Stratospheric Chemistry HS 2017 Solution to Homework Problem Set 3
|
|
- Joanna Hardy
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Stratospheric Chemistry HS 2017 Solution to Homework Problem Set 3 For questions: andrea.stenke@env.ethz.ch (CHN P14)
2 Problem 1: The Montreal Protocol and Climate (a) Chemical Formulas CFC-11 : CFCl 3 (=Trichlorofluoromethane, Freon-11) CFC-12 : CF 2 Cl 2 (=Dichlorodifluoromethane, Freon-12) CFC-113 : CF 2 ClCFCl 2 (=Trichlorotrifluoroethane, Freon-113) Methyl chloroform : CH 3 CCl 3 (=Trichloroethane) HCFC-22 : CHF 2 Cl (=Chlorodifluoromethane) HCFC-142a : CH 2 FCHFCl (=Chlorodifluoroethane, Freon-142a) HCFC-142b : CH 3 CF 2 Cl (=Chlorodifluoroethane, Freon-142b) HFC-23 : CHF 3 (=Fluoroform) HFC-134a : CF 3 CH 2 F (=Tetrafluoroethane, Freon-134a) HFC-152a : CH 3 CHF 2 (=Difluoroethane, Freon-152a)
3 Problem 1: The Montreal Protocol and Climate (b) Why is the atmospheric lifetime so different between CFCs on the one hand, and HCFCs and HFCs on the other hand? HFCs and HCFCs are partly destroyed by the OH radical in the troposphere (via the C-H bond), shortening their lifetime. CFCs do not have a C-H bond, therefore this reaction is not possible for CFCs. For HCFC-22 : CHClF 2 + OH à H 2 O + CClF 2 (Difluoromethyl radical) CClF 2 + O 2 + M à CClF 2 O 2 (peroxy radical) CClF 2 O 2 + NO à CClF 2 O + NO 2 (alkoxy radical) RO
4 Problem 1: The Montreal Protocol and Climate (b) Why is the atmospheric lifetime so different between CFCs on the one hand, and HCFCs and HFCs on the other hand? Seinfeld & Pandis, 2006
5 Problem 1: The Montreal Protocol and Climate (c) In Figure 1, what are the reasons for the characteristic shapes of the CFC production curves (black lines): steep increase until the mid- 1970s, slight decrease during the late 1970s, increase (notable in CFC-11) in the 2nd half of the 1980s, sharp decrease in the 1990s? (A) Use as aerosol propellants and refrigerants, introduction of new applications including solvents and farms. (B) 1974 Molina and Rowland early warning : USA, Canada, Netherlands and Sweden banned or discouraged use of ODS in most personal care aerosols products. (A) (B) (C) (D) (C) Continued growth in refrigerant uses; rapid growth in applications of solvents, foam-blowing and fire protection agents; continued use in aerosols products in Europe and Asia. (D) Montreal Protocol 1987
6 Problem 1: The Montreal Protocol and Climate (d) In figure 1, why does CFC-12 production decrease sharply after 1988 (center panel, black line), but its atmospheric mixing ratio starts reducing only some 15 years later (right panel)? 1. Production emission. There might be a delay between the production and usage (=emission) of the CFCcontaining product. 2. Emission mixing ratio. Because of its long lifetime of about 102 years, CFC-12, once emitted, stays for along time in the atmosphere.
7 Problem 1: The Montreal Protocol and Climate (e) Explain briefly why ozone depletion from ODSs counteracts their climate warming effect. Whose radiative forcing is more important, the direct forcing by the ODS increase or the indirect forcing via stratospheric ozone loss? Ozone is a greenhouse gas Stratospheric ozone depletion due to ODSs leads to a negative radiative forcing response Velders et al. (2007): Ozone depletion offset W/m 2 20% of direct positive ODS radiative forcing => RF from ODSs is more important
8 Problem 1: The Montreal Protocol and Climate (f) Definition of ozone depletion potential (ODP)
9 Problem 1: The Montreal Protocol and Climate (g) Definition of global warming potential (GWP) TH: time horizon over which the calculation is considered RF: Radiative Forcing. It is defined as the net change (in Wm -2 ) in the energy balance due to some imposed perturbation. More information about RF can be found here (p.664) NAL.pdf
10 Problem 1: The Montreal Protocol and Climate (h) A doubling of atmospheric CFC-11 mixing ratios leads basically to a doubling of its global net warming effect. What does this tell you about the atmospheric optical depth at the wavelengths where CFC-11 absorbs most efficiently? What does this mean for its GWP? CFC-11 absorbs at 11.8 µm atmosphere at this wavelength optically thin GWP 100 (CFC-11) = 5160 strong greenhouse gas GWP is independent of concentration, it is calculated for a unit mass (1 kg)
