Effect of organic and inorganic fertilizer on bioremediation of crude oil polluted land

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1 ISSN: Ukpaka and Amadi / urrent Science Perpective (4) (016) icientic.org. urrent Science Perpective (4) (016) Effect of organic and inorganic fertilizer on bioremediation of crude oil polluted land. P. Ukpaka* and S. A. Amadi Department of hemical/petrochemical Engineering, River State Univerity of Science and Technology Nkpolu, PMB 5080 Port-Harcourt, Nigeria *orreponding author chukwuemeka4@yahoo.com A R T I L E I N F O A B S T R A T Article type: Reearch article Article hitory: Received January 016 Accepted July 016 October 016 Iue Keyword: Organic Bioremediation Inorganic Fertilizer effect rude oil Land With the frequent report of oil pillage in the Niger Delta, there i need to eek for a cot-effective method for mediation of crude oil impacted oil. Thi particular tudy focue on the effect of Nutrient ource: NPK fertilizer and goat dropping on crude oil polluted oil from Afam in Oyigbo LGA of River State. The tudy lated 9 week due to financial contraint. Laboratory tet were conducted at ldeyi Laboratory, to check for change in ph, total hydrocarbon (TH), Total Organic arbon (TO), Phophate, Nitrate, Potaium and Moiture ontent. The effect of the above mentioned phyiochemical propertie on eed germination of Bean and maize and their growth variable uch a plant height, plant leaf length and leaf wih were alo invetigated. Fertilizer/goat dropping of 1, 5, 10, 0, and 50g were added to contaminate 0 polyethylene bag in random deign. The treatment ample were teted at two () week interval and lat tet wa conducted in one (1) week interval. The planting of bean and maize eedling wa conducted after one (1) week of planting i.e 9th week. It wa oberved on conducting lab tet on the 9th week that the application of goat dropping wa able to ameliorate the level of total hydrocarbon from 7568mg/kg to about 439mg/kg a againt 500mg/kg produced by NPK fertilizer, indicative of a better remediation in goat dropping application. By thi work I developed a model to generate the level of reduction of the Total Hydrocarbon with repect to time in week. Reult wa compared with the known regreion model which how no ignificant difference in rate of biodegradation of concentration of Total Hydrocarbon on the ue of fertilizer (NPK) and goat dropping. 016 International Scientific Organization: All right reerved. apule Summary: An experiment invetigation wa carried not to determine the effect of organic and inorganic fertilizer in a oil polluted environment uing the concept of bioremediation. The reult obtained illutrate the uefulne of organic and inorganic fertilizer in improving polluted oil environment uing the application of bioremediation technique. ite Thi Article A:. P. Ukpaka and S. A. Amadi. Effect of organic and inorganic fertilizer on bioremediation of crude oil polluted land. urrent Science Perpective (4) (016) INTRODUTION The natural environment may be altered or even exterminated by man through a erie of agencie and effect. One of the major agencie that have led to habitat detruction 83 editorcp@boaljournal.com

2 ISSN: Ukpaka and Amadi / urrent Science Perpective (4) (016) icientic.org. and modification (ecoytem alteration) i indutrialization and technology, through pollution of air, water and land. In the petroleum indutry for example, pollution of the environment may occur through effluent dicharge and accidental oil pillage. Environmental tudie in Nigerian reveal that the development and production procee in the oil indutry require an urgent need to plan, protect and prudently utilize environmental reource for a better environment for man. Thee tudie indicate that ubtle change occur in the Nigeria aquatic and terretrial ecoytem due to the activitie of the oil indutry (Al-Haan et al., 1994; Atla, 1994; Braim, 004; Dellile, 00). Mot of the environmental change occur from the releae of crude oil into the environment. There were about 5334 reported cae of crude oil pillage between 1976 and 1997, with over.8m barrel of crude oil releaed into the environment (Hodge, 1996; Deiaz and Omed, 008; El-Nemr et al., 1995; Maki, 003). Ukapaka (015), reported that about 400,000 barrel of crude oil wa releaed into the ea off Bayela State in the Texaco Funiwa- 5 well blow-out in About 40,000 barrel of crude oil wa alo releaed into the ea on January from Mobil producing Nigeria Unlimited Idaho oil Spill which occurred near Akwa-Ibom tate due to a burt on corroded