The WaterBackpack PAUL A Low Pressure Ultrafiltration (LPUF) unit for decentralized. and disasters

Transcription

1 The WaterBackpack PAUL A Low Pressure Ultrafiltration (LPUF) unit for decentralized water supply in emergencies and disasters Portable Aqua Unit for L ifesaving Prof. Dr. Ing. F. B. Frechen University of Kassel Winner 2011 in the category society Slide 1

2 Haiti, earthquake, February Slide 2

3 Haiti, earthquake, follow up Cholera, since mid 2010 Slide 3

4 Chile, earthquake, March Downtown_Port_au_Prince_after_earthquake.jpg Slide 4

5 East Africa, draught, in the news since July 2011 Slide 5

6 Thailand, flooding, October 2011 Slide 6

7 potable water supply in cases of emergencies are there standards for this task: Sphere standards (2011) and WHO guidelines for Drinking water Quality (2011) what are the most severe problems: quantity of supply (even with intermediate quality) faecal pathogens Slide 7

8 water supply in cases of emergencies in rural areas are there standards for this task? what is the most severe problem? what can be done in rural areas? in cities, mobile waterworks are installed to serve 20,000+ people. These mobile waterworks need energy, chemicals and skilled operation personnel Slide 8

9 water supply in cases of emergencies in rural areas are there standards for this task? what is the most severe problem? what can be done in rural areas? in cities, mobile waterworks are installed to serve 20,000+ people. These mobile waterworks need energy, chemicals and skilled operation personnel due to limited availability of devices and personnel, due to their huge capacity, due to transportation problems (destroyed infrastructure) and due to cost, application in remote rural areas is impossible Slide 9

10 water supply in cases of emergencies in rural areas are there standards for this task? what is the most severe problem? what can be done in rural areas? in cities, mobile waterworks are installed to serve 20,000+ people. These mobile waterworks need energy, chemicals and skilled operation personnel due to limited availability of devices and personnel, due to their huge capacity, due to transportation problems (destroyed infrastructure) and due to cost, application in remote rural areas is impossible Solutions so far: chlorination SODIS (solar disinfection) i Sari filtration transportation of water (bottled or in tank trucks) decentralized water supply but how? Slide 10

11 which technology to be used? Slide 11 Table 7.8 Treatment process Filtration UV disinfection n Reductions of bacteria, viruses and protozoa achieved by household water treatment technologies (notes see next slide) Membrane filtration Porous ceramic and carbon block filtration Fibre and fabric filters (e.g. sari cloth filters) Granular media filter: Rapid granular, diatomaceous earth, biomass and fossil fuel-based (granular and powdered carbon, wood and charcoal ash, burnt rice hulls etc) filters Solar disinfection i (solar UV radiation + thermal effects) (SODIS) UV lamps Free chlorine disinfection Enteric pathogen group Baseline removal (LRV) Maximum Removal (LRV) Bacteria MF:2; UF, NF, UO:3 MF:4; UF, NF, UO:6 Viruses MF:0; UF, NF, UO:3 MF:4; UF, NF, UO:6 Protozoa MF:2; UF, NF, UO:3 MF:6; UF, NF, UO:6 Bacteria 2 6 Viruses 1 4 Protozoa 4 6 Bacteria 1 2 Viruses 0 0 Protozoa 0 1 Bacteria 1 4+ Viruses 1 4+ Protozoa 1 4+ Bacteria 3 5+ Viruses 2 4+ Protozoa 2 4+ Bacteria 3 5+ Viruses 2 5+ Protozoa 3 5+ Bacteria 3 6 Viruses Protozoa Cryptosporidium Bacteria Viruses Thermal (heat) technologies (e.g. boiling) Protozoa 6 9+ Source: WHO, Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality, 4th Edition, 2011, Tab. 7.8 (newly arranged)

12 WaterBackpack PAUL designed by DESEE: at DESEE, we designed the WaterBackpack called PAUL, a small membrane ultrafiltration (UF) unit membrane eaea95 area 9.5 m 2 1,200 L/d for 400 people weight: 20 kg height: 1.2 m size: 0.4 m x 0.4 m 6 unit fit on a standard Euro palette Slide 12

13 membrane technology basics raw cake layer water (also filtration filtrate active) Solids (organic, anorganic, bacteria, pathogens, ) Slide 13 membrane typical pore width 20 to 100 nm (0.020 to µm)

14 removal of bacteria, example cholera Slide 14 cholera bacteria diameter 300 to 500 nm, length nm ( 2 µm) membrane typical pore width 20 to 100 nm (0.020 to µm)

