Generating Power and Capacity of Non-Hydro Renewables.

Transcription

1 Generating Power and Capacity of Non-Hydro Renewables 35% 34.1% 34.2% 30% 29.4% 29.9% 25% 25.9% Renewable power capacity change as a % of global power capacity change (net) 20% 15% 14.8% 13.4% 16.2% 17.3% Renewable power generation change as a % of global power generation change (net) Renewable power as a % of global power capacity 10% 5% 10.2% 3.5% 4.6% 5.0% 3.5% 3.6% 7.9% 5.4% 6.1% 3.8% 4.0% 7.1% 4.7% 8.1% 5.4% Renewable power as a % of global power generation 0% Chapter 11, #1

2 Renewable Share of Primary Energy in 2009 Fossil, 78% Chapter 11, #2

3 The Solar Resource and its Flows on Earth Irradiation outside atmosphere 5450 x 10 3 EJ/yr Human energy use: 500 EJ/yr (average 2.5 kw/person; range 0.1~10 kw/person) Chapter 11, #3

4 Historical and Projected Contribution to Global Electricity Generation Chapter 11, #4

5 Electricity Generation by Source Chapter 11, #5

6 Global Electricity Generation in the Energy [R]evolution Scenario TWh/a Efficiency Ocean Energy Solar Thermal PV Geothermal Wind Hydro Biomass Gas&oil Coal Nuclear Chapter 11, #6

7 Primary Energy Use in the Energy [R]evolution Scenario PJ/a Efficiency Ocean energy Geothermal Solar Biomass Wind Hydro Natural gas Crude oil Coal Nuclear Chapter 11, #7

8 Electricity Generation from Biomass, Select Countries in TWh per year Japan Brazil Rest of World Canada Finland UK Sweden 50 Germany USA Chapter 11, #8

9 Primary Biomass Sources and Use of Fuelwood and Roundwood Chapter 11, #9

10 Ethanol Production from Sugar and Starch Crops Billion Liters per year World total Brazil United States EJ per year (lower heating value) Chapter 11, #10

11 Main Conversions Routes for Biomass to Secondary Energy Carriers Chapter 11, #11

12 Stages of Development of Bioenergy Chapter 11, #12

13 Main Feedstocks and Conversion Steps for First-Generation Biofuels SUGAR CROPS Sugar cane Sugar beet Sweet Sorghum Fermentation and Distillation STARCH CROPS Maize Wheat Barley Rye Potatoes Cassava Saccarification, Fermentation and Distillation ETHANOL OIL CROPS Rapeseed Soy bean Oil palm Sunflower Peanut Jatropha Extraction and Esterification BIODIESEL Chapter 11, #13

14 Production Paths to Liquid Fuels from Biomass and Fossil Fuels Chapter 11, #14

15 Third-Generation Biofuels Chapter 11, #15

16 Projected Production Costs for Biomass to Power and CHP Chapter 11, #16

17 Selling Price for Ethanol in Brazil versus Cumulative Production 40 Ethanol (producer, Brazil, green) and Gasoline (spot, CIF Rotterdam, red) Prices (2005US$/GJ) Cumulative Ethanol Production (EJ) learning rate: ~10% reduction per doubling of cumulative production Chapter 11, #17

18 Range of Production Cost Estimates for Second-generation Biofuels Chapter 11, #18

19 Lifecycle Fossil Energy Use Estimates in Production of Several Biofuels BIODIESEL Soy Sunflower Rapeseed Low High ETHANOL Sugarcane, Brazil Wheat, straw CHP Wheat, NG GTCHP Wheat, lignite CHP Sugarbeets Maize, US range PETROLEUM FUELS Curde oil to diesel Crude oil to gasoline GJ fossil energy input per GJ final biofuel (LHV) Chapter 11, #19