11 Altitude (kilometers) Problem 2: Family Concept (a) Chlorine family abundances Measurements of Chlorine Gases from Space Annual mean 2006 (30 70 N) ClO ClONO 2 Other chlorine gases Hydrogen chloride (HCl) Chlorine source gases (CFCs, HCFCs, CCl 4, CH 3 Cl, etc.) Total available chlorine Chlorine (parts per trillion) Altitude (miles) ClO undergoes reactions until stable reservoir species HCl is produced ClONO 2 photolyzes to ClO and NO 2 in upper stratosphere Reactive Cl is deactivated to produce stable reservoir species (ClONO 2 /HCl) Source gases photolyze in stratosphere, producing reactive Cl Source gases are stable in the troposphere
12 Problem 2: Family Concept (b) Should the total available chlorine be altitude independent? Measurements of Chlorine Gases from Space Annual mean 2006 (30 70 N) Altitude (kilometers) ClO ClONO 2 Other chlorine gases Hydrogen chloride (HCl) Total available chlorine Altitude (miles) YES! Chlorine source gases (CFCs, HCFCs, CCl 4, CH 3 Cl, etc.) Chlorine (parts per trillion)
13 Problem 2: Family Concept (c) Abundances over Antarctica between fall and spring HCl (g) + H 2 O (l) à Cl - (aq) + H 3 O + (aq) ClONO 2(aq) + Cl - (aq) à NO 3 - (aq) + Cl 2(g) ClO + NO 2 + M à ClONO 2 + M Cl + CH 4 à HCl + CH 3
14 Problem 3: Global ozone trend Equivalent latitude The polar vortex meanders around the pole along a streamline of the same potential vorticity. Equivalent latitude means that the area this streamline encloses will be transformed to a circle of the same area and centred to yield new geographical latitude for each transformed point. Equivalent latitude filters out the meander due to dynamical effects, separating these effects from chemical effects. Therefore, changing ozone concentration for a certain equivalent latitude indicates a chemical effect.
15 Problem 3: Global ozone trend (a) Why is ozone loss stronger in the South polar region? 1. The polar vortex is much stronger in the South than in the North, for which reason the Antarctic does not get new ozone via mixing with ozone-rich air from mid-latitudes for a longer time during the winter season in South than in North polar region. 2. As well the Arctic is warmer than Antarctic in winter, leading to less PSC formation, and thus less ozone depletion. 3. The year-to-year variability is much larger in the North than in the South. Polar vortex is stronger in the South because of a different distribution of land masses in the Northern hemisphere leading to the formation of waves which contribute to the variability and instability of the polar vortex.
16 Problem 3: Global ozone trend (b) Wintertime Arctic ozone trends show an increase from the period (panel A) to the period (panel B), while Antarctic wintertime ozone trends show a reduction. Speculate what the potential reasons for the differences in Arctic and Antarctic ozone trends between panel (A) and panel (B) are!
17 Problem 3: Global ozone trend (b) What are the potential reasons for the differences in Arctic and Antarctic ozone trends between panel A ( ) and panel B ( )? Arctic Bodeker et al. (2001): The increase in Arctic ozone trends from the period to the period results from severe wintertime ozone depletions observed in the period. Why? Pawson and Naujokat (1999): Cold temperatures (below T NAT ) and long polar vortex lead to the formation of PSCs in the stratosphere: more ozone depletion in the early spring. Therefore, an ozone trend as presented in this exercise strongly depends on the time period taken into account.
18 Problem 3: Global ozone trend Antarctic Bodeker et al., 2001: The reduction in Antarctic ozone trends from the to the period most likely results from saturation where almost all of the ozone between 15 and 19km inside the Antarctic vortex has been destroyed in recent years or from leveling off of the stratospheric chlorine loading. Furthermore, enhanced stratospheric aerosols were present throughout much of the 1980s, potentially steepening ozone trends before the Mount Pinatubo eruption. 1) From Figure Q12-3, Antarctic ozone is totally removed between 15 and 19km. There is a saturation in ozone trend. 2) CFC emissions should not have an impact on ozone depletion for the period Based on Figure Q20-2, the decrease in ESC is expected after ) In 1982 : El-Chicon volcanic eruption. In 1991: Pinatubo eruption. The stratospheric atmosphere is cleaned from aerosols after Less stratospheric aerosols lead to less Antarctic ozone depletion.
