CURRENT NUCLEAR POWER ISSUES IN RUSSIA

Transcription

1 CURRENT NUCLEAR POWER ISSUES IN RUSSIA Valerii Korobeinikov State Scientific Center Institute of Physics and Power Engineering Technical Meeting on the Country Nuclear Power Profiles 10 to 13 May 2016 / Vienna 1

2 Contents About Russia National Energy Strategy Structure of Nuclear Industry Nuclear Power operation and Production Reactors under construction Advance in Reactor technologies Expectation for INPRO methodology 2

3 1. General Information The total area of Russia is about км². The country consists of a large number of administrative units: regions (provinces) and republics. Population: GDP: RUR The regions of the country differ widely in territory, natural conditions, the structure and national composition of the population, and economic development. The climate of country is marked by very wide regional variations. 3

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5 Natural energy resources Russia one of the world's two energy superpowers is rich in natural energy resources. It has the largest known natural gas reserves of any state on earth along with the second largest coal reserves/ and the eighth largest oil reserves. Russia is the world fourth largest electricity producer after the USA China and India. Russia is the world s leading net energy exporter and a major supplier to the European Union. 5

6 2.National Energy Strategy The energy strategy document defines the main priority of Russian energy strategy as an increase in energy efficiency (meaning decreasing of energy intensity in production and energy supply expenditures) reducing impact on the environment sustainable development energy development and technological development as well as an improvement of effectiveness and competitiveness. 6

7 2.National Energy Strategy(cont.) 1. The Energy policy of Russia is contained in an Energy Strategy document which sets out policy for the period up to The idea of a Russian national energy policy was approved by the government of Russia in The main objective of Russian energy strategy is defined to be the determination of ways of reaching a better quality of fuel and energy mix and enhancing the competitive ability of Russian energy production and services in the world market. 7

8 Electricity Generation Structure: Russian Power Plants Electricity generation in the Russian Federation (TW h) including: Thermal power plants Hydro power plants Nuclear power plants

9 3. The Russian nuclear industry The Russian nuclear industry is an undisputed leader in advanced nuclear technologies providing innovative engineering and construction solutions for nuclear reactors and production of nuclear fuel. Since 1954 when the world s first nuclear power plant was launched in Obninsk ROSATOM has accumulated a wealth of experience and acquired extensive competencies in large-scale nuclear projects. 9

10 State Atomic Energy Corporation ROSATOM The mission of the State Atomic Energy Corporation ROSATOM (ROSATOM) is to deal with governmental tasks of the nuclear and radiation safety public acceptable of production of nuclear electricity and global technological leadership in the nuclear science and advanced technology. 10

11 State Atomic Energy Corporation ROSATOM incorporates more than 250 enterprises and scientific institutions, including all of Russia's nuclear industry nuclear facilities, research organizations and only nuclear-propelled fleet in the world. ROSATOM is also tasked to fulfill Russia's international obligations in the field of the peaceful uses of atomic energy and nuclear nonproliferation regime. 11

12 ROSATOM is the largest utility in Russia which produces more than 40 % of electricity in the country s European part. ROSATOM holds leading positions in the world market of nuclear technologies being the 2-nd in uranium reserves and 5-th in uranium mining; 4-th in nuclear electricity generation while providing 40% of the world uranium enrichment services and 17% of the world nuclear fuel market. 12

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14 Structure of Nuclear Industry 14

15 Structure of Nuclear Industry (cont.) Atomenergoprom is the part of Rosatom State Nuclear Power Corporation. Atomenergoprom produces a wide range of nuclear and nonnuclear products as well as provides full service in the area of nuclear power engineering. In particular the company provides design and turn-key construction of a NPP fuel supplies for the whole operation life of NPP upgrading and maintenance as well as personnel training. 15

16 Structure of Nuclear Industry (cont.) The company structure consists of divisions formed according to the basic segments of the nuclear fuel cycle: uranium production uranium conversion and enrichment nuclear fuel production nuclear and power machine engineering design, engineering and construction of nuclear power plants power generation at nuclear power plants 16

17 Structure of Nuclear Industry (cont.) Besides Atomenergoprom structure includes enterprises offering products and services in the following areas: nuclear power plant maintenance and upgrading nuclear power plant personnel training isotopes scientific and research companies and design offices non-nuclear products and services 17

18 4.Nuclear Power Operation and Production Nuclear power plants play significant role in Russia economy. For Russia with its climate and necessity of economic growth development of electrical power is vital important task. Powerful and efficient nuclear power plants situated in key points of power transmission net and operating in base load provide the stable work for all power system of Russia. 18

