ssl.iea 4e.org G. Zissis, Ch. Martinsons

Transcription

1 ssl.iea 4e.org IEA 4E SSL Annex Conference on Promoting High Quality, Energy-Efficient Solid State Lighting 23 November 2017, Sydney, Australia G. Zissis, Ch. Martinsons

2 LCA fundamentals Cycle analysis (LCA) is primarily a method to measure the environmental impacts of various economic activities and, throughout the life cycle of the product or process. LCA can identify the points on which a product can be improved and designed to prevent impacts from human activities. LCA does not include economic aspects. Inputs (Energy, Materials, Water, land-use) Conception, R&D, Industrialization, Marketing Raw material acquisition Refining Transport Material Recovering Production Packing Component Recovering Distribution Sales Installation Use Repairing End-of-life Collection Transport Treatment Energy recovering Wastes (Solid, liquid, gaseous, heat, radioactivity )

3 LCA steps ISO frontiers

4 Input Fluxes ~3% The Frontiers for Electricity Using Products Output Fluxes Energy Raw material transformation ~4% Water Pollution Water Equipment Transport Production ~5% Installation/Use/Maintenance Atmospheric Emissions Solid Wastes Surfaces Raw Materials Recycling Waste Management ~2% Other impacts System Frontiers

5 Classification & characterization of impacts Impact class Subclass Geographical scale Greenhouse effect Air Soil Seawater & Freshwater Life Resources & Wastes Acidification Photochemical Oxidation and O 3 depletion Stratospheric Ozone degradation Acidification Contamination by hydrocarbons et and heavy metals Land-use Eutrophication Acidification Contamination by hydrocarbons et and heavy metals Human toxicity Toxicity of terrestrial & water ecosystems Impact on biotope & biodiversity Depletion of abiotic resources Fossil energy use Non hazardous wastes Hazardous wastes Global Local Regional, Local Global Local Regional, Local Local Local Regional, Local, Global Regional, Global Global Local Local, Regional Other Light pollution, noise, odors Local

6 A concrete example Inventory Results Acidification In kg SO 2,kg O 3 equivalent NO 3 NH 3 N 2 O CO 2 CH 4 NO x SO 2 Nitogen Phosphates Arable land Oil Gas Carbon Rare elements Toxic Substances Eutrophication Climate Change Land-use Natural Resource depletion Toxicity on Life In kg PO 4 equivalent In kg CO 2 equivalent In (hectares x year) used In kg for materials, in MJ for energy In kg (1,4)-dichlorobenzene, kg Pb equivalent

7 Analyzing a LED lighting system This is just an example: downlight luminaire with remote phosphor Projet CITADEL

8 Data Invetory

9 Production Phase It is very hard to quantify each step Energy & materials Production Use End-of-Life To the system To the environment

10 Gray Energy used for the production

11 Modeling the full production line It is doable but cumbersome & perilous Projet CITADEL

12 The choice of Functional Unit An lamp absorbs electrical power in watts and produces a luminous flux expressed in lumens Incandescent Lampe 60 W 900 lm h Compact Fluorescent Lamp 15 W 825 lm h LED Lamp 12,5 W 812 lm h A lamp has an economic lifespan expressed in thousands of hours Each component of the system to his own lifespan and his own production lines. ~15 lamps (GLS) ~3 lamps (CFL) ~1 lamp (LED) To compare different technologies, the usual choice of functional unit is the amount of light generated during its economic life, expressed in million lumen-hours (Mlm.h)

13 Comparison between technologies INCANDESCENCE X 15 LAMPS FLUOCOMPACTE (CFL) X 3 LAMPS LED = = = 20 X 1 LAMP Mlm.h Breakdown of the environmental impact of a system by phase of the life cycle Predominance of use phase Transport & EoL phases are negligible

14 Impact quantification INCANDESCENCE X 15 LAMPS FLUOCOMPACTE (CFL) X 3 LAMPS LED = = = 20 X 1 LAMP Mlm.h 585 points 201 points 194 points Global Impact Quantification (Eco-indicator method) Impact per indicator (CML method) Climate change Use of natural resources Eutrophisation Incandescent has the worst results LED and CFL are still comparable 2011: 16 LEDs/lamp, 64 lm/w, 25 kh Ozone Depletion Photochemical pollution 2015: 5 LEDs/lamp, 138 lm/w, 40 kh

15 Global LCA Vie Energy en œuvre 19W Diffuseur Phosphor phosphore and diffuser Mise Production en oeuvrephase Transport Transport Emballage produit fini Packaging Autres composants Porte Other LEDcomponents Heat Heat sink sink et reflecteur & reflector (alumin Driver Divers Projet CITADEL Even if the use phase is the most important contribution of the ballast and radiator are not always negligible

16 Driver s LCA PCB Plastic case Capacitors Projet CITADEL

17 Heat sink s LCA Emballage Packaging Transport, lorry >32t, EURO4/RER S Transport, lorry >32t, EURO4/RER S Transport, transoceanic freight ship/oce S traitement Surface treatment de surface Mise Aluminum à disposition production : aluminium Mise Heat en sink forme production : aluminium Top contributions: Aluminum production & molding Projet CITADEL

18 Open questions At the end of the operating life, the luminaire is expected to provide 70 % of initial luminous flux taking into account both the lumen depreciation and product failures. Production Production and transport of parts and materials including their packages Luminaire assembly The life of the ballast is considered in the LCA to be the same as the life of the luminaire, since it is sold as one unit and the ballast will be replaced together with the rest of the luminaire. Transport Installation Transport scenario Installation scenario How the product is treated at its end-of-life? Use Use scenario of h Use scenario of h End-of-Life Actual EoL scenario: 5 % recycling treatment, 95 % landfill deposition Prospective EoL scenario: 60 % recycling treatment, 40 % landfill deposition

19 Where the lamps are used? INCANDESCENCE X 15 LAMPS FLUOCOMPACTE (CFL) X 3 LAMPS LED = = = 20 X 1 LAMP Mlm.h 585 points 201 points 194 points 2001 points 581 points 520 points 299 points 115 points 126 points CHINA CHINA CHINA FRANCE POLAND NORWAY Use Phase is predominant for Poland Manufacturing phase is not negligible for Norway

20 Lifespan influence 100% Use phase - Energy consumption Use phase - Replacements Installation Transport Manufacturing 80% 60% 40% % h 20% 0% PE RE NRE ADP WaC HW NHW IW RW GWP AP AiP WaP ODP POCP EP h Due to the lower manufacturing efforts, the environmental impacts of the h were 44 % lower than the ones of the case of h. PE RE NRE ADP WaC HW NHW IW RW GWP AP AiP WaP ODP POCP EP The environmental impacts were almost independent from the EoL scenario.

21 Functional Unit Influence 5 Non-directional lamps: Incandescent lamp (60W, 1000h, 750lm) Compact fluorescent lamp (13W, 8000h, 750lm) 3 shapes: spiral, look-alike, finger LED lamp (9W, 25000h, 450lm) 2 functional units: 1 Mlm.h Average illuminance (in lx) at 1 m distance on 1 m 2 square surface per hour

22 Questions

23 Some results from literature

24 Serious incertitude is still there LCA on 800 lm LED lamp (2011)

25 Some results Production phase Most impacting components Driver Heat sink et reflecteur Porte LED Emballage produit fini Autres composants Diffuseur phosphore Driver/ballast Heat Sink & reflector LED module Package Other components: screws, cables, Remote phosphor Projet CITADEL

26 An example of partial data inventory Fluorescent tube ceiling