19 Problem 3: Global ozone trend Antarctic Figure Q20-2 Figure Q12-3
Scenarios of ODSs and ODS substitutes. Guus Velders
Scenarios of ODSs and ODS substitutes Guus Velders 1 02 May 2011 Chapter 5: WMO/UNEP Ozone assessment: 2010 A focus on information and options for policymakers: Metrics: update of lifetimes, GWPs, ODPs
More informationLovelock detects CCl 3. F (CFC-11) in the atmosphere of both hemispheres Rowland & Molina's Nature paper. CFC + hυ Cl + CCl 2
1972-1974 1972 Lovelock detects CCl 3 F (CFC-11) in the atmosphere of both hemispheres. 1974 Rowland & Molina's Nature paper Review suggests that tropospheric sinks for CFC's (e.g. oxidation, dissolution
More information4. Stratospheric ozone depletion
112 4. Stratospheric ozone depletion The thickness of the ozone layer above Europe has decreased significantly since the beginning of the 198s, and is declining at a rate of 4 5 % per decade. The gradual
More informationSAP-2010-FAQs-update.pdf
ATM 507 Lecture 10 Text reading Section 5.7 Problem Set # 4 due Oct. 23 Midterm Oct. 25? Today s topics Polar Ozone, Global Ozone Trends Required reading: 20 Questions and Answers from the 2010 WMO report
More informationEXECUTIVE SUMMARY FINAL UNEP/WMO "SCIENTIFIC ASSESSMENT OF OZONE DEPLETION: 2002" PREPARED BY THE SCIENTIFIC ASSESSMENT PANEL
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY FINAL UNEP/WMO "SCIENTIFIC ASSESSMENT OF OZONE DEPLETION: 2002" PREPARED BY THE SCIENTIFIC ASSESSMENT PANEL OF THE MONTREAL PROTOCOL ON SUBSTANCES THAT DEPLETE THE OZONE LAYER Released
More informationGLOBAL WARMING COMPUTER LAB
GLOBAL WARMING COMPUTER LAB A COMPUTER SIMULATION PROGRAM ON TEMPERATURE CHANGE AND SEA LEVEL RISING After performing this computer simulation lab you will be able to: 1) understand the greenhouse effect
More informationAntarctic Climate Change and Stratospheric Ozone Depletion. Karen L. Smith Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory Earth 2 Class October 19, 2013
Antarctic Climate Change and Stratospheric Ozone Depletion Karen L. Smith Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory Earth 2 Class October 19, 2013 Antarctic Climate Change Antarctic climate change over the past
More informationRECENT MAJOR FINDINGS AND CURRENT SCIENTIFIC UNDERSTANDING
The provisions of the 1987 Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer include the requirement that the Parties to the Protocol base their future decisions on the current scientific, environmental,
More informationThe 2018 WMO/UNEP Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion
The 2018 WMO/UNEP Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion Co-chairs: David Fahey Paul A. Newman John Pyle Bonfils Safari Scientific Steering Committee: Co-chairs + Martyn Chipperfield David Karoly Doug
More informationEXECUTIVE SUMMARY SCIENTIFIC ASSESSMENT OF OZONE DEPLETION: 1998
World Meteorological Organization Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project Report No. 44 SCIENTIFIC ASSESSMENT OF OZONE DEPLETION: 1998 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
More informationWMO/UNEP Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2010 OF THE MONTREAL PROTOCOL ON SUBSTANCES
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY WMO/UNEP Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2010 PREPARED BY THE SCIENTIFIC ASSESSMENT PANEL OF THE MONTREAL PROTOCOL ON SUBSTANCES THAT DEPLETE THE OZONE LAYER **************************
More informationChapter 15 Air Pollution and Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Chapter 15 Air Pollution and Stratospheric Ozone Depletion Air Pollution Air pollution- the introduction of chemicals, particulate matter, or microorganisms into the atmosphere at concentrations high enough
More informationEnvironmental Science 101 Air Resources. Fall Learning Objectives: Reading Assignment:
1 Environmental Science 101 Air Resources Fall 2012 Lecture Outline: 11. OZONE DEPLETION A. Nature and Importance of the Ozone Shield B. Formation and Breakdown of the Shield 1. Ozone Formation 2. Chloroflourocarbons
More informationNew Jersey Clean Air Council Primer on Highly Warming Gases and Related Topics
New Jersey Clean Air Council Primer on Highly Warming Gases and Related Topics Air Quality, Energy and Sustainability New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection December 12, 2018 Commissioner s
More informationStratospheric Ozone. Science Concepts. Stratospheric Ozone. Ozone Chemistry Creation Process Destruction Processes Equilibrium.
Stratospheric Ozone 12-1 Stratospheric Ozone Ozone Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) CFCs Science Concepts Ozone Chemistry Creation Process Destruction Processes Equilibrium CFC Chemistry Antarctic Ozone Hole
More informationAtmospheric Chemistry (Option 1B)
Atmospheric Chemistry (Option 1B) Introduction Option 1B consists of the following subsections: 1B.1 Oxygen 1B.2 Nitrogen 1B.3 Carbon Dioxide 1B.4 Atmospheric Pollution 1B.5 The Ozone Layer Some chemistry
More informationOther GHGs. IPCC Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis
Other GHGs IPCC Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis 1 Atmospheric Chemistry and other long-lived GHG during the industrial period 1750-2000 The radiative forcing of climate during the period
More informationSCIAMACHY book. Ozone Recovery? Michel Van Roozendael, BIRA- IASB. ATC14, October, Jülich, Germany
SCIAMACHY book Ozone Recovery? Michel Van Roozendael, BIRA- IASB ATC14, 27-31 October, Jülich, Germany 1928: start of CFC production 1971: 1 st observation of CFC in the atmosphere (J. Lovelock) 1974:
More informationProject report on. Climate Change and Carbon Emission
Project report on Climate Change and Carbon Emission Introduction Climate is not the same as weather, but rather, its meteorological elements include precipitation, temperature, humidity, sunshine, wind
More informationEXECUTIVE SUMMARY WMO/UNEP SCIENTIFIC ASSESSMENT OF OZONE DEPLETION: 2006 PREPARED BY THE SCIENTIFIC ASSESSMENT PANEL
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY WMO/UNEP SCIENTIFIC ASSESSMENT OF OZONE DEPLETION: 2006 PREPARED BY THE SCIENTIFIC ASSESSMENT PANEL OF THE MONTREAL PROTOCOL ON SUBSTANCES THAT DEPLETE THE OZONE LAYER **************************
More informationSeptember 16 th 2010 International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer
September 16 th 2010 International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer Next 16 th of September it will be celebrated the 2010 edition of the International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone
More informationWhy are there large quantities of the un-natural (Man Made) CFCs in Antarctica?