19 4. Nuclear Power operation and Production (cont). Map of Russian Nuclear Power Plants BN

20 The world s first 5 MW(e) nuclear power plant/ was started June/ 27/ 1954 in Obninsk. 20

21 BALAKOVO NPP BELOYARSK NPP ct/rosenergoatom_copy/site_en/npp/balnpp/ 21

22 BILIBINO NPP Kalinin NPP osenergoatom_copy/site_en/npp/balnpp/ 22

23 Kola NPP Kola NPP Kursk NPP nect/rosenergoatom_copy/site_en/npp/bal npp/ 23

24 Leningrad NPP Novovoronezh NPP nect/rosenergoatom_copy/site_en/npp/bal npp/ 24

25 Rostov NPP ото АЭС Smolensk NPP nect/rosenergoatom_copy/site_en/npp/bal npp/ 25

26 4. Nuclear Power Operation and Production ( cont.) Russia's nuclear plants with 35 operating reactors totalling 26,2 MWe comprise: 4 early VVER-440/230 pressurised water reactors 2 later VVER-440/213 pressurised water reactors 12 current-generation VVER-1000 pressurised water reactors with a full containment structure mostly V-320 types 11 RBMK light water graphite reactors 4 small graphite-moderated BWR reactors in eastern Siberia BN-600 and BN fast reactors. 26

27 Nuclear Power Operation and Production ( cont.) TWh TOTAL NPP YEAR 27

28 Power rectors in operation Reactor Type MWe net/ Commercial Scheduled V=PWR each operation close Balakovo 1 V / Balakovo 2 V / Balakovo 3 V / Balakovo 4 V / ? Beloyarsk 3 BN / FBR Beloyarsk 4 BN FBR Bilibino 1-4 LWGR 11 4/74-1/ EGP-6 Kalinin 1 V / ? Kalinin 2 V /

29 Power rectors in operation (cont.) Reactor Type V=PWR MWe net/ each Commercial operation Kalinin 3 V / Kalinin 4 V / Scheduled close Kola 1 V / or 2033 Kola 2 V / Kola 3 V / Kola 4 V / Kursk 1 RBMK / Kursk 2 RBMK 971 8/ Kursk 3 RBMK 971 3/

30 Power rectors in operation (cont.) Kursk 4 RBMK 925 2/ Leningrad 1 RBMK / Leningrad 2 RBMK 971 2/ Leningrad 3 RBMK 971 6/ Leningrad 4 RBMK 925 8/ Novovoronezh 3 V / ? Novovoronezh 4 V / ? Novovoronezh 5 V / potential Smolensk 1 RBMK 925 9/ Smolensk 2 RBMK 925 7/ Smolensk 3 RBMK 925 1/ Rostov 1 V / ? Rostov 2 V / Rostov 3 V / Total: MW 30

31 NPP Operational Facts in 2014 Electricity Generation kw h Load Factor. % Balakovo Beloyarsk Bilibino Kalinin Kola Kursk Leningrad Novovoronezh Rostov Smolensk Total

32 NPP Operational Facts in 2015 Electricity Generation kw h Load Factor. % Balakovo 33040,8 94,8 Beloyarsk 4455,9 74,9 Bilibino 181,4 45,2 Kalinin 33441,0 95,2 Kola 9148,7 62,7 Kursk 31255,0 84,9 Leningrad 26808,4 78,9 Novovoronezh 12634, Rostov 20453,8 89,1 Smolensk 23794,2 92,9 Total ,6 87,3 32

33 5. Reactors under construction By July GWe nuclear was projected for This was confirmed in a January 2015 roadmap with an average of one reactor per year commissioned to 2025 including the first three TOI units and excluding the Baltic plant. From 2028 to 2035 there are two 1200 MWeclass additions per year. 33