oil pipeline conveying crude oil from Idaho oil field to Qua Iboe Terminal at Mkpanak (Johnon et al., 00; Salanitro 1997; Jimmy 008; Kuyukin, 003; Leiland, 004). When crude oil i pilled on land, the greay fraction permeate lowly into the oil and i lowly biodegraded, while the light hydrocarbon fraction evaporate. Some that do not permeate the oil become thicker like tar. All, though, have toxic ingredient. Among the mot troubleome are the high molecular weight compound, epecially the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH ) that include many known carcinogen which can combine with common environmental material to form other carcinogen (Delille, 00; Legrega, 1995; Lovely, 003; Meagher, 000; Odu, 1998; Parr et al., 1993; Pli, 00). The releae of crude oil into the environment may therefore reult in habitat fragmentation, detruction and diruption and diruption of ecoytem, intelligence in natural biogeochemical cycle and the lo of plant and animal. Ukapak (015a; 015b), reported that the oil pill incident of 1970 at Ejamah-Ebubu near Eleme. River tate rendered farmland and tream devatated. The NNP pillage of 198 at Abudu and Owa in Delta State alo rendered the oil totally oil logged, wherea economic crop were corched to death. The pollutant and toxicant in crude oil may caue death of plant and animal, dirupt biochemical pathway, metabolite and enzyme ytem in all the cell and tiue of organim (Ukapa, 01; 01a; 01b; 01c). Some time, Niger Delta region of Nigeria ha provided the natural reource to upport an extenive and ucceful petroleum indutry. But with continued growth within the indutry, there mut be an increae in awarene on how to protect the natural reource. Increaed petroleum exploration and production increae the potential hazard to ecologically enitive area, uch a wet land and foret. Thi region contain more than 30% of the nation wetland. Oil production and exploration take place in thi environment, and a a reult, they are continually at rik to petroleum contamination, caued by accidental pill, leak, or dicharge (Wilfor 004; Wetlake et al., 1978; Wetlake et al, 008). Hitherto, the prevalent method adopted in curbing oil-pilled on land i by cooping off the polluted top oil and replacing it with another layer of fertile oil. But thi approach i expenive and labour-intenive compared to the economical ue of fertilizer to retoring fertility of uch crude oil-polluted oil (Pli, 00; UNE, 1995; TRI, 004). Hence, the author interet in comparing the remediation effect of two kind of fertilizer (Organic and Inorganic) in oil-polluted oil. Prior to the period of oil boom, the Niger Deltan were predominantly farmer. They provided the nation with mot of the agricultural produce like fihe, palm oil, to mention but a few, but now they import thee farm produce. Thi i due to reduced agricultural activitie in the area occaioned by the quet for white-collar job that are nonexitent and oil pillage on their water and farm land. It i alo an obviou fact that in event of pillage, the communitie that are affected go after compenation that the oil company concerned will pay rather than the cleanup of the me. onequently, a lot of pilled ite are left unattended to, thu reducing the available fihing, farming and even building pace. Again, there are cae of remediation attempt by the oil companie but mot of them were inconcluive and abandoned (Ukpaka 015,015a, 015b & 015c). Baed on the above iue, it i imperative to find a remediation method that will be affordable, and at the ame time available to the rural dweller before oil pillage will turn to a norm in the Niger Delta region. The ignificance of thi tudy ha made it economically viable to ue organic and inorganic fertilizer which are readily available in the market and time efficient to remediate crude oil polluted land. In my tudy I ued tudent t = ditribution to compare the rate of degradation of the Total Hydrocarbon by both nutrient ource i.e. NPK fertilizer and goat dropping. The objective of thi tudy are: 1. To determine the effectivene of remediation of contaminated oil from Afam-Nta uing NPK and Goat dropping under laboratory cale tudy.. To determine the better nutrient upplement Organic fertilizer (Goat dropping) or Inorganic fertilizer (NPK) that can be ued to retore rapidly the fertility of rude Oil polluted oil. The tudy wa experimental in deign and it covered analyi of contaminated oil ample collected from an oil-polluted ite in Afam-Nta, Ndoki, in Local Government Area of River State. The parameter of interet invetigated include: ph, moiture content, Total Organic arbon (TO), nitrate, phophate, potaium, Total Hydrocarbon (TH). Secondary parameter invetigated: Seed germination, plant growth variable (i.e. Plant Height, leaf Length and Leaf Wih) 84 editorcp@boaljournal.com

