Forum M: Top 10 Cost Reduction Strategies for Science Facility Operations and Maintenance

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Sharlene Alexander
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1 Forum M: Top 10 Cost Reduction Strategies for Science Facility Operations and Maintenance

2 Forum M: Top 10 Cost Reduction Strategies for Science Facility Operations and Maintenance Presentation Outline Justification Strategies Recommendations The Tradeline Three

16 Fume Hoods Install Only What is Needed Consider a restricted sash opening 18 This can save 25% of annual energy cost Strategies

Strategies Minimum Flow Rates for Fume Hoods NFPA 45 Minimum airflow rate for fume hoods removed from 2011 standard. New language requires minimum to meet ANSI Z9.

21 Strategies Minimum Flow Rates for Fume Hoods NFPA 45 Minimum airflow rate for fume hoods removed from 2011 standard. New language requires minimum to meet ANSI Z9.5 (A8.4.7) ANSI Z Does not specify a minimum fume hood flow rate but requires careful analysis to determine the appropriate minimum. (3.3.2) Sash Open Sash Closed

Ductless Fume Hoods Typically a combination of HEPA and carbon filtration NFPA 45

and then discharge the air into the laboratory are only applicable for use with nuisance vapors and

22 Ductless Fume Hoods Typically a combination of HEPA and carbon filtration NFPA : Air exhausted from chemical fume hoods and other special local exhaust systems shall not be recirculated. NFPA 45 A8.4.1: Ductless chemical fume hoods that pass air from the hood interior through an adsorption filter and then discharge the air into the laboratory are only applicable for use with nuisance vapors and dusts that do not present a fire or toxicity hazard. The term ductless fume hoods may be an oxymoron Use only for tightly controlled, repetitive applications and procedures involving a limited number of chemicals Strategies

Biological Safety Cabinets Use the correct cabinet for the

lowest energy consumption Type A2 Canopy Connected 30%

exhausted, high energy consumption Class III Cabinets

23 Biological Safety Cabinets Use the correct cabinet for the application Class II Cabinets Type A2 No external exhaust, lowest energy consumption Type A2 Canopy Connected 30% exhausted, moderate energy consumption Type B2 100% exhausted, high energy consumption Class III Cabinets Totally enclosed leak tight ventilated cabinet held at 0.5 wg Strategies

25 Strategies Laboratory Air Change Rates NFPA 45 Fire Protection for Laboratories Using Chemicals 2011 version eliminated ACH recommendations ANSI Z9.5 Laboratory Ventilation Does not specify a minimum rate 2012 NIH Design Requirements Manual Minimum 6 AC/Hour at all times ASHRAE Applications Manual 6 12 AC/Hour used in the past Research shows 8 may be sweet spot in many situations Diminshing returns at 12 Labs 21 Recommends 1 CFM/SF or 6 AC/Hour minimum Choose Minimum Air Change Rate Thoughtfully!

27 Occupancy Sensors and Setbacks Reduce room air change rates Reduce fume hood face velocity Strategies

30 Strategies Trends: Variable Volume Exhaust Fans Variable Discharge Nozzle Courtesy of Michigan Air Products Courtesy of Greenheck Fans

31 Trends: Chilled Beams High Internal Load Density Only Strategies

32 Strategies Lighting Systems: Quality versus quantity Space Type: Illumination Level Guidelines NIH DRM Section 10-8 Lighting Levels Chart in lux (FC) Notes: 1. 1 FC = Lux 2. NIH DRM states that Care shall be exercised in modeling laboratories for illumination calculations as shelving shall be assumed as fully loaded Task lighting shall not be considered in lighting calculations. Laboratory/Laboratory Support (75-100) Table 24.2: Educational Facilities Illuminance Recommendations Recommended Maintained Illuminance Targets in lux (FC) Applications and Tasks Science Lab Bench Demonstration Area Horizontal (E h ) Targets Visual Ages of Observers (years) where at least half are Vertical (E v ) Targets Visual Ages of Observers (years) where at least half are Notes Category < >65 Gauge Category < >65 Gauge E 3'; E AFF R 250 (25) 500 (50) 1000 (100) Avg P 150 (15) 300 (30) 600 (60) Avg E 3'; E AFF T 500 (50) 1000 (100) 2000 (200) Avg R 250 (25) 500 (50) 1000 (100) Avg Notes: 1. Table 4.1; Visual Performance Description for Categories P and R: Common, relatively small scale, more cognitive or fast performance visual tasks. 2. Table 4.1; Visual Performance Description for Category T: Small scale, cognitive tasks

33 Strategies Lighting Systems: Quality versus quantity Direct Illumination Good for low floor to floor heights Good for extreme environments Good source of horizontal illumination Relatively efficient (illumination versus energy) Causes shadowing Causes direct glare Causes indirect glare Causes veiling reflections Psychological impact on perceived illumination levels

with veiling reflections Typically more efficient than indirect systems Requires increased ceiling heights/floor to floor heights

34 Strategies Lighting Systems: Quality versus quantity Direct/Indirect Illumination Good source of horizontal and vertical illumination Reduces shadowing Reduces issues associated with direct glare Reduces issues associated with indirect glare Reduces issues associated with veiling reflections Typically more efficient than indirect systems Requires increased ceiling heights/floor to floor heights versus direct systems Not good for extreme environments Positive psychological impact on occupants due to illumination of all room surfaces

35 Strategies Lighting Systems: Quality versus quantity Impact on operations and maintenance costs Typical 3 Module Laboratory Area per Module: 363 sq. ft. Total Laboratory Area: 1,089 sq. ft.

