Power2Gas. The potential of CO 2 -neutral fuels. Adelbert Goede. Waldo Bongers, Martijn Graswinckel, Erik Langereis and Richard van de Sanden
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1 Power2Gas The potential of CO 2 -neutral fuels Adelbert Goede Waldo Bongers, Martijn Graswinckel, Erik Langereis and Richard van de Sanden Win2Gas consortium Workshop Power2Gas: from Theory2Practice, 18 November 2014 DIFFER is part of and
2 The DIFFER Institute Mission: Basic scientific research in Fusion Energy and Solar Fuels, Providing a high-quality technical infrastructure, collaboration with Academia, National research facilities and Industry. developing a national community (multi-disciplinary) in energy research. Relocation mid 2015 University Campus Eindhoven Workshop Power2Gas: from Theory2Practice, 18 November 2014, Groningen CO 2 -neutral fuels by Adelbert Goede 2 / 10
3 Electrical power to CO 2 -neutral fuels Closed carbon cycle based on synthetic hydrocarbon fuels Workshop Power2Gas: from Theory2Practice, 18 November 2014, Groningen CO 2 -neutral fuels by Adelbert Goede 3 / 10
4 From H 2 O and CO 2 to CO 2 -neutral fuels Technology benchmark - H 2 generation by electrolysis >6 /kg H 2 (steam reformation fossil fuel <1 /kg H 2 ) - CO 2 capture: point source 40 /tonne direct air 400 /tonne Workshop Power2Gas: from Theory2Practice, 18 November 2014, Groningen CO 2 -neutral fuels by Adelbert Goede 4 / 10
5 Why plasma for CO 2 conversion? Characteristics of CO 2 plasmolysis Ease conditions for CO 2 splitting by channelling energy in molecular vibration to break chemical bond, not to heat the gas (non-thermodynamic equilibrium) High energy efficiency (~60% demonstrated) High gas flow and power flow density (45W/cm 2 ) Fast dynamic response (intermittent power supply) No scarce materials employed (Pt catalyst in PEM) MHz CO 2 RF plasma discharge Workshop Power2Gas: from Theory2Practice, 18 November 2014, Groningen CO 2 -neutral fuels by Adelbert Goede 5 / 10
6 Plasmolysis out of equilibrium chemistry CO 2 splitting: CO 2 CO + O (ΔH=5.5 ev) followed by re-use oxygen radical CO 2 + O CO+ O 2 (ΔH=0.3 ev) Net reaction CO 2 CO + ½ O 2 (ΔH=2.9 ev) Vib. Energy [cm -1 ] λ= μm (750 THz, τ= 14 fs) ν 2 ν 1 ν 3 Energy efficiency increased by: concentration of electron energy in vibrational excitation of CO 2 in asymmetric stretch mode ν 3 Workshop Power2Gas: from Theory2Practice, 18 November 2014, Groningen CO 2 -neutral fuels by Adelbert Goede 6 / 10
7 Overview first results Key parameter specific energy E v per CO 2 molecule High energy efficiency (> 60%) at low specific energy E v, but low conversion ratio Gas separation CO, O 2 and CO 2 at plasma exhaust Efficiency η [%] Fridman Energy efficiencies: Microwave : supersonic: Radiofrequency (RF): CCP: ICP: Specific energy input E v (ev/molecule) DIFFER & IPF Energy efficiencies: High CO 2 flow (75 slm): Conversion efficiencies: Low CO 2 flow (11 slm): Adapted From A. Fridman, Plasma Chemistry (2009) Workshop Power2Gas: from Theory2Practice, 18 November 2014, Groningen CO 2 -neutral fuels by Adelbert Goede 7 / 10
8 Project 1: Win2Gas H2020 proposal Input: surplus wind electricity followed by P2G Output: synthetic methane for long-term, large-scale storage Feedstock: CO 2 and H 2 O Research challenge: to raise TRL from 2 to 5 CO 2 direct air capture, Efficient CO 2 and H 2 O splitting by electrolysis and plasmolysis, Gas separation and Methanation Route to market System integration with existing infrastructure, Industrial Council Consortium partners Industrial partners Workshop Power2Gas: from Theory2Practice, 18 November 2014, Groningen CO 2 -neutral fuels by Adelbert Goede 8 / 10
9 Project 2: Verduurzaming Chemiecluster Delfzijl Hybrid energy system: Biomass gasification + P2G electrolysis H 2 O + Plasmolysis CO 2 More effective use of biomass by converting CO 2 emitted during gasification to syngas and using O 2 for gasification TKI System Integration Workshop Power2Gas: from Theory2Practice, 18 November 2014, Groningen CO 2 -neutral fuels by Adelbert Goede 9 / 10
10 Sustainable CO 2 -neutral processes CO 2 - neutral fuels and chemicals Carbon-free fuels Hydrocarbons Fossil fuels + CCS - Point source capture - Permanent sequestration P2G + CCU - Point source and direct air capture - Added-value fine chemicals Challenges for research and innovation Demonstration on system level (TRL 2 to TRL 5) Upscaling to MW level Economic feasibility (ETS policy, carbon tax) Workshop Power2Gas: from Theory2Practice, 18 November 2014, Groningen CO 2 -neutral fuels by Adelbert Goede 10 / 10
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