Economic Assessment of Low-Emission Development Scenarios for Ukraine

Transcription

1 Economic Assessment of Low-Emission Development Scenarios for Ukraine Zürich, Switzerland, 11/12/2017 ETH Zürich Zentrum campus Maksym CHEPELIEV, Ph.D. in Economics Oleksandr DIACHUK, Ph.D. in Engineering Roman PODOLETS, Ph.D. in Economics

2 CO 2 Emission and Climate Change in Ukraine In 1990 Ukraine was ranked the 6th among the countries largest emitters of energyrelated CO 2 In 2015 Ukraine was the 23d (189.4 million tons of CO 2 largest emitter of CO 2 emissions from fuel combustion. * CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion only 2

3 Structure of GHG Emissions in Ukraine GHG emissions in Energy sector in constituted % of total GHG emissions together with emissions related to Industrial Processes it constituted %. This determined general dynamics of GHG emission in Ukraine. 11% 1% % 4% Energy 12% 17% Industrial processes and product use Agriculture 65% 76% Waste 3

4 Renewables in Gross Final Energy Consumption In terms of Renewables share in GFEC Ukraine lags behind not only developed countries (including the countries-members of Visegrad Group) but also globaly. Other Biofuels and waste Geothermal, Solar, Wind etc. Hydro Share RES in GFEC 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 20.0% 14.0% 19.5% 4.2% 13.6% 15.7% World OECD EU-28 Ukraine Poland Czech Republic % Hungary 15.1% Slovak Republic 4

5 Energy and Carbon Intensity toe / thousand 2010 USD Energy Intensity Ukraine OECD The Visegrad Group World EU-28 The energy intensity of Ukraine's GDP (2014) was correspondingly 2.6 and 2.4 times higher than in OECD countries and in the countries- members of the Visegrad Group. And it was 3.4 times higher than in European Union. The carbon intensity of the country s GDP, in 2014 was almost 2.8 times higher than in OECDcountries and 2.4 higher than in Visegrad Group-countries. And it was 3.8 times higher compared with the EU-28 countries. t CO2 / thousand 2010 USD Carbon Intensity Ukraine OECD The Visegrad Group World EU

6 Key Indicators of Ukraine Dynamics of GHG emissions follows the curve of total primary energy supply. In , rates of GHG emission was comparable to the rates of GDP decrease, but in , as a result of changed structural proportions in economy, GDP increase was no longer accompanied by the relevant GHG emission increase (decoupling) % % Mt CO 2 -eq % 40% Shares of % TOTAL (excl. LULUCF) LULUCF Share of GHG's (total) compared to 1990 (right scale) Share of GDP compared 1990 (right scale) Share of TPES compared 1990 (right scale) Share of GHG's (Energy + Industrial processes) compared to 1990 (right scale) 0% -20% 6

7 Selected performance indicators of ESU2035 In August 2017 Cabinet of Ministers adopts updated Energy Strategy of Ukraine till 2035 (ESU2035). Primary Energy Intercity, toe/thousand 2010 USD GDP PPP Share of RES (including hydro and thermal energy in TPES, % Share of RES (including big Hydro PP) in Electricity production, % Share of Wind and Solar in Electricity production, % Share of Nuclear in Electricity production, % The share of Coal PP complies with Directive 2010/75/EC % 8% 12% 17% 25% 5% 7% 10% >13% >25% 1% 5.5% 6.7% >9.7% >12.8% 54% 52% 51% 50% 48% <1% <10% <40% 85% 100% CO 2 Emission compared 1990, % 31.8% <60% <60% <60% <50% 7

8 Ukraine in International Climate Agreements Ukraine is Annex I Party to United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change since 1996 Ukraine is Annex B Party to the Kyoto Protocol since 2004 (Second Commitment Period of the Kyoto Protocol is under ratification process) Ukraine is a Party to Paris Agreement starting from September 19, 2016 with Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) that presents national goals on climate actions both mitigation, reduction of GHG emissions and adaptation to impacts of climate change 8

9 Ukrainian Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Ukraine defines ambitious, but at the same time substantiated and fair target with regard to the level of GHG emissions. It will not exceed 60% of 1990 GHG emissions level in Ukrainian NDC will be revised till % Kyoto Protocol 1 st period 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% Climate Obligation of Ukraine Total GHG's compared 1990 Kyoto Protocol 2 nd period National Determined Contribution (Paris Agreement) 43.8% - prewar level 31.7% 0%

10 Low-Emission Development Scenarios for Ukraine In accordance with Article 4, paragraph 19, of the Paris Agreement, all Parties should design long-term low GHG emission development strategies and communicate them by Low Emission Development (LED) Scenario is designed in the scope of Ukrainian LED Strategy development within the framework of USAID project. It is based on the policy measures compiled by the project s working groups and quantified for the assessment by TIMES-Ukraine model. All energy policies are grouped into four streams: Energy Efficiency (EE) improvements, promotion of Renewable Energy (RE), Modernization and Innovation (MI) and Market Transformations (MT). Scenario of the energy transition in Ukraine from fossil (including nuclear) to renewable energy sources (RE Scenario), with further increase of energy efficiency, has been developed in collaboration with the Heinrich Böll Foundation s Office in Ukraine, which supports Greenpeace initiative in performing conceptual studies on energy system transformations with RE domination, the so called Energy [R]evolution. Although most similar studies focus on a complete phase out of fossil fuels, in case of Ukraine, we take a 92% RE share as an economically feasible target. The main reason behind this decision is that according to our analysis further increase of the RE share in GFEC results in the exponential growth of additional investments and total system costs. 10