20 Estimated Life-cycle GHG Emissions for First-generation Biofuels Chapter 11, #20

21 Estimated Life-cycle GHG Emissions for Second-generation Biofuels Chapter 11, #21

22 Global Installed Hydropower Capacity in 2009 Chapter 11, #22

23 Hydropower Tariff Versus Average Electricity Generation Costs Chapter 11, #23

24 IHA Sustainability Assessment Protocol Assessment Tools Chapter 11, #24

25 Installed Geothermal Electricity Capacity Chapter 11, #25

26 Growth of the Globally Installed Capacity of Geothermal Power Production Chapter 11, #26

27 Installed Geothermal Electric Capacity in 2009 Germany 6,6 MW Austria 1,4 MW France 16 MW Italy 843 MW Turkey China 24 MW USA 3093 MW Iceland 575 MW 82 MW Thailand 0,3 MW Portugal 29 MW Japan Russia 82 MW Mexico 958 MW 536 MW Guatemala 52 MW Ethiopia 7,3 MW Philippines 1904 MW El Salvador 204 MW Costa Rica 166 MW Nicaragua 88 MW Kenya 167 MW Indonesia 1197 MW Papua New Guinea 56 MW Australia 1,1 MW New Zealand 628 MW Chapter 11, #27

28 Worldwide Growth of Installed Capacity of Geothermal Direct Use MWt Installed Capacity Chapter 11, # Year

29 Typical Direct Use Geothermal Heating System Configuration F (55 0 C) PLATE HEAT EXCHANGER ENERGY F (75 0 C) USER SYSTEM F (80 0 C) PRODUCTION WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT GEOTHERMAL F (60 0 C) INJECTION WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT PEAKING/ BACKUP UNIT Chapter 11, #29

30 Steam Plant Using a Vapor or Dry Steam Dominated Geothermal Resource Turbine Steam Generator Condenser Air Water Cooling Tower Air& Water Vapor Air Water Condensate Production Well Geothermal Reservoir Injection Well Chapter 11, #30

31 Single-stage Flash Steam Plant Using a Water-dominated Geothermal Resource with a Separator to Produce Steam Separator Turbine Steam Water Steam Waste Water Generator Condenser Condensate Air Water Cooling Tower Air& Water Vapor Air Water Direct Heat Users Production Well Geothermal Reservoir Injection Well Chapter 11, #31

32 Organic Rankine Cycle Plant using a Low Temperature Geothermal Resource Turbine Generator Condenser Cooling Tower Air & Water Vapor Heat Exchanger Air Air Water Cooled Water Pump Production Well Geothermal Reservoir Injection Well Chapter 11, #32

33 Cascading the use of a Geothermal Resource for Multiple Applications Food Processing C Apartment Building Refrigeration Plant Greenhouse Power Plant C Cascading to maximize use of the geothermal energy Fish Farm Chapter 11, #33

34 Calculated Ground Temperature Change production period recuperation period 0.0 T 0.0 Temperature Change [K] Chapter 11, # Time [years] -2.0

35 Global Wind Resource Chapter 11, #35

36 Wind Energy Generation Wind Energy, TWhr Year GWEC Baseline GWEC Moderate GWEC Advanced Chapter 11, #36

37 Cumulative Wind Installed Capacity in Europe Chapter 11, #37

38 Top 10 Wind Turbine Suppliers Chapter 11, #38

39 Relative Contribution of Generation Types to Capacity Additions in the US and EU Chapter 11, #39

40 Development and Size Growth of Wind Turbines Since 1980 Chapter 11, #40

41 Installed Wind Project Costs over time in Denmark and the United States Chapter 11, #41

42 Capital Costs for Installed and Announced Offshore Wind Projects $7,000 $6,000 Investment Cost for Operating European Project Announced Investment Cost for Proposed U.S. Project Investment Cost (2005$/kW) $5,000 $4,000 $3,000 $2,000 Announced Investment Cost for Proposed European Project Capacity-Weighted Average Project Investment Cost $1,000 $ Chapter 11, #42

