Naushaad Haripersad Manager Clean Coal Technologies

Transcription

1 Naushaad Haripersad Manager Clean Coal Technologies

2 Contents 1. Introduction 2. Resources: Coal/ Water/ Sorbent/ CO 2 Sequestration 3. Clean Coal Technologies 4. Technical & Environmental Analysis 5. Clean Technology Cost Comparison 6. Concluding Remarks

3 Introduction Current emission legislation; Carbon taxation; COP15; IRP 2010; Coal & Sustainability Based on legislative compliance, Global image/ Government aspiration, and current energy planning can these two terms coexist?

4 Current Emission Legislation Emission Aspect Particulate Matter (PM) Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx expressed as N 2 O) Plant Status New Existing New Existing New Existing Target (mg/nm 3 ) National Environmental Management: Air Quality Act 31 March 2010

5 Carbon Tax The carbon tax scenario discussed in the LTMS document: Starting at R165/MWh (2010 rands); Escalating to R332/MWh (2020); And escalating to R995/MWh (2040); This level of carbon tax causes a switch in generation technology to low carbon emitting technologies, in particular the nuclear fleet (starting in 2022) and wind capacity of 17,6 GW starting in 2020.

6 Climate Change Mitagation Scenarios

7 Resources The key resources associated with coalbased power generation are: Coal; Water; Sorbent; CO 2 Sequestration.

8 Coal Resources Total RSA coal resources quoted at Bt (1998, DME Bulletin 113); Minable = 30 to 50 Bt; Unminable = 150+ Bt The term unminable is defined by present mining technology, markets and economics! In-Situ Resources 194,432 Recoverable Resources Million tonnes (Mt) 115,515 Recoverable Reserves 54,303

9 Coal Discard Resources CV Volatiles Ash Sulphur Fixed Carbon (MJ/kg) (%) (%) (%) (%) Discard Weighted Average of Proximate Analysis CV Volatiles Ash Sulphur Fixed Carbon (MJ/kg) (%) (%) (%) (%) Discard Slurry Weighted Average of Proximate Analysis Production ~ 60 Mt/a; Accumulation > 1 Bt.

10 Water Resources Reconciliation of Requirements for and Availability of Water for the Year 2025 Based on a 4% GDP Growth Scenario (Created from NWRS) Water Management Area Reliable Local Yield Transfers In Local Requirements Transfers Out Balance Potential for Development (WMA) (Mm 3 /yr) 1. Limpopo Luvuvhu/Letaba Crocodile West and Marico 1,084 1,159 1, Olifants , Inkomati 1, Usutu to Mhlathuze 1, Thukela Upper Vaal 1,486 1,630 1,742 2, Middle Vaal Lower Vaal Mvoti to Umzimkulu , , Mzimvubu to Keiskamma , Upper Orange 4, ,122 3, Lower Orange ,100 1, Fish to Tsitsikamma , Gouritz Olifants/Doring Breede Berg , Total for Country 14,940 7,606 16,814 7,591-1,859 5,410

11 Sorbent Resources Approximately 14 Bt Sorbent Resources in RSA, High quality proven Reserves of which 2.17 Bt, About Mt available for FGD application only, The majority of resources are dolimitic and more suitable for FBC application.

12 Sorbent Resources

13 CO 2 Sequestration Resources One of the key resources affiliated with coal-based energy has been the emergence of CO 2 sequestration; CO 2 sequestration is being actively investigated globally, and within South Africa the key milestone to quantify our inland and off-shore geological storage potential has been published through the Council for Geoscience s Atlas; Another key initiative relates to the utilisation of algae for CO 2 sequestration.

14 Geological Sinks Council for Geoscience: Atlas Geological Sinks for CO 2 Storage

15 Algae Resources Given the limited geological inland CO 2 storage opportunity within South Africa, Algae offers an alternate to Amine or similar capture technology options; The resource can either be harvested and applied in an open pond environment (high water and land requirements), or contained in a closed bio-reactor system (high capital and operational costs); These options may be best applied on existing coal plant to reduce a portion of the CO 2 emissions.

