Grant agreement project details.

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1 Source Separated Compost Study Preliminary Summary and Data The information below is intended only as a brief summary of the demonstration project design, construction, and implementation. The project team is currently working on the final report including more descriptions, details, images and data collected. The project had significant limitations that are not fully detailed in this summary. The draft final report is anticipated to be complete by March of 2014 with final report the summer of The Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA) and our grant partners believe further study is needed to address fundamental questions raised through this research. Grant agreement project details Project Title: Scientific Evaluation of Contact & Storm Water from the Organics Demonstration Site Focus area identified in Request for Proposal (RFP): Source-Separated Compost (Category 1: Communities) - The evolution of technology and the co-ing of materials (i.e., food, yard waste, and non-recyclable paper) have resulted in currently unanswered questions such as: o Is there a need for a pad in the curing area or will a drivable surface over certain soil types and depth to water table be enough to protect the water table below a facility? o What is the chemical composition of the contact water from the various areas (i.e. the tipping/mixing, active, curing area) of the facility? o Is there infiltration into the soils in the areas that have a pad vs. those that do not have a pad? Is there a difference in the infiltration rates? Preferred project proposal direction to grantees: Proposals that address the following two identified research needs: 1) the chemical composition of the contact water and stormwater generated at facilities during different ing stages (i.e. tipping/mixing, active, curing), and 2) whether there is any infiltration of contact water to the soils below the mixing, active process to further reduce pathogens (PFRP) and curing areas (post PFRP) of a facility and, at a minimum include a literature review related to the two research topics and a proposed method of study that will evaluate the chemical and biological components of stormwater runoff from facilities. At a minimum, testing should include: nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium (NPK) panel; measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution (ph); metals panels; possible organic chemicals perfluorocarbons (PFCs), bisphenol A (BPA), other compounds such as phenols and pesticides; pathogens; biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD). Goal statement: A more comprehensive understanding of environmental impacts of ing operations will allow for expansion of the industry within the state. The data will provide those considering implementing and/or regulating with real data on which to base decisions about environmental impacts. Minnesota Pollution Control Agency TTY or Available in alternative formats

2 Project summary A. Fall 2012 Carver County Environmental Services (Carver County) applied to continue and expand research at the University of Minnesota Landscape Arboretum demonstration site in order to scientifically address questions related to technology and co-ed materials. The MPCA and Carver County entered into a Grant Agreement, effective September 20, Additional research was previously conducted by Carver County through an Environmental Assistance grant; that research is summarized in the November 2012 report Continuation & Expansion of the Commercial & Residential Co-collected Organics Composting Project. Working with Specialized Environmental Technologies (SET), University of Minnesota Extension Professor, Tom Halbach, and the MPCA, Carver County performed rain simulations and collected water samples in October A rain simulator acquired from the Minnesota Department of Agriculture was used to apply water to an existing pile and a number of different ing feed stocks. During the previous grant, falling head suction tube soil water samplers were installed three feet below the surface to collect samples of water that infiltrated through the compacted gravel pad and on site Lester-Kilkenny clay loam and loam soils. This phase of the project also included sampling of surface water generated by the rain simulation that took place over the pile. An image of the project configuration can be found in Appendix A. The data from water samples collected can also be found in Appendix A. Specific parameters such as starting moisture content, pile dimensions, and the amount of water applied will be included in the final report. B. Summer 2013 Throughout the winter of , Carver County worked with MPCA staff to revise the project design. Due to volume measurement and chemical analysis limitations, the falling head suction tube soil water samplers were replaced with a liner system to collect the contact water. In June of 2013, three test pads were constructed using compacted MnDOT Class I aggregate on a sand drainage layer and 40-mil high-density polyethylene (HDPE) liner. The design drawings and images of the pad construction can be found in Appendix B. On July 8, 2013, commercial food waste, co-collected residential food and yard waste, grass clippings, leaves, and wood chips were mixed together at the site to provide a recipe that could be used by co-ing operations. Three separate batches of feed stocks from the same sources were mixed together in a Supreme Rotomix VTX-745 double-bladed mixer using the same recipe. A frontend loader with a three-cubic yard bucket delivered bucket loads of ingredients to the mixer, and then delivered the mixed recipe to each of the three test cells. The dimensions of the piles were approximately 7 X 13 X 4 high. The average moisture content of the three mixed pile was 56%. The average recipe and an image of the three constructed piles can be found in Appendix B. Rain simulations were performed on July 10th on pile #3, July 11th on pile #2 and July 12th on pile #1 using the Minnesota Department of Agriculture s two-orifice Purdue design rainfall simulator. Over the 3.5 hour rain simulation period, approximately 200 gallons of water were non-uniformly applied to each pile. Rain gauges were placed in the piles to measure the amount of water falling on the pile in several locations. Figure B9 shows the amounts of water applied and the location of each rain gauge during the first rain simulation (pile #3). Rain simulations were performed again on each pile on August 14th 15th and 16th. The process was repeated again on September 17th, 18th, and 19th. These dates were chosen based on different stages of the ing process. Prior to the August simulation, the had a Solvita maturity index of between 4 and 5. Prior to the September round the Solvita maturity index was 6. Page 2 of 13

