3. Your second assignment is on ONboard. It is a pretest. Again, do not worry about your grade. Just do the best you can. This is due July 2 nd.

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1 Biology AP Summer Project You first need to register with your online textbook. This will require that you register 3 times -- for ONboard, Connect, and SCOREboard. I have attached student registration codes as well as the unique section web address for all three sections. Instructions are attached. Please let me know before the school year ends, if you are having difficulty and cannot access your assignments. 2. Your first assignment is on SCOREboard. It is an AP practice exam. Do not worry about your grade here. Just do the best you can. It is due June 28 th. 3. Your second assignment is on ONboard. It is a pretest. Again, do not worry about your grade. Just do the best you can. This is due July 2 nd. 4. Other online assignments follow on ONboard as a reinforcement of your ecology unit. There is a small assignment due every weekend. Check the dates and do a little at a time as opposed to waiting until the last minute. This will help you absorb the information and it will not be as overwhelming especially considering that you probably have other summer assignments. 5. You will need to register with turnitin. Instructions are attached. You have 7 ecology essays that are due on turnitin, July 28 th. They go along with your book, chapters Worry about the quality of your answer and not the length. These essay questions are attached. 6. You will also need to answer questions associated with these chapters. The answers to these questions are due on Turnitin, August 18th. The questions are attached. 7. Finally, there are online assignments on Connect associated with chapters The first one is due August 8 th. They are small assignments and are not meant to be overwhelming. The goal is to help you review and absorb the information on Ecology. In this way, you will increase your chances of being prepared for the test that you will take on Ecology on the first day of school. Just work on this summer assignment a little at a time. 8. Please sign into REMIND.com as well. I have attached instructions. 9. A TEST will be given on Ecology on the first day of school. My address in case you have any questions is sfoco@vtsd.com Please register ASAP so that you are set for the summer!

2 Chapter 46 Ecology of Populations 1. Give an example of an abiotic limiting factor, and how it can affect a population. 2. Give an example of a biotic limiting factor, and how it can affect a population. 3. How is the rate of natural increase for a population determined? 4. Discuss the significance of biotic potential in terms of population growth? 5. Describe the three types of survivorship curves. 6. What can age distribution diagrams tell you about population growth? 7. A. Diagram an exponential growth curve. C. What factors can cause a population to go from the lag phase to the exponential growth phase? 8. A. Diagram a logistic (S-shaped) growth curve. B. What factors contribute to a stable equilibrium phase? C. What is another term for this equilibrium phase of a logistic growth curve? 9. What can happen to a population if it exceeds its carrying capacity? 10. A. Give an example of a density dependent limiting factor and how it can affect population growth. B. Give an example of a density independent limiting factor and how it can affect population growth. 11. A. Discuss the characteristics of a population that is a K- strategist? B. What type of environment favors K-selection? 12. A. Discuss the characteristics of a population that is an R- strategist? B. What type of environment favors r-selection? 13. What type of population growth curve do humans currently exhibit? 14. Although MDCs have a lower growth rate and smaller population size, they are causing a more severe environmental impact. How so? Chapter 47 Community Ecology 15. What is the difference between habitat and niche? 16. What is the competitive exclusion principal? 17. What adaptations do generalist species have that make them better able to withstand environmental changes? 18. A. Give an example of how intraspecific competition can limit population growth. B. Give an example of how interspecific competition can limit population growth. 19. Explain how the predator-prey interaction between a lynx and a snowshoe hare keep these populations at their carrying capacity. 20. List several prey adaptations against a predator. 21. How is mimicry an adaptation that increases an organism s chances of survival?

3 22. Describe and give an example of each of the following symbiotic relationship: Parasitism Commensalism Mutualism 23. In an area undergoing succession, what is the role of pioneer organisms? 24. In an area undergoing succession, what is the final community called? 25. How is a climax community different from the communities that are established early on in succession? 26. Give an example of a climax community. 27. What adaptations do some plants have to a fire climax community? 28. A. What is a keystone species? B. Give an example. Chapter 48 Ecosystems 29. Distinguish between Autotrophs and Heterotrophs. 30. Why are decomposers important to an ecosystem? 31. How is the recycling of energy different from the recycling of matter? 32. A. What is Gross Primary Productivity (photosynthesis)? In other words, what does it mean in terms of photosynthesis? B. Why is Net Primary Productivity (photosynthesis) always lower than Gross Primary Productivity (photosynthesis)? 33. A. What type of environment does one find an inverted pyramid of energy? B. Why in an inverted pyramid, do producers have so little biomass in comparison to the other trophic levels? 34. What two major biological processes are involved that recycle carbon? 35. Why do plants need nitrogen? (What organic compound do plants need nitrogen to make)? 36. How does eutrophication cause a loss of oxygen and massive fish kills? 37. A. What is biological magnification B. What trophic level of a food pyramid / food chain is most affected in terms of biological magnification? Chapter 49 The Biosphere 38. How are trees adapted to the Taiga? 39. What are the major adaptations of epiphyte plants? 40. What adaptations do plants found in the shrubland biome have? 41. Describe several adaptations of desert plants. 42. A. Discuss the mutualistic relationship between corrals and algae. B. What is coral bleaching and how is it a result of climate change?