Strategies Lighting Systems: Quality versus quantity Impact on operations and maintenance costs Typical 3 Module Laboratory Area per Module: 363 sq. ft.

36 Strategies Lighting Systems: Quality versus quantity Impact on operations and maintenance costs Typical 3 Module Laboratory Area per Module: 363 sq. ft. (11 x 33 ) Total Laboratory Area: 1,089 sq. ft. (3 modules) Lighting Option 1 2 lamp cross section pendant mounted direct/indirect fixtures with T5HO lamps and electronic ballasts

37 Strategies Lighting Systems: Quality versus quantity Impact on operations and maintenance costs 2 lamp cross section pendant mounted direct/indirect fixtures with T5HO lamps and electronic ballasts Six 12 0 long fixtures; 36 lamps Total first cost: $4,797 ($4.41/SF) Fixtures: $4,597 Lamps: $200 Total Watts = 2,160 Lighting power density (LPD) = 1.98W/SF (exceeds allowable LPD of 0.99 or 1.28W/SF) Maintained Horizontal Illumination Level at Benchtop = FC (meets NIH criteria; exceeds IES criteria) First year energy cost: $ Assumes 12 hours per day (time of day scheduling); 5 days per week; 50 weeks per year; $0.10/kWH 30 year life cycle cost: $40, $ 4, (light fixtures) $ 30, (energy) $ 2, (lamps) $ 2, (ballasts) Assumes group relamping every 5 years Assumes new electronic ballasts every 15 years Assumes 3% escalation per year Lighting Option 1

Module Laboratory Area per Module: 363 sq. ft.

(3 modules) Lighting Option 2 2 lamp high efficiency

38 Strategies Lighting Systems: Quality versus quantity Impact on operations and maintenance costs Typical 3 Module Laboratory Area per Module: 363 sq. ft. (11 x 33 ) Total Laboratory Area: 1,089 sq. ft. (3 modules) Lighting Option 2 2 lamp high efficiency recessed fluorescent fixtures with T8 lamps and electronic ballasts

39 Strategies Lighting Systems: Quality versus quantity Impact on operations and maintenance costs 2 lamp high efficiency recessed fluorescent fixtures with T8 lamps and electronic ballasts Thirty 4 0 long fixtures; 60 lamps Total first cost: $6,491 ($3.81/SF) Fixtures: $6,300 Lamps: $191 Total Watts = 1,680 Lighting power density (LPD) = 1.54W/SF (exceeds allowable LPD of 0.99 or 1.28W/SF) Maintained Horizontal Illumination Level at Benchtop = FC (meets lower end of NIH criteria; exceeds IES criteria) First year energy cost: $ Assumes 12 hours per day (time of day scheduling); 5 days per week; 50 weeks per year; $0.10/kWH 30 year life cycle cost: $34, $ 6, (light fixtures) $ 23, (energy) $ 2, (lamps) $ 2, (ballasts) Assumes group relamping every 5 years Assumes new electronic ballasts every 15 years Assumes 3% escalation per year Lighting Option 2

(11 x 33 ) Total Laboratory Area: 1,089 sq.

40 Strategies Lighting Systems: Quality versus quantity Impact on operations and maintenance costs Typical 3 Module Laboratory Area per Module: 363 sq. ft. (11 x 33 ) Total Laboratory Area: 1,089 sq. ft. (3 modules) Lighting Option 3 45W LED recessed fixtures

41 Strategies Lighting Systems: Quality versus quantity Impact on operations and maintenance costs 45W LED recessed fixtures Thirty 4 0 long fixtures Total first cost: $9,750 ($3.81/SF) Fixtures: $9,750 Lamps: provided with fixture Total Watts = 1,350 Lighting power density (LPD) = 1.24W/SF (exceeds allowable LPD of 0.99; meets allowable LPD of 1.28W/SF) Maintained Horizontal Illumination Level at Benchtop = FC (meets NIH criteria; meets IES criteria) First year energy cost: $ Assumes 12 hours per day (time of day scheduling); 5 days per week; 50 weeks per year; $0.10/kWH 30 year life cycle cost: $35, $ 9, (light fixtures) $ 19, (energy) $ n/a $ $6, (LED drivers) Assumes new LED drivers every 15 years Assumes 3% escalation per year Lighting Option 3

42 Strategies Lighting Systems: Quality versus quantity Impact on operations and maintenance costs Typical 3 Module Laboratory Area per Module: 363 sq. ft. (11 x 33 ) Total Laboratory Area: 1,089 sq. ft. (3 modules) Lighting Option 4 2 lamp cross section pendant mounted direct/indirect fixtures with T8 lamps and electronic ballasts