34 Major Power Reactors under Construction/ Planned and officially Proposed Plant Reactor Type MWe gross (net expected) Rostov 4 VVER- 1000/V-320 Status/ start construction 1100 (1011) Const 1983/ first new concrete 6/10 Start or commercial op'n 6/2017 or 2019 Leningrad II-1 Novovoronezh II- 2 Leningrad II-2 Baltic 1 (Kaliningrad) Floating NPP 1 KLT-40S 35x2 (32x2) Const 5/ for Pevek Novovoronezh II- 1 VVER- 1200/V-392M 1200 (1114) Const 6/08 Start up early 2016/ grid conn 6/2016/ comm 12/2016 VVER- 1200/V-491 VVER- 1200/V-392M VVER- 1200/V-491 VVER- 1200/V-491 Subtotal of 8 under construction 1170 (1085) Const 10/08 Grid conn 6/2017/ comm 1/ (1114) Const 7/09 Grid conn 10/2018/ comm 1/ (1085) Const 4/10 Grid conn 11/2019/ comm 2/ (1109) Const 4/12/ suspended 6/ MWe gross/ 6582 net*?? 34

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36 6. Advance in Reactor Technologies The principal scheme of innovative nuclear power for Russia based on new technology platform envisages full recycling of fuel/ balancing thermal and fast reactors/ so that 100 GWe of total capacity requires only about 100 tonnes of input per year/ from enrichment tails/ natural uranium and thorium/ with minor actinides being burned. About 100 t/yr of fission product wastes will go to a geological repository. The BN-series fast reactor plans are part of Rosatom's so-called Proryv/ or "Breakthrough/" project/ to develop fast reactors with a closed fuel cycle whose mixed-oxide (MOX) fuel will be reprocessed and recycled. 36

37 Relative energy potential of natural resources of Russia. U % Gas - 3.4% Coal - 8.7% U % Oil - 0.8% (Data source: for proven resources of fossil fuel British Petrolium «Statistic review of world energy 2005»: oil 9/9 billion tons/ gas 48 trillion m3/ coal 157 billion tons ; for proven resources of Unat - Federal Subsoil Resource Use Agency data thousand tons ) 37

38 Scheme of innovative nuclear power of Russia (installed capacity 100 GW(e) as an example) 38

39 Experience in BN technology development Experimental reactors BR-5/10 in 1959 BOR-60 in 1969 BN-350 in 1973 BN-600 in 1980 Power reactors BN-800 Construction - by 2015 BN-1200 design 39

40 BN-800 Fast Reactor 1.Reactor vessel 2.Guard vessel 3.Reactor core 4.Pressure chamber 5.Core catcher 6.Reactor vault 7.Main circulation pump 8.Top fixed shielding 9.Large rotating plug 10.Central rotating plug 11.Protection hood 12.Refuelling machine 13.Small rotating plug 14.Intermediate heat 40 exchanger

41 BN-800 Fast Reactor On the 9th of February, 2016 Unit 4 of Beloyarsk nuclear power plant with BN-800 reactor completed all tests under the first power program. The integral tests were successfully completed for the reactor unit operation at 50% power during 72 hours. All design criteria of the unit operation were confirmed by test results. The reactor unit continues operating at this power level. In the coming time, Rostechnadzor is expected to grant a permit for the start of a new power build-up stage, i.e. the pilot commercial operation, during which power will be gradually raised up to 100% of the rated value. Then, the reactor unit will be commissioned for the commercial operation. It is planned that during 2016 the new reactor unit with BN-800 will produce about 3,500 million kwh of electricity. 41

42 BN-1200 OKBM Afrikantov is developing a BN-1200 reactor/ and the design is expected to be complete by OKBM expects to commission the first unit with MOX fuel in 2020/ then eight more to Rosatom's Science and Technology Council has approved the BN-1200 reactor for Beloyarsk as unit 5, possibly to be operational about

43 BN-1200 fast reactor 1 - intermediate heat exchanger, 2 - reactor vessel, 3 - guard vessel, 4 - silo, 5 - core diagrid, 6 - core catcher, 7 - reactor core, 8 pump nozzle, 9 main sodium pump, 10 cold trap, 11 control rod drives, 12 rotating plug Fuel cycle: fuel mixed oxide or nitride; low power density in the core; external fuel cycle duration - 3 years; BR 1.2 (oxide) -1.3 (nitride, BRcore ~1) ; MA utilization in the basic fuel; Safety: 2 types of passive control rods; flattened core, sodium plenum; integration of all primary sodium systems in the reactor vessel to eliminate radioactive sodium leaks. Economical characteristics: optimization of layout approaches increase of load factor by transition to one-year refuelling interval increase of the fuel burn-up. 43

44 SVBR-100 A pilot 100 MWe SVBR- 100 unit is to be built at RIIAR Dimitrovgrad by AKME-Engineering. This is a modular lead-bismuth cooled fast neutron reactor design from OKB Gidropress/ and is intended to meet regional needs in Russia and abroad. 44