16 Biomass Resources The fuel offers the only current baseload option option under the renewable suite of technologies; Biomass can be catergorised as a CO 2 neutral fuel It s application as a 5% cofiring option within the existing Eskom coalfleet can yield as much as a 11.2 Mtpa reduction of CO 2 ; South Africa harvests some 18 Mt of timber per annum. This operation is estimated to generate about 6.7 Mt of forest biomass.

17 Biomass Resources Wood Residue Commercial Plantations Indigenous Woodlands Alien Vegetation Deciduous offcuts Total Tonnage (t/yr) (Million) Energy Potential (GJ/yr) (Million)

18 Clean Coal Technologies CCTs are defined as those which facilitate the use of coal in an environmentally satisfactory and economically viable way. The following fall under spectrum of CCTs: Pulverised Fuel (PF) Technologies Sub-critical PF, Supercritical PF (SCPF), Ultra-supercritical PF.

19 Clean Coal Technologies Fluidised Bed Combustion (FBC) Atmospheric Fluidised Bed Combustion, Pressurized Fluidised Bed Combustion. Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) Surface Gasification, Underground Coal Gasification (UCG).

20 Coal Affiliated CO 2 Reduction Technologies Pre-Combustion Coal beneficiation, Selective Mining, Fuel switching. During Combustion Biomass/ Gas co-firing, Oxy-fuel firing, Thermal Efficiency, Supercritical Boilers. Post Combustion Amine Scrubbing, Chilled Ammonia, CO 2 Geological Sinks, Algae.

21 Technical and Environmental Analysis The keys aspects surrounding coal-based technologies are: Particulates (dust) compliance (ESP & FFP); SO x compliance FGD; NO x compliance Low-NO x Burners. CO 2 compliance no current legislation, however the advent of taxation and aspiration to reduce CO 2 CCS consideration within the RSA context.

22 Technology Availability D ecision D ate B eyond 2030? Technology O ptions C ase Supercritical PC barg/ C / C / C 241/566/ /593/ /621/ /650/ /705/ /738/760/760 1 SCP C+BF SCP C+BF+Beneficiation SCP C+BF+wet FG D SCP C+BF+D ry FG D SCP C+BF+FG D+SNC R SCP C+BF+FG D+SCR S C P C +Am ine C O SCP C -Advanced C O Subcritical C FB barg/ C / C / C 9 C FB+BF C FB+BF+S orbent C FB+BF+S orbent+sn C R S C -C FB +A m ine C O Supercritical C FB barg/ C / C / C 241/566/ /593/ /621/ /650/ /705/ /738/760/ SC-C FB+BF SC-C FB+BF+Sorbent SC-C FB+BF+Sorbent+S NC R S C -C FB +A m ine C O SC-C FB+Advanced C O IG C C 18 IG C C+AG R IG C C +C O S +A G R IG C C +C O S +A G R +S C R IG C C +1W G S+C O 2+S C R IG C C +2W G S+C O 2+S C R U C G 23 U C G +AG R U C G +C O S +A G R U C G +C O S +A G R +S C R U C G +1W G S +C O 2+SC R U C G +2W G S +C O 2+SC R C BM 28 N G C C +D LN SNG +Pipeline+N GC C 29 SNG +DLN SNG +DLN +SC R SNG +CO 2+DLN +SC R Technology Availability Criteria com m ercially available and m eets Esk om 's technology m aturity criteria com m ercially available but does not m eet E sk om 's technology m aturity criteria technology not yet com m ercially available

