Japan s Current Nuclear Energy Policy

Transcription

1 Japan s Current Nuclear Energy Policy Octber 5th, 2015 Kyoji Yoshino Director-General for Energy and Environmental Policy Agency for Natural Resources and Energy, METI

2 Change of Nuclear Power Generation Output in Japan After the Great East Japan Earthquake and TEPCO s Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear accident in 2011, all nuclear power plants (NPPs) are in a state of temporary shutdown. hundred million kwh % Thermal power ratio Nuclear power ratio 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% % 1973 oil crisis (October 1973) 1979 oil crisis (1979) Three Mile Island accident (March 1979) Chernobyl accident (August 1986) Activation of the Framework Convention on Climate Change (March 1994) Mal reporting incident by TEPCO (August 2002) Niigata Chuetsu Earthquake, temporary shutdown of TEPCO s Kashiwazaki Kariwa NPS (2007~) The Great East Japan Earthquake, TEPCO s Fukushima nuclear accident (March 2011) 1

3 Adverse Effects due to Shutdown of NPPs after the Disaster 1.Increase in dependency on fossil fuels from overseas Energy Security Fuel for 88% of total power generation is imported from overseas. FY2013 Before the Earthquake, it was 61% in FY dependency on the Middle East:Crude oil (83%), Natural gas (30%) Ratio of renewable energy : About 2.2% of total power generation (where Hydro power generation is not included) FY Increase in fuel cost (due to increase in thermal power generation) Nation s Life and Economy Climate Change About 3.4 trillion yen(national burden is about 30 thousand yen/person.) estimation in FY Increase in price of electricity An average of about 25% increase from the level before the disaster (monthly price of standard family:tepco about 6,300yen about 7,900yen KEPCO about 6,400yen about 8,000yen) (Expenditures for the Feed-in-Tariff system of renewables is about 650 billion yen/year which corresponds to 2,700yen/year for standard family) FY Increase in greenhouse gas emissions as of FY2013 The amount of CO2 emissions from general electricity utilities increased by about 110 million tons in FY2013 compared to FY2010. (about 9% of the total Japan s CO2 emission) 2

4 Nuclear Energy Policy in the New Strategic Energy Plan of Japan <Description in the Strategic Energy Plan of Japan> Introduction Decided by the Cabinet in April, 2014 We will do our utmost to achieve the reconstruction and recovery of Fukushima while reflecting on the pains felt by the people affected by the accident at TEPCO s Fukushima nuclear accident. Needless to say, that is the starting point for rebuilding Japan s energy policy. 1. Issues related to the energy supply-demand structure in Japan 1 Concerns over the safety of nuclear power generation and deteriorated public confidence in the government and operators 2 Outflow of national wealth and increase in dependency on the Middle East, price of electricity and greenhouse gas emission in Japan due to higher dependency on fossil fuels 3 North America's move toward independency of its energy supply by the shale-gas revolution and widening gap of regional energy prices in the world 2. Basic policy regarding measures concerning energy supply and demand 1 To pursue "Energy Security", "Economic Efficiency" and "Environment" on the premise of "Safety" as the basic viewpoint, in consideration of "global viewpoint" and "economic growth 2 "Multilayered" supply structure where the strength of each energy source is to be maximized by appropriately offsetting each other's weakness 3 More "flexible and efficient" energy supply-demand structure where various options are to be prepared by various suppliers 3

5 Energy Best Mix - Target Level on the Premise of Considering the Energy Best Mix A METI s advisory-committee on energy best mix set up 3 goals corresponding to 3 E on the premise to secure safety, in order to compile an outlook of 2030 demand & supply structure of energy in Japan. Secure Safety Premise Self-Sufficiency Rate Only 6% at present Electricity Cost Significant rise in electricity price since 3.11 approx. 30% up for industry approx. 20% up for household Surcharge for FIT ; 1.3 trillion yen in FY2014 Greenhouse Gas Emission Worst record of CO2 emission* in FY2013, due to NPPs shut-down replaced by additional thermal power generation *Originated from energy supply Source Extraction (preliminary translation) from documents in the 8 th Long-term Energy Supply & Demand Outlook Subcommittee, Advisory Committee for Natural Resources & Energy, METI Goal for Energy security Approx. 25%, exceeding the level before 3.11 ( approx. 20%) Goal for Economic efficiency Lower the cost less than present level Goal for Environment Internationally comparable target of Greenhouse gas reduction 4

