Chapter 1 Living and Nonliving

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2 Chapter 1 Living and Nonliving living - things that are alive and can grow and change shelter - a safe place for animals and people nonliving - things that are not alive, don't grow, and don't change on their own Plants, animals, and people are living things. Living things can grow, change, and move on their own. A need is something living things must have to live. Plants need air, water, light, and space to live and grow. Animals need food, air, water, space, and shelter to live and grow. Nonliving things do not need food and water. People make some nonliving things, like toys. Nature makes some nonliving things, like water.

3 Chapter 2 Habitats habitat - a place where plants and animals live forest - a habitat with many trees and other types of plants wetland - a habitat that is covered with water ocean - a large, deep habitat that has salt water desert - a very dry habitat that gets little rain A habitat has everything plants and animals need to live. Habitats have food, water, air, and shelter. The wetland gets more rain in the summer than in the winter. Some animals that live in the wetland are ducks, cranes, dragonflies, and bullfrogs. An ocean is large and deep. Some animals that live in the ocean are sea turtles, whales, and fish. A desert gets lots of sunlight. Deserts are very hot during the day. A camel is a desert animal that can live without water for a long time. A cactus is a desert plant that can store water in its stems. In the forest, there is more food in the Spring and Summer than in the winter.

4 Chapter 3 How Plants and Animals Live antennae - feelers that help some animals know what is around them camouflage - a color or shape that makes an animal or plant hard to see root - the part of a plant that holds the plant in place and takes in water to the plant stem - the part of a plant that carries water to the leaves leat - the part of the plant that makes food for the plant flower - the part of the plant that makes seeds Some animals body parts help animals live in their habitats. Mountain goats live in a cold habitat. It has a thick fur to keep it warm. A hermit crab has antennae. Antennae help the hermit crab feel, smell, and taste. A clownfish uses its fins to swim quickly. It uses a sea anemone for shelter. A sea anemone is an animal. Animals use different body parts to find food. Birds use their wings to fly to find food. It uses its beak to break seeds. An owl uses its sharp beak to tear meat. The fat in a camel's hump helps it to live without food for a long time. A giraffe's long neck helps it reach leaves to eat. A snowshoe hare uses camouflage to help it hide. It is brown in the summer to help it hide among the trees. In the winter, its fur turns white to help it hide in the snow. A katydid uses camouflage to help it hide. A hippopotamus closes its nose and ears when it is under water. A kangaroo thumps the ground to warn others of danger. The stone plant is hard to see. It is camouflaged. Spines help keep some plants safe. It keeps animals away.

5 Chapter 4 Life Cycles tadpole - a very young frog life cycle - the changes that take place as a plant or animal grows and changes larva - a young insect that has a different shape from the adult pupa - the step after larva in some insects' life cycle seed coat - the protective shell that covers and protects a seed seedling - a very young plant Frog Life Cycle o A frog begins as an egg. o A tapdole hatches and swims in the water. o The back legs begin to grow. o The front legs grow. o The young frog grows into an adult frog and lives on land and water. Butterfly Life Cycle o A butterfly begins as an egg. o A larva hatches from the egg. It is a caterpillar. o The caterpillar becomes a pupa. It is changing inside a hard covering. o An adult butterfly comes out. Plant Life Cycle o The plant begins in a seed. o The seedling grows. o The seedling continues to grow into a grown plant. The grown plant will make more seeds. Some plant seeds grow in flowers, inside fruit, and in pine cones. o Plants will grow into the type of seed it is. Example, a daisy grows from a daisy seed. Young animals may look like their parents when they grow up. Some animals will not look like their parents when they grow up. They may be a different color, size, or shape. A young salamander lives in water and a grown salamander lives on land.

6 Chapter 5 Food Chains oxygen - a gas in the air that plants and animals need to live. Most living things need oxygen to live. rain forest - a habitat that gets a lot of rain food chain - the way food passes from one living thing to another marsh - a wetland habitat All living things need food. Green leaves need sunlight, air, and water to make food. Green leaves give off oxygen when they make food. o A food chain in a rain forest: 1. The plant gets food from the sunlight, air, and water. 2. The katydid eats the plant. 3. The lizard eats the katydid. 4. The bird eats the lizard. 5. The tayra eats the bird. o A food chain in a marsh: 1. The plant makes foods from the sunlight, air, and water. 2. The rat eats the plant. 3. The snake eats the rat. 4. The bird eats the snake.

7 Chapter 6 Land, Water, and Water rocks - nonliving things that come from the Earth sand - tiny pieces of broken rock natural resources - a useful thing that comes from nature clay - a soft part of soil that looks likes mud that is sticky when wet and is hard when it dries humus - soil made up of living things that have died weathering - the breaking apart and changing of rocks erosion - when wind or water moves rocks and soil from one place to another minerals - nonliving material that can be found in rocks and soil The surface of the Earth is made up of land and water. The Earth has more water than land. The land has plains, hills, and mountains. Lakes and oceans are two bodies of water. Soil is a natural resource. Soil may have sand, clay, and humus in it. Air and water are also natural resources. Living things need air and water to live. Weathering changes the land. Wind, water, and ice can cause weathering. You can save the Earth's land, water, and air by reducing, reusing, and recycling. Reduce means to use less. Reuse means to use things again. Recycle means to make old things into new things.

