What does each part of the equation mean? q=cm T

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1 Assignment #10 Energy Pyramids LO: I can define trophic levels and explain the energy flow. I can apply those ideas to food webs EQ: Where does all the energy from the sun go? (4-5 sentences) LEVEL ZERO VOICE CATALYST (4 minutes, individual work): AGENDA 3/2-3/3 1. Notes What does each part of the equation mean? q=cm T HOMEWORK 1. Synthesis (wait 1 day) 2. Food log

2 Assignment #10 Energy Pyramids LO: Where does all the energy from the sun go? EQ: I can define trophic levels and explain the energy flow. I can apply those ideas to food webs (4-5 sentences) LEVEL ZERO VOICE CATALYST (4 minutes, individual work): AGENDA 3/2-3/3 1. Notes HOMEWORK 1. Synthesis (wait 1 day) 2. Food log What does each part of the equation mean? q=cm T q= energy or heat added c= specific heat (J/g C) the heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by a given one degree m= mass (g) T= change in temperature ( C)

3 An ecosystem consists of all the organisms living in a community, as well as the abiotic factors with which they interact Can you think of examples of ecosystems?

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7 Ecosystems continued Regardless of an ecosystem s size, its dynamics involve two main processes: energy flow and chemical cycling Energy flows through ecosystems, whereas matter cycles within them Conservation of Energy (1 st Law of Thermodynamics) Conservation of Mass

8 The transfer of food energy from its source in photosynthetic organisms through herbivores and carnivores is called the food chain. Ecosystems are complex so it is important to model

9 Trophic Level groups of organisms that obtain their energy in a similar manner Primary producers: obtain their energy from the sun to make organic compounds (glucose)

10 Trophic Level groups of organisms that obtain their energy in a similar manner Primary producers: obtain their energy from the sun or chemical sources to make organic compounds. Primary consumers: herbivore Secondary consumers: carnivore

11 Trophic Level groups of organisms that obtain their energy in a similar manner Primary producers: obtain their energy from the sun or chemical sources to make organic compounds. Primary consumers: herbivore Secondary consumers: carnivore Tertiary consumers: carnivore Quaternary consumers: carnivore Trophic level changes depending on what is eaten

12 Antarctic Food Web

13 Figure Energy is lost when one level consumes another level Energy is lost as heat, waste, feces Plant material eaten by caterpillar 200 J Feces 100 J 33 J 67 J Cellular respiration Not assimilated Growth (new biomass; secondary production) Assimilated (more bug)

14 Trophic Efficiency and Ecological Pyramids Trophic efficiency is the percentage of production transferred from one trophic level to the next It is usually about 10%, with a range of 5% to 20% Trophic efficiency is multiplied over the length of a food chain

15 Approximately 0.1% of chemical energy fixed by photosynthesis reaches a tertiary consumer There is a loss of energy with each transfer in a food chain

16 How much energy does each level get?? Can you name examples of animals for each level?

17 Energy Flow Pyramid Our Star ~20,000Calories/ft 2 Tertiary Consumers ~1.5 Cal/ft 2 Secondary Consumers ~30 Calories/ft 2 Primary Consumers ~250 Calories/ft 2 Producers ~1,500Calories/ft 2 Used by plants

18 Detritus Death (chemical reactions stop) Detritivores

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20 Tertiary consumers 10 J Secondary consumers 100 J Primary consumers 1,000 J Primary producers 10,000 J 1,000,000 J of sunlight

21 So Energy cycles What else cycles in an ecosystem?

22 The Water Cycle Water is essential to all organisms Liquid water is the primary physical phase in which water is used The oceans contain 97% of the biosphere s water; 2% is in glaciers and polar ice caps, and 1% is in lakes, rivers, and groundwater Water moves by the processes of evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, and movement through surface and groundwater

23 Figure 55.14a Precipitation over ocean Movement over land by wind Evaporation from ocean Evapotranspiration from land Precipitation over land Runoff and groundwater Percolation through soil

24 The Carbon Cycle Carbon-based organic molecules are essential to all organisms Photosynthetic organisms convert CO 2 to organic molecules that are used by heterotrophs Carbon reservoirs include fossil fuels, soils and sediments, solutes in oceans, plant and animal biomass, the atmosphere, and sedimentary rocks CO 2 is taken up and released through photosynthesis and respiration; additionally, volcanoes and the burning of fossil fuels contribute CO 2 to the atmosphere

25 Figure 55.14b CO 2 in atmosphere Photosynthesis Cellular respiration Photosynthesis Burning of fossil fuels and wood Phytoplankton Consumers Consumers Decomposition

26 The Nitrogen Cycle Nitrogen is a component of amino acids, proteins, and nucleic acids The main reservoir of nitrogen is the atmosphere (N 2 ), though this nitrogen must be converted to NH 4+ or NO 3 for uptake by plants, via nitrogen fixation by bacteria Organic nitrogen is decomposed to NH 4+ by ammonification, and NH 4+ is decomposed to NO 3 by nitrification Denitrification converts NO 3 back to N 2

27 Figure 55.14ca N 2 in atmosphere Reactive N gases Industrial fixation Denitrification Fixation N fertilizers NO 3 Dissolved organic N Aquatic cycling NH 4 + Runoff NO 3 Terrestrial cycling Decomposition and sedimentation

28 The Phosphorus Cycle Phosphorus is a major constituent of nucleic acids, phospholipids, and ATP Phosphate (PO 4 3 ) is the most important inorganic form of phosphorus The largest reservoirs are sedimentary rocks of marine origin, the oceans, and organisms Phosphate binds with soil particles, and movement is often localized

29 Figure 55.14d Wind-blown dust Geologic uplift Weathering of rocks Runoff Decomposition Plankton Uptake Dissolved PO 4 3 Leaching Plant uptake of PO 4 3 Consumption Sedimentation Decomposition

30 Assignment #10 Energy Pyramids LO: I can define trophic levels and explain the energy flow. I can apply those ideas to food webs EQ: Where does all the energy from the sun go? (4-5 sentences) LEVEL ZERO VOICE PROCESSING TASK (4 minutes, individual work): AGENDA 3/2-3/3 1. Notes Go through each question of the naiku quiz and work it out. HOMEWORK 1. Synthesis (wait 1 day) 2. Food log