3 The test pads were designed with the intention to collect contact water running off the pile onto the surface of the pad and to collect water that had run through the pile and infiltrated through the aggregate pad. Surface water was only collected on one test cell during the first rain simulation. None of the other rain simulations performed on the test cells produced surface water run-off. Conversely all of the rain simulations from Fall of 2012 produced surface water run-off. All rain simulations on the test cells produced contact water that was collected from the subsurface collection sumps. Several attempts were undertaken to evaluate the characteristics of the aggregate pad used in the test cell. Each method had substantial limitations; however the test cells were substantially more porous than the operational pad. Following each rain simulation, the contact water collected in the subsurface sump area was measured. Samples of contact water were collected 24 hours after each rain simulation. According to the volumes measured and recorded from the sump, approximately 50% of the water applied infiltrated through the pile into the subsurface. These samples were analyzed for heavy metals, PFC, pesticides, pathogens and nutrients. The results of the analysis are summarized in Appendix C. Total volumes of water that were collected will be reported in the final report. Samples of the mixed solids were collected in July and August for analysis. In October 2013, samples of feed stocks similar to those used for the test piles used in the rain simulation were also collected and analyzed. The samples were analyzed for synthetic precipitation leaching procedure (SPLP) and the test method for the examination of ing and (TMECC). Samples collected for the TMECC analysis were gathered from a different facility. The results of all solids analysis can be found in Appendix D. Qualification The draft final report is anticipated to be complete by March of 2014 with final report the summer of This summary is not intended to address all details of the project and as such does not include a full assessment of the project s limitations or a comprehensive analysis interpreting the results. The above is intended only as a brief summary of the demonstration project design, construction, and implementation plan. While efforts were made to closely mirror actual ing operations, project considerations necessitated that aspects of this project s ing effort were not representative of real world ing operations. The Grantee is currently working on the final report including more descriptions, details, images and data collected. The project had significant limitations that are not fully detailed in this summary. e, the Grantee has stated its objection to the release of this document for a number of reasons including the fact that they have not yet finished and submitted their final analysis; QA/QC is incomplete and there are various contextual concerns. The MPCA shares some of these concerns; however, given the significant interest from outside parties and time sensitive nature of this research, the Agency feels compelled to release this preliminary summary. The full project team believes further study is warranted. Page 3 of 13

