Repetition. Investment + Maintainance costs Total generated kwh. η ( /kwh) = Universität Karlsruhe (TH)

Transcription

1 Repetition 1 Photovoltaics and Renewable Energies are growing markets. Rentability of a photovoltaic power plant? Cost efficiency is regulated by the market -> what is the cheapest way to generate e.g. electricity Unit for cost efficiency is /kwh η ( /kwh) = Investment + Maintainance costs Total generated kwh

2 Repetition 2

3 Repetition 3

4 Course schedule 4 Preliminary schedule 1. Introduction, The Sun 2. Semiconductor fundamentals 3. Solar cell working principles / pn-junction solar cell 4. Silicon solar cells 5. Copper-Indiumdiselenide solar cells 6. Cell optimization and highly efficient device concepts 7. Modules and system integration 8. Organic photovoltaics 9. Dye sensitized solar cells 10. Economics and profitability 11. Other renewable energies 12. Excursion

5 Motivation 5 If there is plenty renewable energy for free, there is no need to save energy!

6 Renewable energies in Europe 6 Vietnam: 40-60% (water)

7 Energy mix 7

8 Energy mix 8

9 Energy mix 9

10 Energy mix 10

11 Energy storage 11

12 Energy storage 12

13 Energy storage 13

14 Energy storage 14

15 Energy storage 15

16 Energy mix 16

17 Thermal solar energy 17 Non-concentrating solar thermal plant

18 Thermal solar energy 18

19 Thermal solar energy 19

20 Thermal solar energy 20 Losses

21 Thermal solar energy 21 Mirror surfaces reflect solar light Black coated surfaces absorb solar light and emit a lot of thermal power Selective coatings absorb solar light and emit only little portions of thermal power

22 Thermal solar energy 22 Efficiency

23 Thermal solar energy 23 Solar Parabolic Trough

24 Thermal solar energy 24 Concentrating solar thermal plant

25 Thermal solar energy 25

26 Thermal solar energy 26 Up-wind power plant η = 3.3 % Ascending hot air Chimney Glass roof Cold air Turbine Air heating under roof

27 Wind 27 Wind speed in Karlsruhe 1992/93

28 Wind 28 Kinetic wind energy E = ½ mv 2 Power P = d/dt E = ½ v 2 (d/dt) m, where m = ρv (d/dt) m = ρ (d/dt) V = ρa (d/dt) s = ρav P = ½ ρ A v 3 P = c w ½ ρ A v 3

29 Wind 29 Rotor driven turbine

30 Wind 30 Synchronous motor Asynchronous motor

31 Wind 31 Loss mechanisms and efficiency 600kW asynchronous generator, technical data Effective output 600 kw Grid frequency 50 Hz Effective voltage 690 V Effective efficiency 95,2 % Effective current 571 A

32 Geothermal Energy 32 Island 99% of the earth hotter than 1000 C Earth s thermal energy 1.3*10 31 J, Earth s crust 5.4*10 27 J More than mankind will ever need (4*10 20 J) Continuos thermal energy flow between core and crust 0.5 W/m 2 Too little flow for technical utilization 100 C in 3300m depth, at some places 100 C in some 100m

33 Geothermal Energy 33 Technical potential in D 300,000 TWh = 600*E a Proper temperatures too deep Hot water aquifer (thermal water) Direct use Very seldom 1 M /km drilling costs Sometimes salts and radio active contamination

34 Geothermal Energy 34 Hot dry rock Cold water under pressure injected into the rock Water becomes hot, expands and forces cavities into the rock Considered depth in D: m Usually good for 30 years

35 Geothermal Energy 35 Geothermal power plant Only plant in D: Neustadt-Glewe (2003): 210 kw Power plant working principles: Direct use of steam in turbine or Flash-Method: relaxation of hot water under pressure in order to increase steam or Double-Flash-Method: 2 relaxation units or Organic Rankine Cycles (ORC): Isopentan or PF5050 (C 5 F 12 ) with 30 C boiling point to drive turbine

36 Biomass 36 H CO 2 + additives + ΔE C k H m O n + H 2 O + O 2 + metabolites Biomass Organic substances, living/growing matter, organic waste from living/dead organisms Solid bioenergy carriers (e.g. wood) Liquid bioenergy carriers (e.g. bio diesel) Gseous bioenergy carriers (e.g. biogas)

37 Biomass 37 Caloric value Straw 17.3 MJ/kg Rape-oil Foilage plants 17.5 MJ/kg Ethanol 26 Wood 18.7 MJ/kg Methanol Olive seeds 18.0 MJ/kg (Fuel 43 Efficiency of biomass production Ocean 0.07% Woods Freshwater 0.50% Corn Cultural landscape 0.30% Sugarcane 4.80% Grassland 0.30% Sugar beets 5. (Caloric value per incident solar power)

38 Biomass 38 Kettle efficiencies η>90%