Ozone Depletion and Climate Change Why are there large quantities of the un-natural (Man Made) CFCs in Antarctica? In a recent (last August 2016) BBC documentary on the Antarctic weather changes, it has
More informationClimate Change and Ozone Depletion
Climate Change and Ozone Depletion Troposphere 78% N 2, 21% O 2, 0.09% Ar,, 0.035% CO 2 Global warming occurs here Stratosphere global sunscreen (ozone layer) Keeps 95% of the sun s s harmful UV radiation
More informationTopic # 13 (cont.) OZONE DEPLETION IN THE STRATOSPHERE Part III
Topic # 13 (cont.) OZONE DEPLETION IN THE STRATOSPHERE Part III A Story of Anthropogenic Disruption of a Natural Steady State p 77-79 in Class Notes TODAY: The STORY OF THE DISCOVERY OF THE OZONE HOLE:
More informationOverview of Global Warming, Ozone Depletion, and Air Quality
Overview of Global Warming, Ozone Depletion, and Air Quality AOSC 433/633 & CHEM 433/633 Ross Salawitch Class Web Site: http://www.atmos.umd.edu/~rjs/class/spr2013 Notes: Ross, Allison & Tim co-teach this
More informationIntroduction. Introduction. Introduction. Outline Last IPCC report : 2001 Last IPCC report :
Introduction Greenhouse Gases & Climate Change Laurent Bopp LSCE, Paris When did the story start? ¾1827 Fourier hypothesizes greenhouse effect ¾1860 Tyndal identifies CO2 and water vapor as heat trapping
More informationDrivers of Climate Change
.3.3.1 Drivers of Climate Change Introduction Human activities have changed and continue to change the Earth s surface and atmospheric composition. Some of these changes have a direct or indirect impact
More informationOverview of Global Warming, Ozone Depletion, and Air Quality AOSC 433 & 633. Ross Salawitch
Overview of Global Warming, Ozone Depletion, and Air Quality AOSC 433 & 633 Ross Salawitch Class Web Site: http://www.atmos.umd.edu/~rjs/class/spr2017 Note: An entry for CHEM 433 has appeared on Testudo
More informationHUMAN IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT 02 OCTOBER 2013
HUMAN IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT 02 OCTOBER 2013 Lesson Description In this lesson we: Look at the Human influence on the environment in terms of: o Composition of the atmosphere and ozone layer (Depleting
More informationThe Effects of Volcano-Induced Ozone Depletion on Short-Lived Climate Forcing in the Arctic
C53C-0852 The Effects of Volcano-Induced Ozone Depletion on Short-Lived Climate Forcing in the Arctic Peter L. Ward US Geological Survey Retired Teton Tectonics Jackson, WY 307-733-3664 cell 307-413-4055
More informationRecent Greenhouse Gas Concentrations
1 of 5 10/15/2009 5:02 PM Recent Greenhouse Gas Concentrations T.J. Blasing DOI: 10.3334/CDIAC/atg.032 Updated July 2009 Gases typically measured in parts per million (ppm), parts per billion (ppb) or
More informationTopic # 7 Part II ATMOSPHERIC STRUCTURE & CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
Topic # 7 Part II ATMOSPHERIC STRUCTURE & CHEMICAL COMPOSITION All about the GASES IN THE ATMOSPHERE, esp. GREENHOUSE GASES! Class Notes pp 37-41 REVIEW: ATMOSPHERIC STRUCTURE The changes in temperature
More informationThe Chemistry of Climate Change. Reading: Chapter 8 Environmental Chemistry, G. W. vanloon. S. J. Duffy
The Chemistry of Climate Change Reading: Chapter 8 Environmental Chemistry, G. W. vanloon. S. J. Duffy The Science of Global Climate There's a lot of differing data, but as far as I can gather, over the
More informationThe September Equinox is today: Sep 23rd! It s considered the traditional end of Summer and the beginning of Fall
More coming up in Topic #11 (class notes p 61) The September Equinox is today: Sep 23rd! It s considered the traditional end of Summer and the beginning of Fall The Sun s rays have greatest intensity right
More informationLecture 11: Global Warming. Human Acticities. Natural Climate Changes. Global Warming: Natural or Man-Made CO 2 CH 4
Lecture 11: Global Warming Human Acticities CO 2 CH 4 The initial appearance of human species: last 100,000 to 200,000 years Development of the first civilization: the last 10,000 years What is the sensitivity
More informationGeochemistry of other trace gases (non-c02 greenhouse gase Global Warming Science March Dan Cziczo Reading: Archer, Chapter 4
Geochemistry of other trace gases (non-c02 greenhouse gase 12 340 Global Warming Science March 20 2012 Dan Cziczo Reading: Archer, Chapter 4 oday s Class recap the atmosphere and greenhouse concept he
More informationA MINI FINAL EXAM REVIEW: SOME PRACTICE QUESTIONS
A MINI FINAL EXAM REVIEW: SOME PRACTICE QUESTIONS FIRST -- The answers to the G-5 GROUP ACTIVITY on VOLCANISM & CLIMATE G-5 VOLCANISM & CLIMATE ACTIVITY #1. List 4 reasons why Tambora in 1815 resulted
More informationA MODEL STUDY OF THE IMPACT OF WELL-MIXED GREENHOUSE GASES (GHGS) ON TROPOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY FROM THE PREINDUSTRIAL ERA TO THE PRESENT DAY
