with the latest information provided by twelve APEC-VC member corporations. Please enjoy this updated "Photovoltaic Generation Technologies" showcase in our Environmental Technologies Exhibition Hall, which globally publishes environmental technology information. Overview of Photovoltaic Generation (1) What Is Photovoltaic Generation? (2) Advantages of Photovoltaic Generation (3) Principle of Electricity Generation by Photovoltaic Cells (4) Kinds and Characteristics of Photovoltaic Cells (5) Photovoltaic Generation Output (6) Photovoltaic Cell Production in Japan (7) Photovoltaic Cell Production in the World (8) Cost of Photovoltaic Cells (9) Energy Payback Time
2 (1) What Is Photovoltaic Generation? Data provided by Sanyo Electric Co., ltd.
3 (2) Advantages of Photovoltaic Generation 1. No need for fuel Inexhaustible sunlight is used as the source of electrical energy. 2. Clean energy No emission of environmental pollutants, such as NOx and CO2 3. No need for troublesome operations System operation is automatic. 4. Simple system configuration, easy maintenance Since the system has no movable parts, maintenance is easy. Information provided by Nisshin Electric Co., Ltd.
4 (3) Principle of Electricity Generation by Photovoltaic Cells A photovoltaic cell comprises P-type and N-type semiconductors with different electrical properties, joined together. The joint between these two semiconductors is called the "P-N junction." Sunlight striking the photovoltaic cell is absorbed by the cell. The energy of the absorbed light generates particles with positive or negative charge (holes and electrons), which move about or shift freely in all directions within the cell. The electrons (-) tend to collect in the N-type semiconductor, and the holes (+) in the P- type semiconductor. Therefore, when an external load, such as an electric bulb or an electric motor, is connected between the front and back electrodes, electricity flows in the cell. Information provided by Nisshin Electric Co., Ltd.
5 (4) Kinds and Characteristics of Photovoltaic Cells Kind Single-crystalsilicon cell Polycrystallinesilicon cell Amorphous-silicon cell Single-crystalcompound cell (GaAs) Polycrystallinecompound cell (CdS, CdTe, CuInSe2,etc.) Conversion efficiency 14 17% 12 15% 6 9% Reliability Cost Energy production Other characteristics Abundant records of use Suitable for volume production in future Tends to deteriorate rapidly. Suitable for flexible products Major applications Satellite use Power-generation use Power-generation use Consumer-product use (Electric calculators, wristwatches, etc.) Heavy and fragile Satellite use Low material availability. Some materials contain environmental pollutants. Consumer-product use Information provided by Nisshin Electric Co., Ltd.
6 (5) Photovoltaic Generation Output Photovoltaic generation output varies depending on weather. On rainy or cloudy days when sunlight is not available, generation capacity drops. Electrical energy that can be extracted from sunlight shining on the earth is approximately 130 W/m 2 on a fine day (assuming a photovoltaic efficiency of 13%). However, considering temperature increase and power conditioner efficiencies, the actual amount of electrical energy available from photovoltaic generation is approximately 100 W/m 2 at most. Therefore, a large photovoltaic module area is needed to generate a large amount of electric power. Information provided by Nisshin Electric Co., Ltd
7 (6) Solar Cell Production in Japan Source:PV News SANYO Electric Co.,Ltd. 2004
8 (7) Photovoltaic Cell Production in the World Source:PV News
9 (8) Cost of Photovoltaic Cells
10 (9) Energy Payback Time Energy Payback Time (EPT) = Eo/Eg Eo: Energy consumed to manufacture photovoltaic systems Eg: Annual energy output by photovoltaic systems Annual Production Scale (MW) Module Efficiency a-si 8.0% 10.0% 12.0% poly-si 11.9% 12.3% 13.2% Source: PVTEC's "Investigation to Evaluate Photovoltaic Generation" Report on the investigation commissioned by the New Energy and Industrail Technology Development Organization (NEDO) of Japan during FY1996 Data provided by Sanyo Electric Co., ltd.
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