23 CO 2 Compliance D e cis io n D a te B e yo n d M in im u m P la n t R e q u ire m e n ts Availa b ility >90% >90% >90% >90% >90% >90% P M e m is s io n s k g /M W h r S O 2 e m is s io n s k g /M W h r N O X e m is s io n s k g /M W h r C O 2 e m is s io n s k g /M W h r N /A N /A H g e m is s io n s % re m o v a l W a te r c o n s u m p tio n l/k W h r T e c h n o lo g y O p tio n s C a se S u p ercritical P C b arg / C / C / C 2 41 /5 66 / /5 93 / /62 1/ /6 5 0/ /7 0 5/ /73 8 /7 60 / S C PC +BF k g /M W hr S C PC +BF +B eneficiation k g /M W hr S C P C + B F + w et F G D k g /M W h r S C P C + B F + D ry F G D k g /M W h r S C P C + B F + F G D + S N C R k g /M W h r S C P C + B F + F G D + S C R k g /M W h r S C P C + A m in e C O 2 k g /M W h r S C P C -A d v a nc e d C O 2 k g /M W h r S u b c ritic a l C F B b arg / C / C / C 9 C F B + B F k g /M W h r C F B +B F +Sorbent k g /M W hr C F B + B F + S o rb e n t+ S N C R k g /M W h r S C -C F B + A m in e C O 2 k g /M W h r S u p ercritical C F B b arg / C / C / C 2 41 /5 66 / /5 93 / /62 1/ /6 5 0/ /7 0 5/ /73 8 /7 60 / S C -C F B + B F k g /M W h r S C -C F B + B F + S o rb e n t k g /M W h r S C -C F B + B F + S o rb e n t+ S N C R k g /M W h r S C -C F B + A m in e C O 2 k g /M W h r S C -C F B + A d va n ce d C O 2 k g /M W h r IG C C 1 8 IG C C + A G R k g /M W h r IG C C + C O S + A G R k g /M W h r IG C C + C O S + A G R + S C R k g /M W h r IG C C + 1 W G S + C O 2 + S C R k g /M W h r IG C C + 2 W G S + C O 2 + S C R k g /M W h r U C G 2 3 U C G + A G R k g /M W h r U C G + C O S + A G R k g /M W h r U C G + C O S + A G R + S C R k g /M W h r U C G + 1 W G S + C O 2+ S C R k g /M W h r U C G + 2 W G S + C O 2+ S C R k g /M W h r C B M 2 8 N G C C + D L N k g /M W h r S N G + P ip e lin e + N G C C 2 9 S N G + D L N k g /M W h r S N G + D L N + S C R k g /M W h r S N G + C O 2 + D L N + S C R k g /M W h r

24 Clean Technologies Comparison T ech n olo g y W ater (l/m W h ) C O 2 E m issions L C O E L C O E (l/m W h) (kg /M W h ) (Z AR /M W h ) (ZAR /M W h) S u b-c ritical D ry C o oled + D ry Ash ing (3) S u per-c ritical P F (S C P F) (1) C O A L S u per C ritical PF + W et F G D (1 ) S u per C ritical PF + S em i-d ry F G D (1 ) S C P F + W et-f G D + Am ine C C S (1 ) ,046 S u b-c ritical C F B + S orb en t (1) S u per-c ritical C F B + S orb ent (1) S u b-c ritical C F B + S orb en t + Am in e C C S (1 ) S u per-c ritical C F B + S orb ent + Am in e C C S (1) O C G T (3) ,397 1,397 G A S IG C C (2) C C G T (2) IG C C + C C S (2) U C G (2) U C G + C O (2) N uclear (2) (E xcl. se aw ater cooling) R E N W ind (2) S o lar - Parab o lic T ro ugh (2 ) 270-2, S o lar - C en tral R eciever (2) 315-1, P u m ped S torag e S ch em e 850 -

25 Coal & Sustainability Model

26 Concluding Remarks There many challenges facing coal-based technologies, however the South African context warrants the judicious utilisation of the resource; In order to render coal-based energy, and specifically coal power generation sustainable, it critically requires CCS coupling; CCS is best paired with the most efficient technology, with Gasification technologies permit inherent CO 2 removal;

27 Concluding Remarks Emphasis is required on Algae piloting and demonstration as this may well be our default CCS option both on a LCC basis and unavability of storage sinks basis; The more promising CO 2 storage sinks are coastal, thus the Coastal Coal concept maybe a strong candidate into the future; Existing coal decommissiong will provide the opportunity to replace with Cleaner Coal Technology options the planning must begin now.

28 Thank You Naushaad Haripersad Manager - Clean Coal & Emission Control Technologies (CCECT) Eskom Holdings Ltd Naushaad.Haripersad@Eskom.co.za Ph. : Fax : / Cell :