3 ISSN: Ukpaka and Amadi / urrent Science Perpective (4) (016) icientic.org. Table 1: Experimental Layout of the Site US S OF 1 OF OF 3 OF 4 OF IF 1 IF IF 3 IF 4 IF 5 Where: US - Polythene bag with uncontaminated oil S - Polythene bag with uncontaminated oil OF 1 - Polythene bag with 1.0g of organic fertilizer/1kg of contaminated oil OF - Polythene bag with 5.0g of organic fertilizer/1kg of contaminated oil OF 3 - Polythene bag with 10.0g of organic fertilizer/1kg of contaminated oil OF 4 - Polythene bag with 0.0g of organic fertilizer/1kg of contaminated oil OF 5 - Polythene bag with 50.0g of organic fertilizer/1kg of contaminated oil IF 1 - Polythene bag with 1.0g of Inorganic fertilizer/1kg of contaminated oil IF - Polythene bag with 5.0g of Inorganic fertilizer/1kg of contaminated oil IF 3 - Polythene bag with 10.0g of Inorganic fertilizer/1kg of contaminated oil IF 4 - Polythene bag with 0.0g of Inorganic fertilizer/1kg of contaminated oil IF 5 - Polythene bag with 50.0g of Inorganic fertilizer/1kg of contaminated oil Table : Showing TH concentration reduction with repect to time in week uing model for fertilizer S/NO Degradation rate (K ) Time IN week (t) Initial concentration (mg/kg) Final concentration (mg/kg) Table 3: Percentage Reduction Effect of Fertilizer (F 1) on Total Hydrocarbon (TH) ontent of the ontaminated Soil Sample Duration (WK) level of fertilizer (g) Week Week Week Week Week Table 4: Percentage Reduction Effect of Goat Dropping (F ) on Total Hydrocarbon (TH) ontent of the ontaminated Soil Sample Duration (WK) level of fertilizer (g) Week Week Week Week Week editorcp@boaljournal.com

4 ISSN: Ukpaka and Amadi / urrent Science Perpective (4) (016) icientic.org. MATERIALS AND METHODS The experimental ite/plot i located in a mall village called Afam-Nta in Ndoki community which i in Oyigbo Local Government Area of River State. It i Oil well head ite which blew on Saturday 15 may, 004 Ndoki ha a population of about 100,000 people whoe major occupation i farming. Majority of the populace there are foreigner working at the Afam power tation. The cotal plain and and clay depoit the topoil i uually andy loam and the vegetative cover i the tropical rainforet. The volume of rainfall provide great amount of urface run-off rivulet and occaional tream which may carry ubtance like crude oil to nearby land and river. F From firt principle Accumulation + Diappearance Input of Total hydrocarbon to oil = Output rate + Diappearance due to biochemical reaction + Accumulation (1) Input = F o () Output = F o (3) F Equipment and implement Shovel polythene, black bag, hoe, rainguage, ditilled water, gla beaker, Orio reearch ph meter model 407A, organic and inorganic fertilizer, bean eed, maize eed, weighing balance, heater (Oven), ieve and deicator Meaurement I ued rule to meaure the depth of the uboil to about 15-30cm before collecting ample with a hovel and I meaured both contaminated and uncontaminated ample on a weighing balance, I ue the rule to meaure leaf length, leaf wih and leaf height. The remediation tudy took place from Augut to November 004. The oil wa divided into twelve (1) polythene bag a preented in Table 1 Soil propertie meaurement Some oil phyical and chemical propertie uch a ph, moiture content, organic and organic were determined. Fifty milliliter (50ml) of ditilled water wa added to 0g oil ample in a gla beaker. The mixture wa tirred for 10 minute left to tand for 30m minute and tirred again for minute. The ph of the upplement liquid wa tirred determined uing an orion reearch ph meter 407 A (Anderon and Ingram, 1989). The characteritic of contaminated oil in term of the phyiochemical component uch a ph moiture content (%), total organic carbon (%), nitrate (mg/kg), phophate (mg/kg), potaium (mg/kg), total hydrocarbon (mg/kg), organic matter (%), odium (mg/kg), calcium (mg/kg), magneium (mg/kg) and odium aborption ratio (SAR) were analyzed uing American Society for Teting and Material (ASTM) (1999) and American Public Health Aociation Alpha (1998). MODEL DERIVATION AND VALIDATION Model Derivation The model for computing the rate degradation of concentration of Total Hydrocarbon which i repreented by i given by: ontant tirred tank reactor equation (Abowei et al., 1997). Rate of diappearance due to biochemical reaction = RV (4) V Rate of accumulation = Subtituting (), (3), (4) and (5) into equation (1) we hall have V F o = F + R V + Dividing all through of equation (6) by V F V F V o o F R V F V R F ( o o ) R V At teady tate meaning that at t = 0, o =. Uing the above condition into equation (7). F ( o o ) R V R S = K S R Where K S = rate of degradation = concentration K The equation (9) i the mathematical model repreenting the proce the above model can be olved uing the appropriate method to be pecific uing eparation of variable. (8) (9) (5) (6) (7) 86 editorcp@boaljournal.com