Strategies Lighting Systems: Occupancy sensor control Impact on operations and maintenance costs 2 lamp cross section pendant mounted direct/indirect fixtures with T5HO lamps and electronic ballasts

45 Strategies Lighting Systems: Occupancy sensor control Impact on operations and maintenance costs 2 lamp cross section pendant mounted direct/indirect fixtures with T5HO lamps and electronic ballasts Six 12 0 long fixtures; 36 lamps Total first cost: $4,797 ($4.41/SF) Fixtures: $4,597 Lamps: $200 Total Watts = 2,160 Lighting power density (LPD) = 1.98W/SF (exceeds allowable LPD of 0.99 or 1.28W/SF) Maintained Horizontal Illumination Level at Benchtop = FC (meets NIH criteria; exceeds IES criteria) First year energy cost: $ Assumes 8 hours per day (occupancy sensor control); 5 days per week; 50 weeks per year; $0.10/kWH 30 year life cycle cost: $29, $ 4, (light fixtures) $ 20, (energy) $ 1, (lamps) $ 2, (ballasts) Assumes group relamping every 5 years Assumes new electronic ballasts every 15 years Assumes 3% escalation per year Lighting Option 1

Strategies Lighting Systems: Occupancy sensor control Impact on operations and maintenance costs 2 lamp high efficiency recessed fluorescent fixtures with T8 lamps and electronic ballasts Thirty 4 0

46 Strategies Lighting Systems: Occupancy sensor control Impact on operations and maintenance costs 2 lamp high efficiency recessed fluorescent fixtures with T8 lamps and electronic ballasts Thirty 4 0 long fixtures; 60 lamps Total first cost: $6,491 ($3.81/SF) Fixtures: $6,300 Lamps: $191 Total Watts = 1,680 Lighting power density (LPD) = 1.54W/SF (exceeds allowable LPD of 0.99 or 1.28W/SF) Maintained Horizontal Illumination Level at Benchtop = FC (meets lower end of NIH criteria; exceeds IES criteria) First year energy cost: $ Assumes 8 hours per day (occupancy sensor control); 5 days per week; 50 weeks per year; $0.10/kWH 30 year life cycle cost: $26, $ 6, (light fixtures) $ 15, (energy) $ 1, (lamps) $ 2, (ballasts) Assumes group relamping every 5 years Assumes new electronic ballasts every 15 years Assumes 3% escalation per year Lighting Option 2

Strategies Lighting Systems: Occupancy sensor control Impact on operations and maintenance costs 45W LED recessed fixtures Thirty 4 0 long fixtures Total first cost: $9,750 ($3.

28W/SF) Maintained Horizontal Illumination Level at Benchtop = 88.45 FC (meets NIH criteria; meets IES criteria) First year energy cost: $270.

47 Strategies Lighting Systems: Occupancy sensor control Impact on operations and maintenance costs 45W LED recessed fixtures Thirty 4 0 long fixtures Total first cost: $9,750 ($3.81/SF) Fixtures: $9,750 Lamps: provided with fixture Total Watts = 1,350 Lighting power density (LPD) = 1.24W/SF (exceeds allowable LPD of 0.99 or 1.28W/SF) Maintained Horizontal Illumination Level at Benchtop = FC (meets NIH criteria; meets IES criteria) First year energy cost: $ Assumes 8 hours per day (occupancy sensor control); 5 days per week; 50 weeks per year; $0.10/kWH 30 year life cycle cost: $29, $ 9, (light fixtures) $ 12, (energy) $ n/a $ $6, (LED drivers) Assumes new LED drivers every 15 years Assumes 3% escalation per year Lighting Option 3

49 Strategies Lighting Systems: Time of day scheduling Option # Lighting Systems: Occupancy sensor control Option # Summary of Laboratory Lighting Options Description of Option Summary of Laboratory Lighting Options Description of Option Maintained Horizontal Illumination Level 1 Pendant Mounted T5HO FC $40, $ Recessed T FC $34, $ Recessed LED FC $35, $ Pendant Mounted T FC $23, $21.40 Maintained Horizontal Illumination Level 30 Year Life Cycle Cost for Three Module Lab (1,089 SF) 30 Year Life Cycle Cost for Three Module Lab (1,089 SF) 30 Year Life Cycle Cost per NSF of Laboratory Area 30 Year Life Cycle Cost per NSF of Laboratory Area 1 Pendant Mounted T5HO FC $29, $ Recessed T FC $26, $ Recessed LED FC $29, $ Pendant Mounted T FC $17, $15.95

51 Forum M: Top 10 Cost Reduction Strategies for Science Facility Operations and Maintenance The Tradeline Three 1. Understand how much you are spending on facility operations and maintenance and target reasonable reductions 2. Implement the strategies that work best for you, not simply the strategies that your consultants want to use 3. Make sure that maintenance personnel understand the systems and equipment they are maintaining

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