6.6 A MODEL STUDY OF THE IMPACT OF WELL-MIXED GREENHOUSE GASES (GHGS) ON TROPOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY FROM THE PREINDUSTRIAL ERA TO THE PRESENT DAY Fernanda Ramos-Garcés 1 * Vaishali Naik 2 Larry W. Horowitz
More informationRefrigeration Cycle. Definitions , , 11-46, 11-49,
Refrigeration Cycle Reading Problems - -7, -9 -, -46, -49, -03 Definitions the st law of thermodynamics tells us that heat flow occurs from a hot source to a cooler sink, therefore, energy in the form
More informationENVIS- IITM NEWSLETTER The Air Quality: A Global Challenge
ENVIS- IITM NEWSLETTER The Air Quality: A Global Challenge GLOBAL WARMING Editorial Prof. B.N. Goswami (Director, IITM, Pune) Dr. G. Beig (ENVIS Co-ordinetor) Ms. Neha S. Parkhi (Program Officer) Mr. Rajnikant
More informationGases and the atmosphere
Gases and the atmosphere Chemical reactions in the atmosphere Ozone cycle Ozone depletion Greenhouse effect Global Warming Pollution in the troposphere 1 Gases and the atmosphere Review Composition of
More informationAir Transportation: Emissions and Effects
Air Transportation: Emissions and Effects Joyce E. Penner University of Michigan Report Co-ordinator: IPCC Special Report on Aviation and the Global Atmosphere Presentation to the First Regional Symposium
More informationCCSP 2.4 March 11, Convening Lead Authors: A.R. Ravishankara, NOAA; Michael J. Kurylo, NASA
381 Executive Summary 382 383 Convening Lead Authors: A.R. Ravishankara, NOAA; Michael J. Kurylo, NASA 384 385 386 387 388 389 Lead Authors: Richard Bevilacqua, NRL / DoD; Jeff Cohen, USEPA; John Daniel,
More informationTODAY: TOPIC #6 WRAP UP!! Atmospheric Structure & Composition
TODAY: TOPIC #6 WRAP UP!! Atmospheric Structure & Composition There s one more thing to correct in our the depiction of incoming Solar....... the atmosphere is NOT totally TRANSPARENT to INCOMING Solar
More informationLIFE05 ENV/DK/ Development and demonstration of a prototype transcritical CO2 refrigeration system CO2REF ENGLISH SUMMARY
LIFE05 ENV/DK/000158 Development and demonstration of a prototype transcritical CO2 refrigeration system CO2REF ENGLISH SUMMARY History of refrigerants CO 2 is a so-called new, old refrigerant. From 1850
More informationLooking Ahead: HCFCs, HFC, CTC and other Chemicals Addressing HCFC, CFC and HFC in a Package: World Bank and GEF Cooperation
Looking Ahead: HCFCs, HFC, CTC and other Chemicals Addressing HCFC, CFC and HFC in a Package: World Bank and GEF Cooperation Steve Gorman Ninth Annual Financial Agents Workshop The World Bank Washington,
More informationFOLLOW: Green House on Twitter
Jan 31, 2012 Recommend 773 208 By Wendy Koch, USA TODAY Updated 1d 13h ago CAPTION By William Fernando Martinez, AP A new NASA study tries to lay to rest the skepticism about climate change, especially
More informationGases and the atmosphere
Gases and the atmosphere Chemical reactions in the atmosphere Ozone cycle Ozone depletion Greenhouse effect Global Warming Pollution in the troposphere 1 Gases and the atmosphere Review Composition of
More informationTopic # 7 ATMOSPHERIC STRUCTURE & CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
Topic # 7 ATMOSPHERIC STRUCTURE & CHEMICAL COMPOSITION All about the GASES IN THE ATMOSPHERE, esp. GREENHOUSE GASES! Class Notes pp 37-41 OBJECTIVES: To understand: -- the VERTICALSTRUCTURE of the atmosphere
More informationGlobal Warming Potentials in AR4. V. Ramaswamy. NOAA/ Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton University
Global Warming Potentials in AR4 V. Ramaswamy NOAA/ Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton University GWP Definition Defined as the ratio of the time-integrated radiative forcing from the instantaneous
More informationTARGET GASES: CFC-11, CFC-12, HCFC-22, HCFC-142b, CCl 4, CH 3 Cl, CF 4, SF 6
E. Mahieu (emmanuel.mahieu@ulg.ac.be), W. Bader, B. Bovy, B. Franco, TARGET GASES: CFC-, CFC-2, HCFC-22, HCFC-42b, CCl 4, CH 3 Cl, CF 4, SF 6 SUBJECTS of the PRESENTATION: NEW or UPDATED TIME SERIES &
More informationThe role of the Montreal Protocol in protecting present and future climate: A scientific perspective
ATOC4800/ATOC5000/ENVS5830: Policy Implications of Climate : Critical Issues in Climate and the Environment, Prof. Weiqing Han University of Colorado Boulder Boulder, CO 20 February 2019 The role of the
More informationGreenhouse gas monitoring at the Zeppelin station, Svalbard, Norway
Statlig program for forurensningsovervåking Rapportnr. 1071/2010 Greenhouse gas monitoring at the Zeppelin station, Svalbard, Norway TA 2633 2010 Utført av Norsk institutt for luftforskning (NILU) Statlig
More informationDepleting The Ozone Layer. environmentalists have extensively studied the effects of the depletion of the ozone layer for the
Abdul 1 Paula Abdul Dr. Koster CRTW 201 19 April 2005 Depleting The Ozone Layer What would the Earth be like if the ozone layer were to be non existent? Scientists and environmentalists have extensively
More informationG-5 ACTIVITY ON VOLCANISM & CLIMATE THE ANSWERS!