6 Energy Best Mix Outlook of Composition of Electric Power Sources Composition of electricity sources and electricity generation (billion kwh) 2030 Oil % Coal % LNG % 2030 LNG 27% (approx.) Average in the last 10 years before 3.11 LNG 27% Nuclear power 216.8~ ~20% Renewable energy 236.6~ ~24% Total % 2030 Solar % Wind % Geothermal 10.2~ ~1.1% Hydropower 93.9~ ~9.2% Coal 26% (approx.) Oil 3% (approx.) Renewable energy 22~24% (approx.) Nuclear power 22~20% (approx.) Coal 24% Oil 12% Renewable energy 11% Nuclear power 27% Biomass 39.4~ ~4.6% All the numbers are approximately Source extracted (preliminary translation) from documents released in the 11 th Long-term Energy Supply and Demand Outlook Subcommittee, Advisory Committee for Natural Resources and Energy, METI 5

7 Existing Light Water Reactors 6 <Description in the Strategic Energy Plan of Japan> On the premise that safety comes before everything else and that every possible effort is made to resolve the people s concerns, judgment as to whether nuclear power plants meet the new regulatory requirements will be left to the Nuclear Regulation Authority (NRA) In case that the NRA confirms the conformity of nuclear power plants with the new regulatory requirements,which are of the most stringent level in the world, GOJ will follow NRA s judgment and will proceed with the restart of the nuclear power plants.

8 Integrated and Independent Organization 7

9 Structure of proposed requirements 8

10 Tsuruga 28 Kashiwazaki Kariwa Shika 22 9 Nuclear Power Plants in Japan (As of Oct 5, 2015) Tomari Onagawa Mihama Ohma Higashidori(Tokyo) Higashidori(Tohoku) Ohi Takahama Shimane Genkai Permitted in Feb Sendai Ikata Hamaoka Tokai Tokai Daini Fukushima Daiichi Fukushima Daini Decided to be permanent shutdown in April 2015 (Total 5 Units) Under NRA Review for basic design and concept (Total 25 Units) Permitted in Sep Permitted in Jul (Unit 1) Restarted in Sep Reactor-type BWR PWR ABWR Age (Applied Date for NRA Review) Not Start Operation 9

11 Safety Reviews and Inspections process of NRA Application by opperators Review of basic design and concept (for permission of reactor installment license change) Date Reactor Applicant Sep Feb Jul Sendai NPS, Unit 1 and 2 Takahama NPS, Unit 3 and 4 Local acceptance process * No legal requirements Disaster prevention and evacuation plan *Not a legal prerequisites for restart Permitted reactors Ikata NPS, Unit 3 Outline of processes for restart of NPPs Kyusyu Electric Power Kansai Electric Power Shikoku Electric Power Review of detailed design (for approval of construction works plan) Assessment of Operation management systems, etc. (for approval of operational safety programs Approved reactors Date Reactor Applicant Mar May Aug Sendai NPS, Unit 1 Sendai NPS, Unit 2 Takahama NPS, Unit 3 Kyusyu Electric Power Kansai Electric Power Local acceptance process Preparation and enhancement of the disaster prevention and evacuation plan Inspection before reactor start-up Date Aug **Based on the Basic Act on Disaster Control Measures and the Act on Special Measures concerning Nuclear Emergency Preparedness Date May Inspection after reactor start-up Date Sep Completion of assesment And inspections 10

12 Reconstruction of Safety Culture 11 <Description in the Strategic Energy Plan of Japan> Nuclear industry as well as GOJ must shed the so-called safety myth, and pursue the world s highest level of safety for operations through continuous and voluntary safety improvement. The industrial circles, including nuclear operators, need to set up business schemes to persistently pursue safety and make efforts to foster safety culture that places top priority on the safety of nuclear facilities. Each nuclear power operator, with a firm resolve that it will never let another nuclear accident to happen, should establish an appropriate risk management system and implement objective and quantitative risk assessments such as probabilistic risk assessment (PRA).