4 Appendix A: Fall 2012 Figure A1: October 2012 Project Table A1: October 2012 PFC Data WATER Sheet Flow Grab Sample Sheet Flow Sheet Flow Sheet Flow Sheet Flow Sheet Flow Sheet Flow Water Applied 10/23/ /8/ /8/ /8/ /9/ /23/ /10/ /24/2012 Date Collected 10/23/ /8/ /8/ /8/ /9/ /23/ /10/ /24/2012 units PFBA ng/l <8.2 <8.2 <8.2 < PFPeA ng/l 25 < < ,000 PFHxA ng/l <7.8 <7.8 <7.8 < PFHpA ng/l <15 <15 <15 <15 <15 <15 <15 <15 PFOA ng/l <13 <13 <13 < PFNA ng/l <0.7 <0.7 <0.7 < < PFDA ng/l < ,000 1, PFUnA ng/l <17 <17 <17 < <17 <17 PFDoA ng/l <9.8 <9.8 <9.8 <9.8 1, PFBS ng/l <13 < <13 55 PFHxS ng/l <11 <11 <11 < <11 32 PFOS ng/l <6.9 <6.9 <6.9 <6.9 <6.9 < <6.9 PFOSA ng/l <5.7 <5.7 <5.7 <5.7 <5.7 <5.7 <5.7 <5.7 Page 4 of 13

5 Table A2: October 2012 Data Soil Water Grab Sheet Sheet WATER Sheet Flow Sheet Flow Sampler Sample Flow Flow Sheet Flow Sheet Flow Sheet Flow Sheet Flow Water Applied 10/23/ /24/ /8/ /8/ /8/ /9/ /23/ /10/ /24/ /24/2014 Date Collected 10/23/ /24/ /8/ /8/ /8/ /9/ /23/ /10/ /24/ /24/2014 units Arsenic <10 <10 <10 < <10 1,120 <10 Barium Boron 501 <150 < ,740 1,790 2, Cadmium <2 <2 <2 < <4 <2 Chromium Copper 484 < Lead 18.3 <3 7.4 <3 <3 <3 67 <3 Molybdenum <15 <10 <15 < <15 Nickel 39 <20 <20 < Selenium 23.7 < Silver <10 <10 <10 <10 not reported Zinc Mercury <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 <0.6 <0.2 <0.6 <0.2 Nitrate as N <0.1 <0.1 < <1 <5 <1 Nitrite <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 < <5 <1 Nitrogen, NO2 plus NO <0.1 < <1 <2 <1 Phosphorous 0.68 < Potassium 12,600 2,860 10, ,000 2,310,000 1,400,000 2,880, ,000 TKN <1 < , ph at 25C Total Coliform MPN/100/mL TNTC TNTC TNTC* <1 unable to unable to Unsafe Absent Total Coliform CFU/100mL CFU/100ml run run 200, ,000 E-Coli MPN/100/mL TDS ,120 14,200 13,000 25,400 2,020 TSS 554 < Carbonaceous BOD <60 8, BOD-Hach Rev 1.1 <2 11 3,110 4,600 COD 138 <50 < ,430 13,700 45,300 35,600 2,530 Page 5 of 13

6 SVOC ALL ND <1,010 <10.4 <10.4 <10.4 <51 <1,010 <1,020 <102 2-Methylphenol(o-Cresol) <1,010 <51 <1,010 <1,020 <102 Dibenzofuran 2-Nitrophenol 3-Nitroaniline 1,2-Diphenylhydrazine WATER Sheet Flow Soil Water Grab Sheet Sheet Sheet Flow Sampler Sample Flow Flow Sheet Flow Sheet Flow Sheet Flow Sheet Flow Water Applied 10/23/ /24/ /8/ /8/ /8/ /9/ /23/ /10/ /24/ /24/2014 Date Collected 10/23/ /24/ /8/ /8/ /8/ /9/ /23/ /10/ /24/ /24/2014 units Pesticides ALL ND ALL ND ALL ND ALL ND ALL ND ALL ND ALL ND Phenols 159 2, 4-D ALL ND ALL ND ALL ND ALL ND ALL ND Phenolics, Total <50 <50 <50 <50 1,910 <1250 4,090 2,600 Bisphenol A (BPA) ng/l Page 6 of 13

7 Appendix B: Summer 2013 Figure B1: Pad Construction Plans Page 7 of 13

8 Figure B2: Wrapping 40-mil HDPE Liner into Drainage Pipe that is inserted into Sump Barrel Figure B3: Compacting Class I Aggregate in Two (2) Six-inch Lifts Figure B4: Checking Lateral Slopes of Test Cells Figure B5: Completed Test Cell with Surface Water Collection Tray, Apron, and Liner Collection Sump Riser Page 8 of 13