G-5 ACTIVITY ON VOLCANISM & CLIMATE THE ANSWERS! #1. List 4 reasons why Tambora in 1815 resulted in the largest GLOBAL cooling: #1 Low latitude eruption both hemispheres #2 Large amount of eruptive material
More informationEnvironmental Science Std.-9 Chp.7 Atmosphere and Climate
Environmental Science Std.-9 Chp.7 Atmosphere and Climate 2018-19 Q.1. Name the layers of the atmosphere. Troposphere Stratosphere Mesosphere Thermosphere Exosphere GREENHOUSE EARTH: Q.2. (a) What is the
More information3 - Environmental Ozone Indicators
3 - Environmental Ozone Indicators A. Introduction: Ozone (O3) is a triatomic allotrope of oxygen. It is naturally occurring process called photochemical analysis; the ozone exists throughout the year
More informationThursday Sep 25th SIT WITH YOUR GROUP TODAY! Topic # 6 Atmospheric Structure & Chemical Composition
Thursday Sep 25th SIT WITH YOUR GROUP TODAY! Topic # 6 Atmospheric Structure & Chemical Composition Self Test 4 & RQ-4 on The Laws of Thermodynamics are now posted. The readings that will prepare you for
More informationATM S 211 Final Examination June 4, 2007
ATM S 211 Final Examination June 4, 2007 Name This examination consists of a total of 100 points. In each of the first two sections, you have a choice of which questions to answer. Please note that you
More informationTROPICS: insolation high year round, high sun angle and ~ constant duration
GE 101, February 6, 14 Finish insolation variation Global environmental issues associated with insolation TRPICS: insolation high year round, high sun angle and ~ constant duration MID-LATITUDES: insolation
More informationEarth's Atmosphere. Atmospheric Layers. Atmospheric Layers
Earth's Atmosphere Today we will talk about the part of Earth that is most important to our survival - the atmosphere Earth's atmosphere is unique in the Solar System and has changed greatly over time
More informationLeif Backman HENVI Seminar February 19, 2009
Methane Sources and Sinks Leif Backman HENVI Seminar February 19, 2009 Background Atmospheric methane Sources & Sinks Concentration variations & trends Objective & methods Objective & Goals Research plan
More informationEXECUTIVE SUMMARY SCIENTIFIC ASSESSMENT OF OZONE DEPLETION: 2006
Reprinted from World Meteorological Organization Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project Report No. 50 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY SCIENTIFIC ASSESSMENT OF OZONE DEPLETION: 2006 National Oceanic and Atmospheric
More informationRadiative forcing of climate change
Radiative forcing of climate change Joanna D. Haigh Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London Radiative forcing concept, definition and applications On a global and annual average, and
More informationclimate change Contents CO 2 (ppm)
climate change CO 2 (ppm) 2007 Joachim Curtius Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre Universität Mainz Contents 1. Summary 2. Background 3. Climate change: observations 4. CO 2 : ocean acidification 5. OtherGreenhouse
More informationASTRONOMY 161. Introduction to Solar System Astronomy. Class 16
ASTRONOMY 161 Introduction to Solar System Astronomy Class 16 Earth s Atmosphere Monday, February 19 Earth s Atmosphere: Key Concepts (1) The Earth s atmosphere consists mainly of nitrogen (N 2 ) and
More informationPRESS BACKGROUNDER. Basic facts and data on the science and politics of ozone protection
May 1999 - Ver. 1.1 PRESS BACKGROUNDER For use of the media only; not an official document. Basic facts and data on the science and politics of ozone protection 1. The Ozone Layer Ozone molecules (O 3
More informationGeo-engineering of climate
CREATE Summer School Tim Canty Geo-engineering of climate Today: Climate change Geo-engineering of climate How this may affect the polar regions Will it really work? Lecture C 27 July 2012 1 Is the climate
More informationThe State of Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
The State of Stratospheric Ozone Depletion September 2003 I. Executive Summary Ozone, composed of three molecules of oxygen bonded together, forms a protective barrier in the Earth's upper atmosphere.