45 MBIR Program In September 2010 Rosatom said that the MBIR program at the Research Institute of Atomic Reactors (RIAR or NIIAR) in Dimitrovgrad would be open to foreign collaboration/ in connection with the IAEA INPRO program. The 150 MWt MBIR unit is expected to be built by

46 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE Closing of the nuclear fuel cycle is a strategic line of nuclear power development in Russia, which will ensure more efficient use of natural nuclear fuel and artificial fissile materials produced by reactors (e.g., plutonium)/ will minimize radwaste from fuel reprocessing and will help approach a radiation equivalence between the buried waste and the mined natural fuel. Strategy of Nuclear Power Development In Russia in the first half of the 21st century 46

47 MODEL of IDEAL NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE NUCLEAR FUEL SPENT NUCLEAR FUEL Fusion Products (Sr/ Cs/ Tc/ I) GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS 47

48 7. Expectation for INPRO methodology 48

49 The objective of INPRO is to support the safe, sustainable, economic and proliferation-resistant use of nuclear technology to meet the global energy needs of the 21st century 49

50 Expectation for INPRO Methodology To help selecting of development paths for future nuclear energy systems To provide a tool to identify necessary components of nuclear power structure To facilitate and to help to organize research work To allow for regional and other specific requirements Must create an important opportunity for cooperative international RD&D on INS 50

51 INPRO Today An international project/ with growing membership/ jointly implemented by the IAEA and INPRO members. Of clear interest to MS/ including both developed and developing countries. Has produced a holistic methodology to assess capabilities of innovative nuclear energy systems (INSs) and to identify improvements to be achieved via RD&D. Creates an important opportunity for cooperative international RD&D on INSs. 51

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53 CNPP can be used for INPRO objectives INS ASSESSMENT INPRO METODOLOGY CUNTRY PROFILE DATA BASE_No DATA BASE_3 DATA BASE_2 DATA BASE_1 53

54 Thank You! 54

55 Export of nuclear reactors At 2015 Atomexpo it was announced that at the start of the year Rosatom s foreign portfolio of orders totaled US$ billion, of which $66 billion was reactors, $21.8 billion was the contracted sales of EUP and SWU, and the remaining $13.6 billion was attributable to the sales of fabricated fuel assemblies and uranium. 55

56 Export of nuclear reactors The total at the end of 2015 was over $110 billion. Rosatom s goal is to gain half its total revenue from exported goods and services by 2030, and half its reactor revenue from overseas projects in Early in 2016 Rosatom said that Russia s GDP gained two roubles for every one rouble invested in building nuclear power plants abroad, as well as enhanced trade 56

57 Export of nuclear reactors Atomstroyexport (ASE) has three reactor construction projects abroad/ all involving VVER-1000 units. First/ it took over building a reactor for Iran at the Bushehr power plant/ a project commenced by Siemens KWU but then aborted. That plant is now operating. 57

58 Export of nuclear reactors CHINA:ASE sold two large new AES-91 power plants to China for Jiangsu Tianwan at Lianyungang (both now operating) INDIA:two AES-92 units to India for Kudankulam (under construction) It is likely that ASE will build a second unit at Bushehr and agreements have been signed for two more at Tianwan in China. 58

59 Export of nuclear reactors In 2007 a memorandum of understanding was signed to build four VVER-1200 units at Kudankulam (reaffirmed since). In 2009 four more were confirmed for Haripur in West Bengal. Construction of the Akkuyu plant in Turkey on BOO basis is due to start in

60 Export of nuclear reactors Russia's policy for building nuclear power plants in non-nuclear weapons states is to deliver on a turnkey basis including supply of all fuel and repatriation of used fuel for the life of the plant. The fuel is to be reprocessed in Russia and the separated wastes returned to the client country eventually. 60

61 Export of nuclear reactors From 2010 Russia plans to provide full or partial credits for nuclear construction in at least five countries: Ukraine (Khmelnitsky 3 & 4)/ Belarus (Ostrovets 1 & 2)/ India (Kudankulam 3 & 4)/ China (Tianwan 3 & 4)/ Turkey (Akkuyu 1-4) and Vietnam (Ninh Thuan 1-2). Bangladesh may also rely on Russia to finance nuclear construction. 61

62 Export of nuclear reactors Since 2006 Rosatom has actively pursued cooperation deals in South Africa/ Namibia/ Chile and Morocco as well as with Egypt/ Algeria/ Vietnam/ Bangladesh and Kuwait. 62