5 ISSN: Ukpaka and Amadi / urrent Science Perpective (4) (016) icientic.org. K K K Integrating both ide of equation (5) c c o In In In In d K 1 0 t K t O 0 In o = - K In o = - o K t K ( t 0) (10) (11) (1) Taking exponential on both ide of equation e o In o e Kt Kt = o e (13) = e K t Determining the rate of biodegradation of the concentration of Total Hydrocarbon o = Initial concentration of Total Hydrocarbon = Final concentration of Total Hydrocarbon K = Rate of degradation of Total Hydrocarbon t = time in week The above equation (13) how how the petroleum contaminant reduce in concentration (Abowei et al., 1997). I conducted lab tet at Ideyi conult to find out how the Total hydrocarbon reduce in concentration, from ample collected from pilled ite, then I ued t = ditribution tet to validate reult finding. Validation = oe -Kt Y = a 0 + a ix Where Y = total hydrocarbon (TH) remaining in oil (mg/kg) X = time (week) R = correlation coefficient Uing Student t - = ditribution to ompare the rate of degradation of TH by both nutrient ource (Fertilizer and Goat Dropping) Let X 1 and X repreent the rate of degradation of TH by fertilizer and goat dropping repectively. Then the null and alternative hypothei i given a: H 0: X 1 = X : There i no ignificant difference in both rate of degradation of TH H 1: X 1 X: There i ignificant difference in the rate of degradation of TH between fertilizer and goat dropping ( x1) SSX 1 = X 1 - N ( ) = = = ( X X SSX = N 87 editorcp@boaljournal.com = = = Variance for fertilizer V x SSX1 N = Variance for goat dropping VX SSX N = 4 )

6 ISSN: Ukpaka and Amadi / urrent Science Perpective (4) (016) icientic.org. Mean of fertilizer = X Mean of goat dropping X X 1 1 x N = = Variance of mean For fertilizer, VX 1 Vx1 Nx Fig. 1: Total hydrocarbon concentration for fertilizer application (F 1) againt time = For Goat dropping VX Vx Nx = Therefore, the t-tet VX T(Nx Nx -1) = 1 /t/ = X = X VX = = From the t-table, the percentage point for the two-tailed tet at 5% level and eight degree of freedom i t =.31. A the computed value of t-taken in abolute value (/t/) i le than t , the reult i not ignificant at 5% level. Thu, we conclude that there i no ignificant difference in both rate of degradation of total hydrocarbon and therefore we accept the null hypothei, H 0. RESULTS AND DISUSSIONS Fig. : Total hydrocarbon concentration for goat dropping application (F ) againt time Reult of invetigation a hown below indicate oil characteritic and outcome of the variou treatment employed viz. phyical and biological treatment. Initial condition of oil ample before remediation Examination of compoite contaminated oil (Table 8) revealed high concentration of total hydrocarbon (7568 mg/kg), Nitrate (0.041mg/kg) Phophate (0.97mg/kg) and potaium (4.54mg/kg). In the uboil on the other hand, the uboil of the control ample recorded 1mg/kg, 0.034mg/kg, 0.90mg/kg, and 3.93mg/kg for Total hydrocarbon, Nitrate, phophate and potaium repectively. The ph of uncontaminated and contaminated oil ample were 5,4 and 6.33 repectively indicating lightly acidic condition. Effect of the nutrient (Fertilizer F 1 and Goat Dropping F ) on ome of the phyiochemical parameter of the oil 88 editorcp@boaljournal.com

7 ISSN: Ukpaka and Amadi / urrent Science Perpective (4) (016) icientic.org. Table 5: Summary of the Model for TH Remediation Uing NPK Fertilizer (F 1) Nutrient Regreion model R level (g) 1 Y = 55.73x Y = -61.8x Y = x Y = -8.89x Y = x Table 6: Summary of the Model for TH Remediation Uing Goat (F ) Nutrient level (g) Regreion model R 1 Y = x Y = x Y = x Y = x Y = x gram of fertilizer nutrient added to contaminated oil brought about the greatet reduction of the total hydrocarbon concentration from 7568mg/kg to 500mg/kg unlike the 1g application which how that the greater the application the better the remediation becaue the nitrogen upply from NPK fertilizer, the micro organim that break down the ubtrate needed it for peedy remediation. 