13 Establishment of the Nuclear Risk Research Center (NRRC) 12 Established within the Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI) on October 1, Utilizing PRA, this center is to perform R&D of safety-enhancing technologies which is beyond merely fulfilling regulatory requirements and to examine and propose effective problem-solving measures at individual plant, etc. The authorities of nuclear safety with strong leadership experience were invited to serve as the NRRC s executives. Head: Dr. George Apostolakis (A former member of the U.S. NRC) Executive Advisor : Dr. Richard A. Meserve (A former Chairman of the U.S. NRC)

14 Extract from 4 th Strategic Energy Plan (Cabinet Decision on April 11 th, 2014) To use nuclear energy in Japan, understanding and cooperation of municipalities hosting nuclear power-related facilities (nuclear host municipalities) and other relevant parties, including residents, are essential, and the previous contributions made by them to stable supply of energy should be recognized again. On the other hand, nuclear host municipalities and other relevant parties are concerned about various matters related to the accident. Therefore, it is important to transmit scientific proven information, and have polite discussion in terms of risk and its effect of nuclear power, and the way to face the risk and take measures, based on the situation in each area. France introduced a Commission Locale d Information (CLI) in 1981 to provide a forum for sharing of information between local communities hosting nuclear-related facilities. In the United Kingdom, there is the Site Stakeholder Group (SSG), while in Sweden, there is a local commission system. These organizations are promoting proper communications in host regions of nuclear-related facilities. In Japan as well, GOJ will be more actively involved in communications with reference to examples in other countries and will take necessary measures to enhance the sharing of information within regions through careful dialogues with various stakeholders, including local residents. 13

15 Outline of the Grant-in-Aid System for Power Plant Area Measures To construct and operate power generation facilities smoothly, three laws were in effect in 1974: Act on Tax for Promotion of Power-Resources Development, Act on Special Accounts for Electric Power Development Acceleration Measures, and Act on the Development of Areas Adjacent to Electric Power Generating Facilities. The purpose is coexistence with areas having power plants by granting subsidies to them in accordance with the these laws. Act on Special Accounts Act on the Development of Areas Adjacent to Electric Power Generating Facilities Electricity consumers Electricity charge Electric power company (general electric power supplier) Act on Tax for Promotion of Power-Resources Development Tax for promotion of powerresources development yen/kwh (sold power) General account (Special account for energy measures) Power resource development account Power plant area measures Power use measures Nuclear power safety and control measures Subsidies for power plant area measures (Hardware and software programs) Subsidies for power plant area development measures etc. Local government having power plant areas Note: After being abolished in April 1, 2007, the Act on Special Accounts for Electric Power Development Acceleration Measures was handed down to the Act on Special Accounts. 14

16 Efforts to Build Trust among Local Municipalities Hosting Nuclear-related Facilities in Japan There are some councils and committees based on Safety Agreement signed by electric power companies and local municipalities hosting nuclear power station. In addition, there are some voluntary committees and actions apart from Safety Agreement. 1. Matsue-city Nuclear Power Plant Safety Measures Meeting 2. Committee for Securing Transparency of Kashiwazaki-Kariwa Nuclear Power Station Has held 34 meetings since 2005 for citizens and the government to exchange information. Discussions are shared with the citizens through publications. Mayor of Matsue acts as the chairperson. Not only city council members and Shimane prefectural government employees, but fisheries and agriculture corporations, business community, labor organizations, and medical associations participate in the meeting. Antinuclear-power organizations also join the meeting. Held once a month, basically open to the public. Transmits information from different viewpoints including pro-nuclear, antinuclear, and neutral opinions in parallel, without being one-sided. Has compiled 13 recommendation reports. Mainly for residents of Kariwa-village, Kashiwazaki-city. Chamber of commerce, neighborhood associations, energy-related NPOs are involved. Antinuclear organizations also join in the meeting. Government side (Niigata Prefecture, Kashiwazaki-city, Kariwa-village, NRA, ANRE) and TEPCO join the committee as observers. 15

17 Efforts toward Restoration and Reconstruction of Fukushima 16 < Description in the Strategic Energy Plan of Japan > Efforts towards restoration and reconstruction of Fukushima is a starting point to rebuild Japanese energy policies. GOJ s playing more proactive roles in the decommissioning of Fukushima Daiichi NPPs and the countermeasures for the contaminated water issue (CWI). GOJ s playing more proactive roles in proceeding compensation, decontamination and operations of intermediate storage facilities. Conducting necessary studies for the establishment of R&D center for decommissioning and of industrial cluster for the fabrication/maintenance around the Fukushima Daiichi site.