9 Figure B6: Compost Recipes Figure B7: Artificial Rainfall Simulator and Compost Pile. e Rain Gauges in the Pile. Type of ingredient Average Number of 3 CY Buckets/Recipe Approximate Weight (lbs) Average Percent of Recipe Based on Weight Commercial food waste % Grass % Co-collected food and grass % Leaves % Wood chips % Figure B8: Three Constructed Compost Piles (pile #1 closest) Figure B9: Distribution of water (in inches) applied on Cell 1 during the July 12, 2013 rain simulation. Square rain gauge placement was measured and recorded. Round rain gauges were randomly placed and location on figure is an estimate. Page 9 of 13

10 Appendix C: 2013 Compost Contact Water Sample Results Table C1: Contact Water Analysis Results WATER Pile # Surface 110 EqBk Water Applied 7/12/2013 7/11/2012 7/10/2013 7/10/2013 7/13/2013 8/14/2013 8/15/2013 8/16/2013 9/19/2013 9/18/2013 9/17/2013 Date Collected 7/13/2013 7/12/2012 7/10/2013 7/11/2013 7/13/2013 8/15/2013 8/16/2013 8/17/2013 9/20/2013 9/19/2013 9/18/2013 units Arsenic Barium 2,500 4,210 2,340 1, ,000 13,700 4,670 1,060 1,680 1,600 Boron 1,130 1,530 5, ,770 1, , Cadmium < Chromium < Copper Lead Molybdenum Nickel 1,110 1, <0.5 1, Selenium < < Silver <2.5 <2.5 <10 <2.5 <0.5 <2.5 <10 <2.5 <2.5 <2.5 <2.5 Zinc , <25.0 <25.0 <25.0 Mercury < <1.2 <0.2 < <0.2 Nitrate as N < < <1 Nitrite < < < Nitrogen, NO2 plus NO < < Phosphorous < Potassium 144, ,000 3,450,000 1,800,000 2,040,000 1,010, , , ,000 TKN < ph at 25C Total Coliform MPN/100/mL 242, , , , , , , ,500 83,000 20,000 Total Coliform CFU/100mL E-Coli MPN/100/mL 242, , , , , , ,500 65,900 1, TDS 20,000 27,400 47,700 9, ,100 21,100 11,300 3,440 5,280 3,810 TSS < Carbonaceous BOD 6,870 6,950 2,180 2,180 <2.0 18,700 21,200 15,500 1,720 1,280 <1200 BOD-Hach Rev 1.1 7,070 7,080 2,170 2,190 <2.0 5,220 15,600 14, <1200 COD 24,400 45, ,000 14,700 <50 303,000 58,000 13,700 2,190 3,640 2,900 SVOC 2-Methylphenol(o-Cresol) <1,030 <1, <207 <10.5 <21,300 <22,200 <10,300 <215 <10.9 <11.9 Dibenzofuran <1,030 <1,040 <100 <207 <10.5 <21,300 <22,200 <10,300 < Nitrophenol <1,030 <1,040 <100 <207 <10.5 <21,300 <22,200 <10,300 < < Nitroaniline <1,030 <1,040 <100 <207 <10.5 <21,300 <22,200 <10,300 < <11.9 1,2-Diphenylhydrazine <1,030 <1,040 <100 <207 <10.5 <21,300 <22,200 <10,300 < <11.9 Pesticides alpha-bhc < <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 delta-bhc < <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 < Lindane <0.05 < Endrin <0.10 < <0.10 <0.10 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 alpha-chlordane <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 < <0.05 Phenols <21, , 4-D < <2 < Phenolics, Total <500 <500 5,400 <500 <50 4,610 4,140 2,100 <500 1,800 < (2.74 in 169 (2.74 in 143 (2.74 in Bisphenol A (BPA) ng/l blank) blank) blank) Page 10 of 13