50 gram of goat dropping nutrient added to contaminated oil brought about the greatet reduction of the total hydrocarbon concentration from 7568mg/kg to 400mg/kg unlike the 1g application which how that the greater the application the better the remediation becaue the nitrogen upply from goat dropping, the microorganim that break down the ubtrate needed it for peedy remediation. The bean eed recorded growth in height from ixth week to the ninth week due to the breaking down of the total hydrocarbon, allowing growth to occur. The bean eed recorded growth in height from ixth week to the ninth week due to the breaking down of the total hydrocarbon, allowing growth to occur. The bean eed recorded growth in height to the ixth week and tarting decreaing to the ninth week due to overflooding of moiture which did not allow for aeration which make for peeding remediation. Table 7: Rate of Degradation = Slope from Regreion Equation Nutrient level (g) Degradation rate X 1 (fertilizer) X (Goat dropping) Table 7: ontinue.. X 1 X X 1 and X repreent the rate of degradation of TH by fertilizer and goat dropping repectively. The reult of the remediation effect of the two kind of fertilizer on the contaminated oil with repect to ome parameter Viz. ph, Total Hydrocarbon (TH) e.t.c at different tage of remediation are hown on the table Seed germination and plant growth in the contaminated oil: Growth of bean plant in contaminated and uncontaminated oil amended with fertilizer and goat dropping. Bean eed were planted in even level (1g, 5g, 10g, 0g, and 50g) of both fertilizer and goat dropping, and the effect of varying level on the growth of bean plant (i.e. plant height, leaf length, leaf wih and number of leave) were noted. Effect of the nutrient (Fertilizer F, and Goat Dropping F ) on the phyiochemical parameter of the oil The Soil ph: The ph value for the original oil ample were 5.4 and 6.33 for control uncontaminated ample repectively, which indicate that both oil are acidic. On application of the nutrient, there were ome change in the ph value at variou level of nutrient application, the value fluctuated between 7.91 and 4.84, ec Table - 4. It wa oberved that the ph value for NPK fertilizer level of 5g and l0g of oil remained within the neutral ph range wherea goat dropping level of 0g and 50g of oil remained within the neutral ph throughout the tudy duration. See Table 3. From the reult of the tet, it wa oberved that oil Still on land alter the ph from it natural tate. The pilt hifted the oil ph from more acidic to le acidic zone. The magnitude of the hift i dependent on the degree of pollution that occur in the given oil environment (Delille, 00). The ph Value oberved in Sq and log oil of NPK fertilizer and 0g and 50g of oil of goat dropping fall within the optimum ph for rapid decompoition of wate which i uually in the range of 6.5 to 8.5 (Dellile, 00) 89 editorcp@boaljournal.com

8 ISSN: Ukpaka and Amadi / urrent Science Perpective (4) (016) icientic.org. Table 8: haracteritic of contaminated oil before nutrient application S/NO Parameter control ample ontaminated ample 1 Ph Moiture content (%) Total organic carbon (%) Nitrate (Mg/kg) Phophate (mg/kg) Potaium (mg/kg) Total hydrocarbon (mg/kg) < Organic matter (%) Sodium (mg/kg) alcium (mg/kg) Magneium (mg/kg) Sodium aborption ratio (SAR) Table 9: Reult of the effect of remediation with one gramme (1g) of Nutrient at week 9 S/NO Parameter Fertilizer (F 1) GOAT dropping (F ) 1 ph Moiture content (%) Total organic carbon (%) Nitrate (Mg/kg) Phophate (mg/kg) Potaium (mg/kg) Total hydrocarbon (mg/kg) Moiture ontent: Moiture content value of 1.55 and were oberved for control and contaminated ample repectively before remediation wa initiated. The reaon for the difference i not far fetched; it wa due to the aturation of the contaminated ite with crude oil. After remediation with 1g each of the nutrient, there wa an increment in the moiture content in both cae i.e and 4.60 for NPK fertilizer and goat dropping repectively. Both value are higher than the initial value of However the goat dropping ha a higher impact on the moiture content than the fertilizer. Nitrate: Nitrate concentration in both control and contaminated oil were 4.034mg/kg and mg/kg repectively. After 9 week of remediation with tonne/ha each of the nutrient, there wa an increae in the value to 148mg/kg (fertilizer) and 133 mg/kg (goat dropping). Increment to fertilizer application wa higher than that of goat dropping, becaue of the preence of nitrogen in