More information3/4/2014. Air Pollution. Chapter 15 Air Pollution and Stratospheric Ozone Depletion. Major Air Pollutants. Primary Pollutants
Air Pollution Air pollution- the introduction of chemicals, particulate matter, or microorganisms into the atmosphere at concentrations high enough to harm plants, animals, and materials such as buildings,
More informationFINAL EXAM STUDYING JUMP START REVIEW. Some review from earlier in the semester and some Q s on more recent topics...
FINAL EXAM STUDYING JUMP START REVIEW Some review from earlier in the semester and some Q s on more recent topics.... The wavelength range of infrared 1. < 0.4 micrometers radiation. 2. > 0.7 micrometers
More informationAbstract Process Economics Program Report No. 201 CHLOROFLUOROCARBON ALTERNATIVES (January 1991)
Abstract Process Economics Program Report No. 201 CHLOROFLUOROCARBON ALTERNATIVES (January 1991) Production and use of chlorofluorocarbons are being phased out under international agreements to protect
More informationCommentary. Ozone depletion : Its consequences and recovery measures
Indian Journal of Radio & Space Physics Vol. 31, April 2002, pp. 110-116 Commentary Ozone depletion : Its consequences and recovery measures No nuclear bomb is required for the destruction of the planet
More informationAIRAH Refrigerants Update controls on refrigerants
AIRAH Refrigerants Update controls on refrigerants Speaker: Patrick McInerney Stratospheric clouds above Davis Station, Antarctica Key points of presentation Outlook for refrigerants Phase-out of HCFCs
More informationLecture 14 Stratospheric Ozone Loss ATOC/CHEM 5151
Lecture 14 Stratospheric Ozone Loss ATOC/CHEM 5151 1 Setting the Stage: An Historical Perspective To begin, we need to go back to the 1970s Concern about the environment is high and people are starting
More informationATOC 4800: Policy Implications of Climate ATOC 5000/ENVS5830: Critical Issues in Climate and the Environment Class Web Page:
ATOC 4800: Policy Implications of Climate ATOC 5000/ENVS5830: Critical Issues in Climate and the Environment Class Web Page: http://atoc.colorado.edu/~whan/atoc4800_5000 Announcements 1. No Exams and Extra-credits;
More informationIntroduction to Photolysis AOSC 433/633 & CHEM 433/633 Ross Salawitch. Importance of Radicals
Introduction to Photolysis AOSC 433/633 & CHEM 433/633 Ross Salawitch Class Web Site: http://www.atmos.umd.edu/~rjs/class/spr2013 Lecture 10 5 March 2013 1 Importance of Radicals With a few exceptions,
More informationAkira Sekiya. Background and targets
United Nations Forum on Climate Change Mitigation, Fuel Efficiency and Sustainable Urban Transport Korea Press Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea 6-7 March 2 Reducing the climate impacts of mobile air conditioning
More informationGlobal Climatic Change. GEOG/ENST 2331 Lecture 22 Ahrens: Chapter 16
Global Climatic Change GEOG/ENST 2331 Lecture 22 Ahrens: Chapter 16 Global Climatic Change! Review: Radiation balance! Enhanced greenhouse effect! human-induced change! Climate feedbacks Climatic change!
More informationAssessment for Decision-Makers
Assessment for Decision-Makers Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2014 WMO Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project Report No. 56 World Meteorological Organization United Nations Environment
More informationRisk and Uncertainties in Anthropogenic. Control over Greenhouse Forcing in the TAR. with a focus on Atmospheric Chemistry
FCCC, Bonn, 4-6 Apr 2002 SBSTA IPCC/TAR Michael Prather University of California at Irvine Risk and Uncertainties in Anthropogenic Control over Greenhouse Forcing in the TAR with a focus on Atmospheric
More informationEMISSION OF GREEN HOUSE GASES AND THEIR IMPACT ON CLIMATIC CHANGE AND OZONE DEPLETION - AN OVERVIEW
Review paper (T-1) EMISSION OF GREEN HOUSE GASES AND THEIR IMPACT ON CLIMATIC CHANGE AND OZONE DEPLETION - AN OVERVIEW K. Senthilkumar*, S. Ravikumar, A.K. Subash Narayan 1 and K. Rajagopal 2. 1. Department
More informationMonitoring of greenhouse gases and aerosols at Svalbard and Birkenes: Annual report 2009
Statlig program for forurensningsovervåking Rapportnr. 1102/2011 Monitoring of greenhouse gases and aerosols at Svalbard and Birkenes: Annual report 2009 TA 2805 2011 Utført av NILU Norsk institutt for
More informationLecture 22: Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate
Lecture 22: Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Required Reading: FP Chapter 14 (only sections that I cover) Suggested Introductory Reading: Jacob Chapter 7 Atmospheric Chemistry CHEM-5151 / ATOC-5151 Spring
More informationGlobal HFC phase-down: A concrete step in delivering the Paris Agreement and in achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
Global HFC phase-down: A concrete step in delivering the Paris Agreement and in achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Presented by Eshrat Sharmen Akand Senior Programme Officer 1 Why global phase
More informationWhat the Snowball Earth Events of the Past May Offer in 2018 in the Accelerating Face of Excessive Greenhouse Gases and Continued Ozone Layer Issues
What the Snowball Earth Events of the Past May Offer in 2018 in the Accelerating Face of Excessive Greenhouse Gases and Continued Ozone Layer Issues Viva Cundliffe, September 3, 2018 pre publication copy
More informationCFCs - The Search. For Alternatives. Fluorocarbons
CFCs - The Search For Alternatives f Fluorocarbons by J Hugo Steven, New Fluorochemicals Research Manager and Archie McCulloch FRSC, Assistant Environmental Adviser, C1 Chemicals and Polymers Ltd., P 0
More informationRecent Global Warming from CFC Destruction of Ozone!
