Thermal Treatments. - Incineration -

Transcription

1 Thermal Treatments - Incineration - Workshop Research in the Waste Area Towards the FP7 Brussels, January 31, 2006 J. Vehlow Institut für Technische Chemie Bereich Thermische Abfallbehandlung contact: vehlow@itc-tab.fzk.de

2 total amount of MSW in the 25 EU countries: 235 Mio tons 520 kg/cap/a EU management strategy (Waste & Landfill Directive): material recycling composting anaerobic digestion combustion with energy recovery final disposal goal: divert reactive (organic) waste from landfill

3 current waste management practice Research in the Waste Area Towards the FP7 J. Vehlow, 2006

4 waste incineration in Europe in % of residual waste Research in the Waste Area Towards the FP7 J. Vehlow, 2006

5 furnace heat filter APC system recovery source: vonroll scheme of a modern European MSW incinerator (Nürnberg) Research in the Waste Area Towards the FP7 J. Vehlow, 2006

6 furnace / combustion chamber changing waste composition increasing heating value high combustion temperatures (850 C / 2 s) problem R&D wear on grate & refractory material influence of fuel on deposit composition slagging on wall of combustion chamber deposit composition changes with temperature interaction deposits / wall material

7 furnace / combustion chamber poor homogeneity of MSW causes instable combustion conditions problem R&D challenge for combustion control development of strategies, monitors, equipment for combustion failure risk of increased POP formation fast detection of unstable conditions fast combustion control

8 boiler deposits corrosion

9 boiler fundamentals of boiler corrosion are not completely understood R&D interaction of boiler deposits and corrosion strategies to prevent fouling / corrosion by - control of waste menu - combustion control - boiler operation (cleaning strategy)

10 energy from waste potential substitution of power from fossil fuel in % Research in the Waste Area Towards the FP7 J. Vehlow, 2006

11 energy from waste potential substitution of primary energy in % Research in the Waste Area Towards the FP7 J. Vehlow, 2006

12 energy from waste R&D improve the utilisation of energy from waste improvement of energy efficiency case specific studies for system optimisation comparing - CHP - direct steam utilisation in industry - combination of MSW and utility boilers

13 APC system ESP scrubber acid neutral filter ash kg treatment salts kg wet scrubber with effluents Research in the Waste Area Towards the FP7 J. Vehlow, 2006

14 APC system ESP spray drier fabric filter scrubber acid neutral filter ash kg salts kg treatment wet scrubber without effluents Research in the Waste Area Towards the FP7 J. Vehlow, 2006

15 APC system ESP spray drier fabric filter scrubber acid neutral catalyst filter ash kg salts kg treatment charcoal injection fabric filter to stack advanced APC system

16 APC system spray absorber Ca(OH) 2 / CaCO 3 fabric filter T < 160 C fly ash + salts + reagen surplus kg dry scrubber Research in the Waste Area Towards the FP7 J. Vehlow, 2006

17 stack emission ambient air add. immission impacted air HCl SO dust Cd Hg PCDD/F [fg/m 3 ] impact of MSWI emissons on the environment [μg/m 3 ]

18 APC system weakness: high costs due to R&D multi-stage complexity residue disposal integration of srubbing stages evaluation of primary measures for reduced pollutant formation (e.g. NO x ) strategies (case specific) for residue minimisation novel technologies for residue minimisation / promotion of recovery combination of MSW and other processes

19 22.BImSchV (11.Sept.2002) Immission : Stage I (since ) 24h-Mean Limit: 50 µg/m 3 PM 10 (max. 35T) Transgressions in 2000 Year 2000 (Source: UBA) 0 d 1-19 d d d d d d > 119 d problem is there a fine particle problem? R&D reliable sampling and quantification methods for fine particles in technical off-gases sampling campaigns on all existing combustion and APC systems source: Paur, FZK Research in the Waste Area Towards the FP7 J. Vehlow, 2006

20 APC system R&D if there is a fine particle problem development of abatement methods CAROLA

21 residue management MSW 1000 boiler filter APC < % utilisation in building sector 2 kg metals 2 kg for disposal (wet (dry scrubbing) scrubbing) mass flow in a modern MSWI plant in kg Research in the Waste Area Towards the FP7 J. Vehlow, 2006

22 bottom ash management boiler filter APC washing metal separation aging demonstration: river dike R&D improvement of mechanical properties of bottom ashes actual practise: NL > 90 %, DK 90 % D 90 %, F 70 % B 20 %, UK 20 % bottom ash treatment and utilisation options Research in the Waste Area Towards the FP7 J. Vehlow, 2006

23 APC residue management weakness: no definition of final sink (salts) expensive disposal, no uniform criteria no uniform sampling / monitoring standards boiler unclear regulations for utilisation (de-classification) 2-5 filter AP C (wet (dryscrubbing) scrubbing) R&D metabolism of pollutants, relevance of inventory in residues fate and transport of pollutants in disposal scenarios simple / fast / reliable sampling and characterisation methods macro-economy of disposal / utilisation strategies eco-efficient treatment methods (e.g. separation of pollutants or for recovery)

24 global R&D topics adaptation of existing technology to new concepts (e.g.japan dioxin guideline) co-treatment of waste and other (biogenic) residues development of small scale incinerators case-specific studies on benefits of strategies for rural areas combination of MSW treatment and other processes low-cost processes for developing countries (< 10 gate fee) developing concepts for public acceptance MSW boiler filter heavy metals scrubber HCl Hg steam coal SO 2 scrubber Dioxin NO x SO 2