15 The requirements: The requirements are: No chemicals needed No energy needed No operation personnel needed No maintenance needed Absolutely robust Instant delivery Easily transportable Slide 15

16 The solution: WaterBackpack PAUL : The solutions are: No chemicals needed Membrane (A mem = 9.5 m 2 ) to filter pathogens, nominal pore size 40 nm (0.04 µm) (MWCO 150 kdalton) No energy needed No operation personnel needed No maintenance needed Absolutely robust Instant delivery Easily transportable Slide 16

17 The solution: WaterBackpack PAUL : The solutions are: No chemicals needed Membrane (A mem = 9.5 m 2 ) to filter pathogens, nominal pore size 40 nm (0.04 µm) (MWCO 150 kdalton) No energy needed Uses gravity: water level difference ( 080m) 0.80 offered due to height of the WaterBackpack provides TMP No operation personnel needed No maintenance needed Absolutely robust Instant delivery 0.80 m Easily transportable Slide 17

18 The solution: WaterBackpack PAUL : The solutions are: No chemicals needed Membrane (A mem = 9.5 m 2 ) to filter pathogens, nominal pore size 40 nm (0.04 µm) (MWCO 150 kdalton) No energy needed Uses gravity: water level difference ( 080m) 0.80 offered due to height of the WaterBackpack provides TMP No operation personnel needed Simple pictograms explain usage even to illiterates t No maintenance needed Absolutely robust Instant delivery Easily transportable Slide 18

19 The solution: WaterBackpack PAUL : The solutions are: No chemicals needed Membrane (A mem = 9.5 m 2 ) to filter pathogens, nominal pore size 40 nm (0.04 µm) (MWCO 150 kdalton) No energy needed Uses gravity: water level difference ( 080m) 0.80 offered due to height of the WaterBackpack provides TMP No operation personnel needed Simple pictograms explain usage even to illiterates t No maintenance needed just pour water in over months and months Absolutely robust Instant delivery Easily transportable Slide 19

20 The solution: WaterBackpack PAUL : The solutions are: No chemicals needed Membrane (A mem = 9.5 m 2 ) to filter pathogens, nominal pore size 40 nm (0.04 µm) (MWCO 150 kdalton) No energy needed Uses gravity: water level difference ( 080m) 0.80 offered due to height of the WaterBackpack provides TMP No operation personnel needed Simple pictograms explain usage even to illiterates t No maintenance needed just pour water in over months and months Absolutely robust no moving parts, lifetime of the membrane 10 years Instant delivery Easily transportable Slide 20

21 The solution: WaterBackpack PAUL : The solutions are: No chemicals needed Membrane (A mem = 9.5 m 2 ) to filter pathogens, nominal pore size 40 nm (0.04 µm) (MWCO 150 kdalton) No energy needed Uses gravity: water level difference ( 080m) 0.80 offered due to height of the WaterBackpack provides TMP No operation personnel needed Simple pictograms explain usage even to illiterates t No maintenance needed just pour water in over months and months Absolutely robust no moving parts, lifetime of the membrane 10 years Instant delivery can be stored ready to use, 6 fit on an Euro- Palette Easily transportable Slide 21

22 The solution: WaterBackpack PAUL : The solutions are: No chemicals needed Membrane (A mem = 9.5 m 2 ) to filter pathogens, nominal pore size 40 nm (0.04 µm) (MWCO 150 kdalton) No energy needed Uses gravity: water level difference ( 080m) 0.80 offered due to height of the WaterBackpack provides TMP No operation personnel needed Simple pictograms explain usage even to illiterates t No maintenance needed just pour water in over months and months Absolutely robust no moving parts, lifetime of the membrane 10 years Instant delivery can be stored ready to use, 6 fit on an Euro- Palette Easily transportable weighs 20 kg, transport on the back, by bike, by lorry, by helicopter... Slide 22

23 The complete operation manual no moving parts, no energy, no chemicals, no maintenance, extremely robust, to be operated by anyone even illiterates See the complete operation manual! Portable Aqua Unit for L ifesaving Slide 23

24 how much water is filtered per day? water for 400 affected people: 1,200 L/d (800 bottles 1.5 Liter each) see picture: 1 day production Slide 24