18 Summary of Decommissioning and Contaminated Water Management Main works and steps for decommissioning Fuel removal from Unit 4 SFP had been completed. Preparatory works to remove fuel from Unit 1-3 SFP and fuel debris (Note 1) removal are ongoing. Fuel Removal from SFP Unit 1&2 Rubble removal & dose reduction Fuel Debris Removal Unit 3 Installing Fuel-Handling Machine Unit 1-3 Fuel removal Capturing status inside PCV/ examination of fuel debris removal method, etc. (Note 2) Dismantling Facilities Unit 4 Storage and handling Scenario development & technology consideration Fuel debris removal Design and manufacturing of devices/ equipment (Note 1) Fuel assemblies melted through in the accident. Storage and handling Dismantling (Note 2) The fuel debris removal method for each unit will be decided two years after revising the Mid-and- Long-Term Roadmap (June 2015). The method for the first unit will be confirmed in the first half of FY2018. Three principles behind contaminated water countermeasures Water to cool fuel having melted in the accident is mixed with groundwater and approx. 300 tons of contaminated water is generated daily. Countermeasures for contaminated water are implemented in accordance with the following three principles: 1. Eliminate contamination sources 1 Multi-nuclide removal equipment, etc. 2 Remove contaminated water in the trench (Note 3) (Note 3) Underground tunnel containing pipes. 2. Isolate water from contamination 3 Pump up groundwater for bypassing 4 Pump up groundwater near buildings 5 Land-side impermeable walls 6 Waterproof pavement 3. Prevent leakage of contaminated water 7 Soil improvement by sodium silicate 8 Sea-side impermeable walls 9 Increase tanks (welded-joint tanks) Provided by Japan Space Imaging, (C) DigitalGlobe 2Remove contaminated water in the trench 5Land-side impermeable walls 4Wells near the buildings (sub-drain) 3Groundwater bypass Flow of groundwater Waterproof pavement 1Multi-nuclide removal equipment etc. 7Ground improvement 8Sea-side impermeable walls Area for installation of tanks 9Installation of tanks underway 1/9 Unit 1: Fuel removal to start in FY2020 Unit 2: Fuel removal to start in FY2020 Unit 3: Fuel removal to start in FY2017 Unit 4: Fuel removal completed in 2014 Multi-nuclide removal equipment (ALPS), etc. This equipment removes radionuclides from the contaminated water in tanks and reduces risks. Treatment of contaminated water (RO concentrated salt water) was completed in May 2015 via multi-nuclide removal equipment, additional multi-nuclide removal equipment installed by TEPCO (operation commenced in September 2014) and a subsidy project of the Japanese Government (operation commenced in October 2014). Strontium-treated water from equipment other than ALPS is being retreated in ALPS. Land-side impermeable walls Land-side impermeable walls surround the buildings and reduce groundwater inflow into the same. Onsite tests have been conducted since August Construction work commenced in June Regarding the mountain side, in which freezing will commence first, the installation of frozen pipes was completed in July Sea-side impermeable walls The walls aim to prevent the flow of contaminated groundwater into the sea. The installation of steel sheet piles is almost (98%) complete. The closure time is being coordinated. Fuel removal from SFP Toward fuel removal from Unit 3 SFP, large rubble within the pool is being removed. Though the removal of large rubble within Unit 3 SFP had been suspended since rubble fell in August 2014, it has resumed since December 2014 after implementing additional fall-prevention measures. (FHM to be removed on August 2) (High-performance multi-nuclide removal equipment) Frozen pipe (Land-side impermeable walls; example of freezing functioning test point) (Installation status)

19 Assistance of Fukushima evacuees from both aspects of quick return and quicklaunch of new life Number of evacuees from Fukushima About 157 thousand About 119thousand (December 2012) (Jan 2015) Number of evacuees from the evacuation zone About 110 thousand About 73 thousand (December 2012) (Jan 2015) 1.Measures for lifting of evacuation orders and return 1Measures for safety and removing anxieties (Reduction of radiation exposure/health consultation) 2 Additional compensation for return 3Improving environment for return by using Subsidy for Accelerating Fukushima Reconstruction 4Decontamination in collaboration with the reconstruction and policy measures after the decontamination work Materialization of lifting of evacuation orders through dialogues with host municipalities and local residents 2.Expansion of assistance for launching new life 1Additional compensation necessary for new life 2Developing reconstruction centers in or out of the evacuation zone 3Considering how to implement regional construction and decontamination work in light of future perspectives of decontamination business, etc. Evacuation order areas of Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant (as of October 2014)v Materialization of mid and long term vision in a wide area through dialogues with host municipalities and residents 18