11 Table C2: 2013 Contact Water Analysis Results - PFC WATER Pile # Surface 110 EqBk Water Applied 7/12/2013 7/11/2012 7/10/2013 7/10/2013 7/13/2013 8/14/2013 8/15/2013 8/16/2013 9/19/2013 9/18/2013 9/17/2013 Date Collected 7/13/2013 7/12/2012 7/10/2013 7/11/2013 7/13/2013 8/15/2013 8/16/2013 8/17/2013 9/20/2013 9/19/2013 9/18/2013 units <2.82 PFBA ng/l Quantifiable Quantifiable Quantifiable Quantifiable Quantifiable Quantifiable Quantifiable Quantifiable Quantifiable Quantifiable PFPeA ng/l < < <78.6 <71.7 <25.8 < PFHxA ng/l < PFHpA ng/l 86.4 <12.9 < <2.82 <34.5 <37.1 <51.1 < PFOA ng/l 19.3 <12.9 <12.9 <11.3 <2.82 <24.5 <28.7 <38.3 <25.8 < PFNA ng/l <11.5 <12.9 <12.9 <11.3 <2.82 <24.5 <24.1 <24.9 <25.8 <25.2 <24.9 PFDA ng/l <11.5 <12.9 <12.9 <11.3 <2.82 <24.5 <24.1 <24.9 <25.8 <25.2 <24.9 PFUnA ng/l <11.5 <12.9 <12.9 <11.3 <2.82 <24.5 <24.1 <24.9 <25.8 <25.2 <24.9 PFDoA ng/l <11.5 <12.9 <12.9 <11.3 <2.82 <24.5 <24.1 <24.9 <25.8 <25.2 <24.9 PFBS ng/l < PFHxS ng/l <23.1 <25.8 <25.7 <22.5 <5.65 <48.9 <48.9 <49.8 <51.5 <50.4 <49.8 PFOS ng/l <23.1 <25.8 <25.7 <22.5 <5.65 <48.9 <48.9 <49.8 <51.5 <50.4 <49.8 PFOSA ng/l <11.5 <12.9 <12.9 <11.3 <2.82 <24.5 <24.1 <24.9 <25.8 <25.2 <24.9 Page 11 of 13

12 Appendix D: Solids sample results Table D1: SPLP analysis results SOLIDS-SPLP Pile # Compost Aggregate Finished Compost SOLIDS/FEEDSTOCK -SPLP pad pad pad finished finished finished Commercial Woodchips Grass Leaves Date Collected 7/9/2013 7/9/2013 7/9/2013 7/9/2013 7/9/2013 7/9/ /10/ /10/ /10/ /9/ /9/ /9/ /9/ /9/2013 units Arsenic <20 <20 <20 <20 <20 <20 <20 <20 <20 <20 <20 <20 <20 20 Barium Boron Cadmium <3 <3 <3 <3 <3 <3 <3 <3 <3 <3 <3 <3 <3 <3 Chromium <10 < <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 Copper Lead < <10 <10 <10 < <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 Molybdenum Nickel Selenium <20 <20 <20 <20 <20 <20 <20 <20 < Silver <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <20 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 Zinc Mercury <0.60 <0.60 <0.60 <0.60 <0.60 <0.60 <0.60 <0.60 <0.60 <0.6 <0.6 <0.6 <0.6 <0.6 Nitrate as N mg/kg 45 <30.5 nd 153 <24.4 <47 <27.8 <30.4 Ammonia (NH4-N) mg/kg Nitrite Nitrogen, NO2 plus NO Organic Nitrogen (Org-N) % Phosphorous mg/kg 1,810 1,870 2, ,860 2,100 1,740 2, ,270 3,200 1,690 Potassium TKN mg/kg 15,500 13,500 12, <99.2 < ,100 15,300 14,900 17,900 3,580 44,100 5,020 20,200 ph at 25C Total Coliform MPN/100/mL Fecal Coliform MPN/g Total Coliform MPN/g E-Coli MPN/g TDS TSS Carbonaceous BOD BOD-Hach Rev 1.1 COD SVOC <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <100 <100 <100 <100 <100 Acetone 1,290 <500 <500 <500 3,150 3,350 <100 <100 <100 2-Methylphenol(o-Cresol) Dibenzofuran < Pesticides alpha-bhc <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 < <01. delta-bhc <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 < <0.1 Endrin <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 Lindane <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 2, 4-D <2 <2 <2 <2 <2 <2 <2 <2 < Heptachlor <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.1 < Phenolics, Total Dry Weight Percent Moisture % Percent Moisture for TKN % Percent Moisture for BPA % (Dilution 21.5 (Dilution 29.5 (Dilution Bisphenol A (BPA) ng/n Data) Data) Data) <11.6 <13.6 Co-collect SSOM Page 12 of 13