8 Chapter 7 Weather weather - what it is like outside thermometer - a tool that measures temperature temperature - how hot or cold something is water vapor - a form of water in the air cloud - a form in the air made of pieces of ice when water vapor cools sleet - frozen rain season - one of the four parts of the year Weather can change from day to day. A wind vane is a tool that tells the direction of the wind. A rain gauge measures how much rain falls. Clouds have many shapes and sizes. There are four seasons. 1. Spring is warm. 2. Summer comes after Spring. Summer is warmer than Spring. 3. Fall comes after Summer. It is cooler than Summer. 4. Winter comes after Fall. Winter is the coldest season of the year.

9 Chapter 8 Observing Matter matter - anything that takes up space mass the amount of matter in an object solid - a kind of matter that takes up space and has its own shape liquid - matter that takes the shape of its container gas - a kind of matter that can change size and shape dissolve - to spread throughout a liquid evaporate - to change from a liquid to a gas Matter has any tiny parts. Solids, liquids, and gases are matter. Air is a gas. Air is all around us. Matter can be changed in many ways. Examples: o A liquid can be cooled until it freezes. o A solid can be heated until melts. Different kinds of matter can be mixed. Example - The solids carrots, noodles, and chicken can be mixed with a liquid, broth, to make soup. Salt will dissolve in water to make salt water. Water can change. o Ice is a solid. It can change into a liquid when it melts. o Water is a liquid. It can change into a solid when it freezes. o Water can change into a gas. When it boils, it changes into water vapor. Matter changes in other ways. Example - Paper can burn and turn into ashes. The ashes cannot turn back into paper.

10 Chapter 9 Movement and Sound force - a push or a pull that may make something move gravity - a force that pulls things toward the ground speed - how quickly or slowly something moves magnet - an object that attracts some kinds of metal attract - to pull toward pole - at the end of some magnets repel - to push away vibrate - to move back and forth very fast The more force a child uses to push a toy car, the faster it moves. When a child uses less force, the toy car will move slowly. Things move up, down, left, right, straight, zigzag, and around curves. A block tower will fall if you pull out the bottom block. All magnets have a north pole and a south pole. o Different poles will attract each other. The north and south poles attract. o The same poles will repel. The north poles will repel if you try to touch them together. The south poles will repel if you try to touch them together. Magnets are attracted to things made from metal. Iron is one kind of metal. Sound is made by vibrations. The strings of a guitar vibrate when it is plucked.

11 Chapter 10 Learning About Energy heat - moves from warmer places to colle places and objects energy - something that can change things shadow - a dark shape made when something blocks light fuel - anything that is burned to make heat or power electricity -makes things work battery - something that stored electricity Heat comes from the light of the Sun. The light of the Sun warms the land, the water, and the air. Heat also comes from other things like lamps, stoves, fireplaces, and toasters. Rubbing your hands together makes them warm. Light is a form of energy. Energy from the Sun can change the temperature. Objects with lighter colors feel cooler than objects with darker colors. Some sources light can come from are the Sun, fire, stars, candles, light bulbs, and fireflies. Light can pass through some things, such as a window. Light will not shine through a wall. If you shine a flashlight on a toy, it will make a shadow. A shadow is large when the light is close. A shadow is small when the light is far away. A tree blocks the Sun and makes a shadow. At high noon, the tree's shadow is the shortest than any other time of the day. Most cars get energy from fuel. Gasoline is a fuel. Electricity gives energy to make electric things work. We get energy from food. We need energy to move, grow, and change. We also need energy to move, play, and rest.

12 Chapter 11 Day and Night sun - a big ball of hot gas that makes the day sky bright star - a big ball of hot gas rotation - the act of turning around and around planet - a large body of matter that moves around the Sun telescope - makes things that are far away look closer and brighter moon - an object in the sky that moves around the Earth The Sun makes the day sky bright. Sometimes, you can see the Moon in the sky during the day. The Sun is bigger than the Earth. The Sun looks small because it is far away from us. The Earth is always moving. It rotates. The Earth makes one rotation every day. This rotation causes day and night. It is night when the Earth is facing away from the Sun. It is day when the Earth is facing the Sun. Stars give off light. Most stars can be seen at night. The Earth is a planet. Planets do not give off light. Planets move around the Sun. Stars look tiny because they are far away. The Sun is the closet star to the Earth. Saturn, Mars, and Venus are planets. Sometimes you can see these planets in the night sky. The Moon moves around the Earth. The Moon has no air, no animals, and no plants. The Sun's light shines on the Moon. You only see the part of the Moon lit by the Sun. The Moon looks different each night. It takes about 29 days for the Moon to look the same again.

13 Chapter 12 Science in Our World technology - the use of scientific knowledge to solve problems simple machines - tools with few or no moving parts that does work wedge - a simple machine used to push things apart wheel and axle - a simple machine used to move thingsexample - a wheelbarrow screw - a simple machine used to hold things together lever - a simple machine that can be used to lift something pulley - a simple machine that uses a wheel and rope to move things up and down inclined plane - a simple machine that is high at one end and low at the other Technology helps make a farmer's job easier than a long time ago. They use machines. o A plow gets the soil ready to plant the corn seeds. o A seed drill pants the seeds. o A harvester machine picks the corn. o A truck takes the corn to the store. We use tools for dinner. Example-fork, spoon, knife, measuring cup, and grater. Loggers also use technology. o Tree shears are used to cut down trees. o A grappler moves the logs. o A long-arm knuckle boom machine loads the logs onto the truck. o The truck tales the logs to the sawmill. o The logs are cut into boards. Technology helps with communication. Some types of technology used for communication are computers, cell phones, digital cameras, radios, and television.

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