the inorganic fertilizer compoition (H. Maki, 003). Phophate: Phophate value of.90 and 0.97 were recorded for control and contaminated ample repectively prior to treatment. At the end of 9 week of treatment with 1g each of nutrient, there wa increae in the value to 50mg/kg (fertilizer) and 30mg/kg (goat dropping). Fertilizer ha a higher effect than goat dropping application of fertilizer the different level recorded a percentage reduction in TH concentration a follow: 1g (86.70%), 5g (8.86%), l0g (87.3%), 0g (8.8%), 50g (84.54%) wherea that of goat dropping i a follow: 1g (84.69%), 5g (1.95%). The difference in the level of TH degradation can be attributed to the fact that fertilizer readily provided Nitrogen, phophoru and potaium to the inherent microbial population unlike the goat dropping which doe not readily releae thee ame mineral until after mineralization of the goat dropping. At the end of the tudy, fertilizer recorded the following percentage in TH concentration: tonne/ha (91.6%), l0tonne/ha (91.94%), 0tonne/ha (9.73%), 0g (91.53%), 50g (93.39%) while that of goat dropping i a follow: 1g (94.0%), 1g (93.39%), l0g (9.07%), 0g (95.38%). 50g (94.71%). A can be oberved from the reult 90 editorcp@boaljournal.com

9 ISSN: Ukpaka and Amadi / urrent Science Perpective (4) (016) icientic.org. Fig. 3: Plant growth variable for contaminated and uncontaminated oil (F 1 = Fertilizer) againt time (1g application). Fig. 4: Plant growth variable for contaminated and uncontaminated oil (F = Goat dropping) againt time (5g application). recorded at the lat tage of the tudy, goat dropping recorded higher percentage reduction in TH concentration than fertilizer. Thi could probably be attributed to the fact that the fertilizer (NPK) application ability to readily releae nitrogen, phophate and potaium expoed the element to leaching effect. Thereby depriving the microorganim of the nutrient they require functioning effectively in the degradation of the hydrocarbon in the oil. The phenomenon i graphically reflected in Figure 5.1 a indicated by the chairlike conformation of fertilizer (NPK) application. Figure 5. how L-like curve for goat dropping indicative of continuou releae of nutrient, increae in microbial population and reduction in TH level in the oil. Model for both nutrient ource are hown in Appendix. Uing tudent t- ditribution, it wa found that there wa no ignificant difference in both (fertilizer and goat dropping) rate of degradation of Total hydrocarbon. Seed Germination and Plant Growth: There wa eed germination in both control A (i.e. contaminated oil unamended with nutrient) and control B (i.e. uncontaminated oil unlamented with nutrient) a can be 91 editorcp@boaljournal.com

10 ISSN: Ukpaka and Amadi / urrent Science Perpective (4) (016) icientic.org. Fig. 4: Plant growth variable for contaminated and uncontaminated oil (F = Goat dropping) againt time (0 g application). een in Figure 3, crude oil affect germination and plant growth in divere way. It may directly kill the plant or inhibit continued growth of already etablihed vegetation. Growth may be indirectly affected through the creation of nutrient-deficient condition by microbial immobilization (Pili, 00). At high level of pollution, the eed are detroyed while at lower level, germination i retarded (Rowell, 1977). Therefore) the rate of germination ha an invere relationhip with the doe of oil in contamination (Brim H, 00) reported that the poor level of eed germination i due to poor oil wettability, aeration and toxic effect of oil. The ue of NPK fertilizer (0:10:10) in the pre planting remediation of crude oil-polluted oil inhibited germination of both bean and maize eed. See Figure 4 and 5 on the other hand, there wa germination in both contaminated and uncontaminated oil amended with goal dropping. See Figure 4-5 The ue of goat dropping provided ome benefit to the eed and eedling. Thi i hinged on it moderate olubility, balanced macro and micro-nutrient, gradual but teady releae of thee nutrient into oil, it tendency of increaing the humu level, it non - toxicity to the oil biota, and finally, it light alkaline ph (Diaz, 008). On the other hand, NPK fertilizer did not encourage the germination of eed beyond 1g level which i primarily due to over-nitration of the oil, it high olubility, water-logging capacity, and it toxic nature to the oil biota. Moreover, the water-logging effect oberved in the ue of NPK fertilizer i a contributory factor to the oberved inhibited growth of plant, becaue of it potential in diplacing