25 logistics: 50,000 victims have to be supplied with 3 L/(cap.*d) over 6 months, and the average distance is 20 km. transportation of water: total l freight transport volume: 547,500 tokm after 6 months: no more supply! transportation of WaterBackpacks: k 125 units necessary, weight 20 kg per unit total freight transport volume: 50 tokm this is less than 0.01 percent of the total freight transport volume when distributing water after 6 months, victims still can get their water from the units Aid for self aid. the first PAULs that were distributed are in use since March 2010! Slide 25

26 the relevant question is Improvement is needed. Not perfection! Drink this?? Or drink this?? but what about bacteria virusses heavy metals & AOX EPS Slide 26

27 bacteria removal worst case: drinking water without any cake layer parameter unit raw water filtrate removal LRV method E.Coli cfu/ml % 3.4 ISO salmonella cfu/ml % 958% ISO 6579 enterococci cfu/ml % 2.8 pseudomonadae cfu/ml % 3.9 CATC Agar, 24h 37 C,24h 20 C Cti Cetrimed Agar, da 48h 37 C V.parahaemolyticus cfu/ml % 4.9 ISO TS analyzed by GBA Gesellschaft für Bioanalytik Hamburg mbh Slide 27

28 bacteria removal Log Re eduction V Value LRV Fresenius Fresenius Fresenius Fresenius Fresenius Fresenius e.coli coliforme I.E. e.coli coliforme I.E. ISO ISO ISO ISO ISO ISO PAUL A PAUL A PAUL A PAUL B PAUL B PAUL B Mii Min min 5,301 5,368 4,444 5,672 5,929 5,041 Mittel avg 5,689 5,704 5,092 6,013 6,144 5,245 Max max 6,362 6,415 5,568 6,380 6,431 5,544 analyzed by Institut Fresenius, Göttingen Slide 28

29 virus removal (coliphagae) method unit value LRV raw water ISO Teil 2 pfu/100 ml P1 ISO Teil 2 pfu/100 ml 0 >4.3 P2 ISO Teil 2 pfu/100 ml 0 >4.3 P5 ISO Teil 2 pfu/100 ml P6 ISO Teil 2 pfu/100 ml 0 > 4.3 analyzed by Institute for hygiene and public health, University of Bonn, Prof. Dr.med. M. Exner Slide 29

30 virus removal (Federal Environment Agency UBA) added virusses human adenovirusses analyzed by Federal Environment Agency, Dessau/Roßlau Slide 30

31 virus removal (Federal Environment Agency UBA) total amount filtered in m³ feed: drinking water analyzed by Federal Environment Agency, Dessau/Roßlau Slide 31

32 virus removal (Federal Environment Agency UBA) total amount filtered in m³ feed: drinking water analyzed by Federal Environment Agency, Dessau/Roßlau Slide 32

33 virus removal (Federal Environment Agency UBA) total amount filtered in m³ feed: drinking water analyzed by Federal Environment Agency, Dessau/Roßlau Slide 33

34 heavy metal and AOX removal limit (German para raw permeate permeate removal removal drinking water meter water P1 P6 P1 P6 ordnance) As µg/l % 91.0% Cd µg/l % 95.5% Cr µg/l % 89.1% Cu µg/l % 22.0% Hg µg/l 27 1 <0,2 <0,2 99.3% 99.3% Ni µg/l % 92.7% Pb µg/l < 2,5 < 2,5 99.6% 99.6% Zn µg/l % 9% 94.8% AOX µg/l < 50 < analyzed by Analytisches Labor KEB, Kassel Slide 34

35 influence of water origin dissolved EPS content centratio on in mg/ /L con raw wastwater dissolved EPS in different waters after primary sed. after final sed protein humines carbon hydrates river tap water Slide 35

36 EPS and permeability 700 permeability development PES membrane with 150 kdalton Slide 36 r) permeab bility in L/( (m²*h*ba river C_ EPSdissolved = 2.60mg/L DOC = 3.53 mg/l SS ca.4 20 mg/l time in h dw+solids C_EPSdissolved = 2.06 mg/l DOC =? mg/l SS = 700 mg/l eff final sedimentation C_EPSdissolved = 9.32mg/L DOC = 879mg/L 8.79 TS ca. 4 mg/l dw+eff. primary sedimentation (1:1) C_EPSdissolved = 15.4 mg/l DOC = 29.5 mg/l SS ca mg/l

37 Kenia HDL HDL HDL Slide 37

38 East Africa Slide 38 HDL Humanity HDL Care Stiftung

39 Tanzania Slide 39 HDL Humanity HDL Care Stiftung

40 some parties who brought PAUL into service are Slide 40

41 see also Winner 2011 in the category society Slide 41 Humanity Care Foundation

42 Slide 42