Recent Global Warming from CFC Destruction of Ozone! Abstract Robert A. Ashworth There has been a lot of discussion about global warming. Some say carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions caused the earth to warm.
More informationREVIEW OF FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE EARTH'S OZONE DEPLETION. Dr. J. J. Hurtak, Ph.D AFFS Corporation P.O. Box FE Los Gatos, California USA.
REVIEW OF FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE EARTH'S OZONE DEPLETION Dr. J. J. Hurtak, Ph.D AFFS Corporation P.O. Box FE Los Gatos, California 95031 USA and Patrick Bailey, Ph.D Lockheed Corporation Sunnyvale, CA
More informationTaiwan Environmental Protection Administration OZONE LAYER PROTECTION:
Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration OZONE LAYER PROTECTION: What Taiwan Has Been Doing Ozone Layer Protection : What Taiwan Has Been Doing Taiwan is not a Party to the Montreal Protocol, but
More informationMajor Volcanic Eruptions in the past. Major Volcanic Eruptions in the past. Volcanic Eruptions and Global Temperature
Mechanism of Volcanic Perturbation Amount of sunlight scattered depends greatly on size and amount of aerosol particles The global monitoring of aerosols began in ~1980 Hence, the history of the amplitude
More informationCOMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT. Reviewing Regulation (EC) No 2037/2000 on substances that deplete the ozone layer
EN EN EN COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES Brussels, 1.8.2008 SEC(2008) 2367 final COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT Reviewing Regulation (EC) No 2037/2000 on substances that deplete the ozone layer
More informationAvailable online at Energy Procedia 18 (2012 )
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Energy Procedia 18 (2012 ) 807 816 Refrigerants and their environmental impact Substitution of hydro chlorofluorocarbon HCFC and HFC hydro fluorocarbon. Search
More informationWorld avoided simulations with the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 117,, doi:10.1029/2012jd018430, 2012 World avoided simulations with the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model Rolando R. Garcia, 1 Douglas E. Kinnison, 1 and Daniel
More informationMIPAS measurements of ClONO 2 and polar stratospheric clouds during the Antarctic vortex split in September/October 2002
MIPAS measurements of ClONO 2 and polar stratospheric clouds during the Antarctic vortex split in September/October 2002 M. Höpfner, T. v. Clarmann, H. Fischer, B. Funke, N. Glatthor, U. Grabowski, S.
More information4/12. There is so much pollution in the air now that if it weren t for our lungs there d be no place to put it all. Robert Orben
4/12 There is so much pollution in the air now that if it weren t for our lungs there d be no place to put it all. Robert Orben Chapter 15 Air Pollution and Stratospheric Ozone Depletion Air Pollution
More informationTHE BIG ISLAND of Hawaii
THE BIG ISLAND of Hawaii WHAT S AHEAD 18.1 EARTH S ATMOSPHERE 18.2 HUMAN ACTIVITYES AND EARTH S ATMOSPHERE 18.3 EARTH S WATER 18.4 HUMAN ACTIVITYES AND EARTH S WATER 18.5 GREEN CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 18.1 EARTH
More informationAchieving Multiple Objectives in the Phase-out of Ozone Depleting Substances
Achieving Multiple Objectives in the Phase-out of Ozone Depleting Substances Mack McFarland, Ph.D. DuPont Fluoroproducts Agenda 2 DuPont Mission Sustainable Growth The Montreal Protocol success story Considerations
More informationChapter 17: Atmospheric Science and Air Pollution I. Central Case: The 1952 Killer Smog of London
Chapter 17: Atmospheric Science and Air Pollution I. Central Case: The 1952 Killer Smog of London A. Thick smog first settled over the city on December 5, 1952, when many residents stoked: B. A wind finally
More informationThe Earth s Atmosphere-I. GEOL 1350: Introduction To Meteorology
The Earth s Atmosphere-I GEOL 1350: Introduction To Meteorology 1 Overview What is the composition of Atmosphere? How did the atmosphere arrive at its current state? 2 Earth s Atmosphere Earth s atmosphere
More information