available oil- air-which i otherwie, important to the planted eed and oil microbe (Lovely, DR, 003). However, bean eed wa ued in the tudy becaue of the bulky nature of maize eedling. In term of plant growth variable, leaf length, leaf height etc control B (uncontaminated oil) howed better growth variable than control A (contaminated oil) ee Figure 3. On application of 1g of the nutrient, fertilizer howed better growth variable on uncontaminated oil than goat dropping wherea goat dropping howed better growth variable on contaminated oil than fertilizer. (See Figure 4 and 5). The highet plant height wa recorded in uncontaminated oil when 50g of goat dropping wa applied wherea the highet plant height wa recorded in contaminated oil when 0g of goat dropping wa applied (Diaz, E 008). ONLUSIONS 1. Both contaminated and control oil are lightly acidic at the tart of the tudy and till maintained the tatu at the end. Thi mean that the oil of Afam i acidic in nature.. Fertilizer encouraged plant growth better than goat dropping in uncontaminated oil, wherea goat dropping encouraged plant growth better than fertilizer in contaminated oil. 3. Fertilizer application above 1g inhibited germination wherea goat dropping encouraged germination during the remediation period. 4. Fertilizer application up to 0g encouraged germination in the initially inhibited oil after nine week of nutrient application. 5. Goat dropping recorded a higher percentage reduction TH concentration than fertilizer but the t-tet proved that the difference i inignificant. 9 editorcp@boaljournal.com

11 ISSN: Ukpaka and Amadi / urrent Science Perpective (4) (016) icientic.org. Table 10: Reult of the effect of fertilizer (F 1) on ph of the contaminated oil ample (Level of fertilizer (g)) Duration Level of fertilizer (g) Week Week Week Week Week Table 11: Reult of the effect of Goat dropping (F ) on ph of the contaminated oil ample (Level of Goat dropping (g)). Duration Level of fertilizer (g) Week Week Week Week Week Table 1: Reult of the effect of Goat dropping (F ) on the Total Hydrocarbon (TH) ontent of the ontaminated oil ample (Level of goat dropping (g)). Duration Level of fertilizer (g) Week Week Week Week Week Table 13: Reult of the effect of Goat dropping (F ) on the total hydrocarbon (TH) content of the contaminated oil ample (Lvel of goat dropping (g)). Duration Level of fertilizer (g) Week Week Week Week Week Increment in NPK level in the oil a a reult of fertilizer application i higher than that of goat dropping, howing that fertilizer improve the NPK value in the oil than goat dropping. However, the NPK appear to leach out with time. 7. Both nutrient have the ame effect on the ph of the oil i.e. the ph fluctuated within the optimum ph range fro rapid decompoition of wate: 5 to 8.5 (Delille, 00). Goat dropping ha a higher organic content than fertilizer and i able to utain nutrient level of a longer period than fertilizer. The preent tudy ha demontrated that the crude oil polluted oil from SPD well head ite at Afam in Gyibo Local Government Area of River State call be remediate with both organic fertilizer (Goat dropping) and inorganic fertilizer (NPK), conidering the effect both nutrient had on the Total Hydrocarbon content of the original oil ample. Generally, remediation with fertilizer (organic or inorganic) i advantageou in replenihing the lot nitrogen, phophoru and potaium (in form o.(nitrate, phophate and potah) of the polluted oil. Inorganic fertilizer releae more of the element at a fater rate than it organic counterpart, but the organic fertilizer i able to utain it nutrient for a longer period. Integration of the reult howed that organic fertilizer (goat dropping) i preferable in the pre-planting remediation of crude oil polluted oil. Thi i mainly becaue it action in the oil have 110 toxic or negative effect on the ecological flora and fauna both in the hort and long run. On the other hand, inorganic fertilizer remediated oil call only be cultivated three month after the remediation wa initiated. Finally, with increaing awarene and interet in animal hubandry, goat, heep and cattle dropping can be collected from different farm at no or little cot which at the end of the day will be inignificant compared to the cot of inorganic fertilizer. REFERENES Al-Haan, R., Sorkhoh, N., Al-Bader, D., Radwan, S., Utilization of hydrocarbon by cynabacteria from microbial mat on oily coat of the gulf. Applied Microbiology Biotechnology 41, Atla, R. M., Effect of temperature and crude oil compoition on