13 Table D2: SPLP analysis results - PFC SOLIDS-SPLP Pile # Compost Aggregate Finished Compost SOLIDS/FEEDSTOCK -SPLP pad pad pad finished finished finished Commercial Woodchips Grass Leaves Date Collected 7/9/2013 7/9/2013 7/9/2013 7/9/2013 7/9/2013 7/9/ /10/ /10/ /10/ /9/ /9/ /9/ /9/ /9/ < < < PFBA ng/g Quantifiable < PFPeA ng/g < < < < <0.420 <0.357 <0.441 < <1.75 <1.37 <1.14 PFHxA ng/g <0.215 < < < < <1.8 <0.82 <1.75 <1.37 <1.14 PFHpA ng/g <0.687 < < 1.24 < < < <0.761 <0.448 <0.818 <1.8 <0.82 <1.75 <1.37 <1.14 PFOA ng/g < < < < < <1.8 <0.82 <1.75 < PFNA ng/g <0.603 < < < < < <0.420 <1.13 <0.441 <1.8 <0.82 <1.75 <1.37 <1.14 PFDA ng/g <0.266 < < < < < <0.420 <0.457 <0.441 <1.8 <0.82 <1.75 <1.37 <1.14 PFUnA ng/g <0.215 < < < < < <0.420 <0.357 <0.441 <1.8 <0.82 <1.75 <1.37 <1.14 PFDoA ng/g <0.215 < < < < < < <0.441 <1.8 <0.82 <1.75 <1.37 <1.14 PFBS ng/g < 0.43 < < < < < 0.21 <0.840 <0.715 <0.882 <3.59 <1.64 <3.5 <2.75 <2.27 PFHxS ng/g < 0.43 < < < < < 0.21 <0.840 <0.743 <0.882 <3.59 <1.64 <3.5 <2.75 <2.27 PFOS ng/g < < < < <0.882 <3.59 <1.64 <3.5 <2.75 <2.27 PFOSA ng/g < < < < < < <0.420 <0.357 <0.441 <2.16 <0.984 <2.1 <1.65 <1.36 % Moisture for PFC % Table D3: TMECC analysis results SOLIDS-TMECC Finished Compost Pile # Commercial Woodchips Grass Leaves Co-collect SSOM Date 10/10/ /10/ /10/ /9/ /9/ /9/ /9/ /9/2013 Units Arsenic mg/kg < Barium mg/kg Boron mg/kg Cadmium mg/kg <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 Chromium mg/kg < Copper mg/kg Lead mg/kg < < Molybdenum mg/kg <1.0 < <1.0 <1.0 Nickel mg/kg Selenium mg/kg <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 Silver mg/kg Zinc mg/kg Mercury mg/kg <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 Nitrate as N mg/kg Ammonia (NH4-N) mg/kg Nitrite Nitrogen, NO2 plus NO3 Nitrogen, NO2 plus NO3 Organic Nitrogen (Org-N) % Phosphorous mg/kg 2,000 2,100 1,900 Potassium mg/kg 6,400 6,100 5,200 TKN ph at 25C Total Coliform Fecal Coliform MPN/g 1,600 >1, ,100 1,400 2,600 1,800 1,900 Total Coliform MPN/g 1,600 >1,700 >1,700 E-Coli 2 2 <2 1, ,600 1,800 1,900 Total Solids % Dry Weight Percent Moisture % Percent Moisture for TKN Feed Stock Co-collect SSOM Page 13 of 13