4 43. A. What are the producers or autotrophs that are found near hydrothermal vents at the bottom of the ocean floor? B. What is the process that they use to produce their own food since there is no sunlight to perform photosynthesis? C. What is their source of energy for the above process? Chapter 50 Conservation Biology 44. Describe the major causes of extinction.

5 Ecology Essays: 1. A diverse ecosystem is more productive and better suited for environmental stress than ecosystems with less heterogeneity. A. Describe and explain three sources of genetic variation in sexually reproducing organisms. Why do we have variations from one another? B. Explain the importance of genetic diversity and species diversity within an ecosystem. Explain how it aids in the survival of a population. 2. Interdependence in nature is illustrated by the transfer of energy through trophic levels. The diagram below depicts the transfer of energy in a food web of an arctic lake located in Alaska. a) Choosing organisms from four different trophic levels of this food web as examples, explain how energy is obtained at each trophic level. b) Describe the efficiency of energy transfer between trophic levels and discuss how the amount of energy available at each trophic level affects the structure of the ecosystem. c) If the cells in the dead terrestrial plant material that washed into the lake contained a commercially produced toxin, what would be the likely effects of this toxin on this food web? Explain.

6 3. The rate of photosynthesis may vary with changes that occur in environmental temperature, wavelength of light, and light intensity. Using a photosynthetic organism of your choice, choose only ONE of the three variables (temperature, wavelength of light, or light intensity) and for this variable A. Design a scientific experiment to determine the effect of the variable on the rate of photosynthesis for the organism. B. Explain how you would measure the rate of photosynthesis in your experiment; C. Describe the results you would expect. 4. A biologist measured dissolved oxygen in the top 30 centimeters of a moderately eutrophic (mesotrophic) lake in the temperate zone. The day was bright and sunny, and the wind was calm. The results of the observations are presented below. (a) Create a graph and plot the results that were obtained. Then, using the same set of axes, draw and label an additional line/curve representing the results that you would predict had the day been heavily overcast.

7 (b) Explain the biological processes that are operating in the lake to produce the observed data. Explain also how these processes would account for your prediction of results for a heavily overcast day. (c) Describe how the introduction of high levels of nutrients such as nitrates and phosphates into the lake would affect subsequent observations. Explain your prediction. 5. The activities of organisms change at regular time intervals. These changes are called biological rhythms. The graph depicts the activity cycle over a 48- hour period for a fictional group of mammals called pointy-eared bombats, found on an isolated island in the temperate zone. A) Describe the cycle of activity for the bombats. B) Discuss how three of the following factors might affect the physiology and/or behavior of the bombats to result in this pattern of activity. temperature food availability presence of predators social behavior. C) Propose a hypothesis regarding the effect of light on the cycle of activity in bombats. Describe a controlled experiment that could be performed to test this hypothesis, and the results you would expect.

8 6. Many populations exhibit the following growth curve: (a) Describe what is occurring in the population during Phase A. (b) Discuss THREE factors that might cause the fluctuations shown in Phase B. (c) Organisms demonstrate exponential (r) or logistic (K) reproductive strategies. Explain these two strategies and discuss how they affect population size over time. 7. Describe the biogeochemical cycles of carbon and nitrogen. Trace these elements from the point of their release from a decaying animal to their incorporation into a living animal.

9 Registration code attached

10 Registration code attached

11 Registration code attached

12 REGISTRATION CODES CONNECT: UF6B-B864-NBWF-QYQK-EJPC ONboard: ZC9L-873N-R43T-3O2D-4R9P SCOREboard: SD0G-EFUZ-36YH-S5Y1-1G6K

13 Turnitin class ID: Enrollment key: APBiology

14 To