petroleum biodegradation. Applied Microbial 30, Braim, H., 004. The treatment and dipoal of petroleum wate: In: R. M. Atla (ed), Petroleum Microbiology. Macmillan Publihing ompany. Macmillan Inc., New York Braim, H.W., 003. Proceeding of the third wetern hade tree conference 3, Delille, 00. Bacterial degradation of cyclohexane. Participation of a co-oxidation reaction. Autonic van leeuwenhock 40,7-15. Hodge, D., A preliminary tudy of petroleum oil a an inecticide for citru tree. Hilgardia, Deiaz E., Omed. H., 008. Pollution in livetock production Sytem 19. El-Nemr, I., Radwan, S., Sorkhoh, N., Oil biodegradation around root, Nature 376,30. Maki, H., 003. Enrichment and characterization of degrading organim. In leiinger, T, Hutter, R., ook, A.M., Nuech, J., (Ed), FEMS Symp. Microbial Degradation of kenobiotic and Recalcitrant ompound 1, editorcp@boaljournal.com

12 ISSN: Ukpaka and Amadi / urrent Science Perpective (4) (016) icientic.org. Johnon, A., F.D., ook, D.W.S., Weflake., 00. Microbial utilization of crude oil. Applied Microbial 3, Salanitro, J.P., Review of in-place treatment technique for contaminated urface oil Background information for in itu treatment. Prepare for Municipal Environmental Reearch Lab., incinnati, OH,. Jimmy W., 008. Fate of toxic organic compound in Land applied Wate. In Parr, J.F., Marh, P.B., Kia, J.M. (Ed.), Land Treatment of Hazardou; Wate. Noye Pub., Park Ridge, N.J Kuyukin,.B., 003. Oily wate dipoal y oil cultivation proce. E. PA-R Office of reearch and monitoring, environmental protection agency, Wahington, D.. Leiland, T., 004. General apect. Microorganim and compound Experimental 39, Lagrega, Nicola, O., Method for conditioning freh and ea water from oil. United State Patent , Aug. 16, Lovely, D. R., 003. Oil pollution and fiherie philoophical tranaction of the royal ociety of London. Meagher, R.B., 000. Plant proving their worth in toxic metal cleanup. Science 69, Odu,.T.J., Environmental tudy (oil and vegetation) of the oil companie operational Area. Proceing of the international eminar on the petroleum indutry and the Nigerian environment. FMW & H/NNP. Kadulla Parr. J.F., Sikora, L.J., Burge W.D., Factor affecting the degradation and inactivation of wate contituent in oil. In Parr,.J. E., Marh, P.B., and Kia, J.M. (Ed.) Land treatment of hazardou wate. Noye Pub., Park Ridge, N , Pli, N., 00. General phyiology and ecology of photoynthetic bacteria. In layton, P.K., Sitrom, W.R., (Ed.). The photoynthetic Bacteria. Plenum Pre, New York Texa Reearch Intitute 004. Enhancing the microbial degradation of underground gaoline by increaing available oxygen. Report the America Petroleum Intitute, Wahington, D.. Ukpaka,. P., 015. Invetigation into the effect of momentum tranfer on de-oxygenation of watewater treatment in pond ytem for wet ea, International Journal of Novel Reearch in Engineering & Pharmaceutical Science 4, , Ukpaka,. P., 015a. Development of mathematical model to control the ditillate and reflux ratio of a ditillation column uing ramp input application of repone, International Journal of Novel Reearch in Engineering & Pharmaceutical Science, 4,1-3 Ukpaka,.P., 015b. Evaluation of microbiological corroion of carbon teel in alt water environment of Niger Delta region. Phyical hemitry Pakitan, 17, 1 6. Ukpaka,.P., 01. haracteritic of produced water from an oil terminal in Nigeria, Delta Area of Nigeria. Journal of Reearch in Environmental, Science and Technology 15, Ukpaka,.P., 01a. The effect of functional parameter on microbial characteritic in crude oil degradation. Journal of Reearch in Environmental Science and technology 14, Ukpaka,.P., 01b. The effect of ubtrate characteritic medium on improvement of MEOR in Niger Delta Area of Nigeria. International Journal of urrent Reearch 41, Ukpaka,.P., 01c. Modeling the inuoidal characteritic of dry eaon momentum tranfer in biodegredation of petroleum hydrocarbon in pond ytem. International Journal of urrent Reearch, 4, United Nation Environmental Protecting the land. In: our planet. Magazine of the UNEP 4(5),10-1. Wetlake D.W.S., Jon, A.M. Looki F.D., 008. Initu degradation of oil in a oil of the boreal region of the Northwet territorie, New York Wetlake, D.W.S., A.M. Jobon, F.D. ook, In itu degradation of oil in a oil of the boreal region of the Northwet territorie. an. S. Microbial. 4,54 60 Part II. Wilford, Philip G., 004. ontaminated oil treatment: the evolution of thermal deorption technology. Viit u at: Submiion are accepted at: editorcp@boaljournal.com 94 editorcp@boaljournal.com