43 Water Bird Flight Trajectories around Wind Farms Chapter 11, #43

44 Cumulative Installed PV Capacity, Chapter 11, #44

45 Annual Solar Cell Production by Region Chapter 11, #45

46 Schematic Cross-Section of a Asolar Cell Chapter 11, #46

47 Trends in Conversion Efficiencies for Various Solar Cell Technologies Chapter 11, #47

48 Possible Development of Commercial PV Module Efficiencies Chapter 11, #48

49 PV Module Experience Curve Chapter 11, #49

50 Schematic Representation of Grid Parity Points [ /Kwh] Chapter 11, #50

51 Payback Time of on-roof PV Systems for an In-plane Irradiation of 1700 kwh/m 2 /yr Energy payback time (years) on-roof installation in Southern Europe 1700 kwh/m 2.yr irradiation on optimally-inclined modules take back & recycling inverter mounting + cabling framing laminate cell ingot/crystal + wafer Si feedstock 0.0 mono multi CdTe µm-si CIGS Chapter 11, # e % 14.1% 11.3% 10.0% 11.0% MWp 120 MWp 20 MWp glass-evabacksheet glass-evabacksheet glass-evaglass glass-evaglass glass-pvbglass poly-si: hydropower wafer/cell/module: UCTE electricity %: total area module efficiencies ecoinvent 2.2 database 26 August 2011 mariska@smartgreenscans.nl

52 Possible Production and Consumption of CSP Electricity in 2050 Chapter 11, #52

53 CSP Development, , Project Pipeline by Country, Chapter 11, #53

54 CSP Technology Curve and Evolutionary Changes Chapter 11, #54

55 Solar Thermal Power Plants Chapter 11, #55

56 Two-tank Molten-salt Indirect Storage System Chapter 11, #56

57 Customer load profile and power production profile of a CSP system with storage and a non-tracking PV system over 24 hours Chapter 11, #57

58 Capital Cost Breakdown for Parabolic Trough Plant Chapter 11, #58

59 Super Grid Envisioned by DESERTEC Chapter 11, #59

60 Total Capacity of Solar Collectors, 2008, in Top 10 Countries Chapter 11, #60

61 Annual Installed Capacity of Flat-plate and Evacuated Tube Collectors Chapter 11, #61

62 Applications of Glazed and Evacuated Tube Collectors in 2008 Chapter 11, #62

63 Active Solar Thermal Technologies, Collectors, and Working Temperature Ranges Chapter 11, #63

64 A Passive Thermo Syphon SWH System (left) and an Active Forced Circulation SWH System (right) Chapter 11, #64

65 Number of Ocean Energy Conversion Schemes and their Maturity Chapter 11, #65

66 Ocean Energy Technologies Chapter 11, #66

67 Three Technologies to Convert Ocean Current Energy Chapter 11, #67

68 Schematic Representation of Mechanisms and Devices to Use Wave Energy Chapter 11, #68

69 A Closed Cycle OTEC Power Plant Chapter 11, #69

70 Electricity Storage Costs for Different Storage Options Long-term storage Load leveling Hydrogen Hydrogen CAES CAES Pumped hydro Pumped hydro costs in $ct/kwh costs in $ct/kwh Chapter 11, #70

71 Integration of Renewables and Electric Vehicles into a Supply System Chapter 11, #71

72 Concept of a HVDC-based Transcontinental Super-grid Chapter 11, #72

73 The Renewable Combi-Plant Chapter 11, #73

74 Renewable Energy Mix of the Combi-Plant: Simulation for 2006 Chapter 11, #74

75 Development of District Heat in Various Parts of the World, Chapter 11, #75

76 Renewable Heating and Cooling System in the Renewable Energy House, Brussels, Belgium winter heating circuit summer cooling circuit Energy source wood pellets (major energy source in winter) solar radiation (back-up in winter) geothermal heat (major energy source in winter) solar radiation (major energy source in summer) wood pellets (back-up in summer) Use Conversion Storage Conversion biomass wood boiler heat exchanger in ventilation system 4000 l heat storage tank solar thermal collector radiators 4 geothermal loops & heat pump 1000 l heat storage tank radiators solar thermal collector air conditioning 4000 l heat storage tank absorption cooling machine cooling biomass wood boiler excess low grade heat geothermal loops Chapter 11, #76

77 Financial New Investments in New Renewable Energy 140 Financial New investments (US$ billions 2005) Marine Geothermal Small Hydro Biomass &waste Biofuels Solar Wind Chapter 11, #77

78 Investments in Larger-scale Hydropower, Global Investment (US$ billions 2005) Chapter 11, #78

79 New Financial Investments in Renewable Energy, By Region, North America Europe South America Middle East&Africa Asia &Oceania Chapter 11, #79

80 Global Transactions in Renewable Energy in Investments, US$2005, Billions Chapter 11, #80

81 Overview of Innovation System Chapter 11, #81