11 TIMES-Ukraine and UGEM models linkage To provide an assessment of LED policies in Ukraine we use a soft-linkage of TIMES-Ukraine and UGEM models. 11

12 The energy system in TIMES-Ukraine model 12

13 Circular flows in the UGEM model 13

14 Scenarios GHG Emissions for LED Strategy comared to 1990 (1990=100%) 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% BAU EE EE+RE EE+RE+MI EE+RE+MI+MT 70% 54% 53% 44% 42% 41% 36% 37% 34% 31% 29% 31% 2012* 2013* 2014* 2015*

15 Gross Final Energy Consumption in RE Scenario Mtoe % -42% -28% 64% 52% 40% 30% 19% 9% 3% 4% % 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Imact of EE Electricity from RE Heat from RE Solar Biofuels and Biomass Electricity Heat Oil Products Gas Coal Share of RE RE Scenario 15

16 Electricity Production in RE Scenario TWh % 5% 16% 39% 58% -14% 63% 70% 75% 93% 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% CHP Bio Geothermal Solar Roof Panel Solar Plant Size Wind On-shore Hydro Smal Hydro Big CHP Non-RE TTP Gas New TTP Coal New TTP Coal Advanced. TTP Coal Exist. Nuclear New % Nuclear Exist. Share of RE 16

17 District heating in RE Scenario 17

18 Cumulative LED policy results In general, both scenarios have negative total system costs, which means that additional capital expenditures are overstated by associated energy efficiency improvements and reduction in fuel consumption. 18

19 Fluctuation of Wind and Solar Technologies SPPs in Ukraine in The real data shows that the ratio of battery capacities to the capacity of a SPP could vary from 63% to 91%. The average value of this ratio was 75-77% in WPPs in Ukraine in For WPPs this parameters could fluctuate from 9% to 94%, and average value was 47-54%. 19

20 Absolute and relative decoupling for LED scenarios One of the significant benefits of the RE scenario is that this policy set up allows achieving absolute decoupling of GDP from GHG emissions and energy use. 20

21 Macroeconomic effects of LEDS implementation According to our results, both LED scenarios are associated with positive macroeconomic effects. While in the short run, additional GDP growth is relatively low (1-2%), in the mid- and long-term it can reach up to 12-16%. 21

22 Impacts of LED Scenarios on households real income With growing GDP, households also experience positive impacts of LED policies. In the short run, they are relatively insignificant, and even slightly negative for the RE scenario, but in the mid and long term, additional income growth can reach up to 12-14%. 22

23 Changes in the sectoral output in 2050 On average, estimates of the output changes show higher degree of uncertainty compared to aggregate macroeconomic effects. For some sectors, they even indicate the possibility of sign change, like in case of electricity industry under LEDS scenario. 23

24 Long-term vision of Ukraine In November 2017 Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of Ukraine released Draft Low Emission Development Strategy (LEDS) with target no exceed 35% of 1990 GHG emissions level in % Kyoto Protocol 1 st period 90% 80% 70% 60% Kyoto Protocol 2 nd period National Determined Contribution 50% 43.8% - prewar level 40% Climate Obligation of Ukraine 30% Renewables Scenario 20% Total GHG's compared % Draft LEDS Pathway 0% LED Strategy Target 35.0% 31.7% 10% RE Scenario Target

25 Conclusions (1/2) With one of the highest levels of energy and emission intensities in the world, Ukraine has a high potential to exploit the low hanging fruits of the energy sector transformation by implementing LED policies, which can benefit both economy and environment. To explore such opportunities we use an integrated modelling approach, which includes energy system TIMES-Ukraine model and Ukrainian general equilibrium model. Using such methodology we provide an assessment of Ukrainian LEDS, as well as analyze more ambitious long-term environmental target, which includes transition towards 92% share of renewables in Gross Final Energy Consuming by While both policy options show an improvement relative to the BAU path, RE scenario provides ambition and sufficient national contribution in terms of limiting global warming below 2 o C. 25

26 Conclusions (2/2) With initially low level of energy efficiency in Ukraine, both LED policies result in positive macroeconomic and sectoral effects, with better perspectives in case of RE scenario, which at the same time requires significantly larger investments. Ukraine benefits from double dividends under both policy options, while RE scenario also provides an economically acceptable way of going from relative to absolute decoupling. At the same time, existing institutional environment and inefficient market framework can pose significant risks towards LED policies implementation. As a result, national energy markets transformation towards transparency and competitiveness becomes a necessary condition of LED policies success. In this context, Ukraine s further engagement into European legal framework through the European Energy Community may provide an effective support on the way forward. 26

27 Contacts Oleksandr DIACHUK, Roman PODOLETS Department of Energy Sector Development and Forecasting, Institute for Economics and Forecasting National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine 26, Panasa Myrnoho St., Kyiv, Ukraine Office: Maksym CHEPELIEV (corresponding author) Center for Global Trade Analysis, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA 27

28 Renewables in Gross Final Energy Consumption 11% 10% 9% 8% 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% 0% 3.1% 4.0% 3.2% 4.9% 5.9% 4.3% 4.2% 6.7% 4.9% 7.4% 8.3% 10.1% 9.1% 11.0% Share of RE in GFEC (real data) Ukrainian NREAP