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1 Metering, Monitoring, and Verification Part 1 APPA Institute for Facilities Management Dallas, TX January 16, 217 Purpose of Today s Presentation To provide a broad understanding of: How to pick a meter How to collect the meter outputs How to convert data into information Agenda Metering Definitions Basic Applications Monitoring Manual Automatic Verification Converting data into information Metrics APPA Institute Dallas, TX Feb 214 1

WORDS OF WISDOM You can manage what you don t measure, but If you don t measure, you re just guessing Terminology Sensor: An instrument for monitoring, measuring, or recording of a measured variable,

Resolution: The smallest change in a measured value that the instrument can detect, also known as sensitivity. Accuracy: How close a measured value is to the actual (true) value.

2 WORDS OF WISDOM You can manage what you don t measure, but If you don t measure, you re just guessing Terminology Sensor: An instrument for monitoring, measuring, or recording of a measured variable, e.g., volumetric flow, pressure, temperature, amperage, voltage, etc. Meter: A sensor, or group of sensors, used to measure a calculated variable, e.g, mass flow, BTU, tons of refrigeration, KW, etc. Resolution: The smallest change in a measured value that the instrument can detect, also known as sensitivity. Accuracy: How close a measured value is to the actual (true) value. (% of RATE, % of FULL SCALE) Precision (Repeatability): How close the measured values are to each other Low Accuracy High Precision High Accuracy Low Precision High Accuracy High Precision Terminology (cont.) Error: The disagreement between a measurement and the true or accepted value Bias: A systematic (built-in) error which shifts all measurements by a certain amount. Instrument Range: The interval between the minimum and maximum values of the measured variable in which the instrument is accurate Volumetric Flow Rate: The flow of the fluid measured as: q = A x V where: q = volumetric flow, ft 3 /min, m 3 /sec, gal/min, etc. A = area of the pipe, in 2, cm 2, etc V = velocity, ft/min, m/sec, etc. Mass or Energy Flow Rate: The actual quantity or energy of fluid, i.e. pounds per hour, BTU/min. tons, etc. Requires knowledge of fluid and its properties. For example: Mass A cubic foot of air weighs about.75 lbs.; a cubic foot of water weighs about 825 times as much, 62 lbs. Energy A pound of propane contains about 21, BTU; a pound of hydrogen is about 3 times greater; 61, BTU APPA Institute Dallas, TX Feb 214 2

Resolution Problem Simple Devices Electric Meters: Should measure KW, KWh, Φ-to-Φ voltage and amps, Φ-N voltage at a minimum.

Depending upon the relevant pressure, we use the terms ABSOLUTE, where the reference is to a vacuum, GAUGE, where the reference is to local

Deformation of the diaphragm can be measured using various technologies such as strain gauges, piezoresistors, or capacitors Temperature Sensors:

manufactured from metals whose resistance increases with temperature.

Transmitters associated with each of these sensors convert the sensor signal (voltage, ohms, etc.

3 Terminology (cont.) Turndown Ratio: Flow instrument range expressed as: TR = q max / q min where: TR = Turndown Ratio q max = maximum flow q min = minimum flow Resolution Problem Simple Devices Electric Meters: Should measure KW, KWh, Φ-to-Φ voltage and amps, Φ-N voltage at a minimum. Should have connectivity capability (RS-485, Ethernet, Wireless) Pressure Sensors: Measure the difference in pressure on two sides of a diaphragm. Depending upon the relevant pressure, we use the terms ABSOLUTE, where the reference is to a vacuum, GAUGE, where the reference is to local atmospheric pressure, or DIFFERENTIAL, where the sensor measures two different pressures. Deformation of the diaphragm can be measured using various technologies such as strain gauges, piezoresistors, or capacitors Temperature Sensors: Thermocouple: The junction of two dissimilar metals produces a temperature dependent voltage Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD): RTDs are manufactured from metals whose resistance increases with temperature. Thermister: Thermisters are manufactured from semiconductors whose resistance decreases with temperature. Transmitters associated with each of these sensors convert the sensor signal (voltage, ohms, etc.) into an output signal proportional to the sensed value, e.g. 4-2 ma, -1 V. Flow Meters Positive Displacement meters The positive displacement flow meter measures process fluid flow by precisionfitted rotors as flow measuring elements. Known fixed volumes are displaced between the rotors. The rotation of the rotors are proportional to the volume of the fluid being displaced. The number of rotations of the rotor is counted by an integral electronic pulse transmitter and converted to volume and flow rate. APPA Institute Dallas, TX Feb 214 3

calculated by measuring the pressure drop

The differential pressure device is based

velocity is a function of the square root

Meters Vortex Flow Element Vortex Vortex

vortices are shed alternately downstream of

4 Flow Meters Pressure Differential In a pressure differential device the flow is calculated by measuring the pressure drop over an obstruction inserted in the flow. The differential pressure device is based on Bernoulli s Equation, where the flow velocity is a function of the square root of the pressure drop. A. Orifice B. Venturi C. Flow nozzle D. Pitot Tube E. Elbow Tap Flow Meters Turbine Flow Flow Meters Vortex Flow Element Vortex Vortex meters operate on the principle that when a nonstreamlined object is placed in the middle of a flow stream, a series of vortices are shed alternately downstream of the object (Von Karman vortex street). The frequency of the vortex shedding is directly proportional to the velocity of the fluid flow. APPA Institute Dallas, TX Feb 214 4

Flow Meters Electromagnetic Magnetic flow meters are based on Faraday's Law of Magnetic Induction. In a magnetic flow meter, the liquid acts as a conductor as it flows through the pipe.

This voltage is picked up by sensing electrodes mounted in the meter tube and sent to the transmitter which takes the voltage and calculates the flow rate based on the cross sectional area of the

Flow Meters Ultrasonic Doppler ultrasonic flowmeters operate on the Doppler effect, whereby the transmitted frequency is altered linearly by being reflected from particles and bubbles in the fluid.

Transit-time flowmeters measure the difference in travel time between pulses transmitted in a single path along and against the flow. Two transducers are used, one upstream of the other.

5 Flow Meters Electromagnetic Magnetic flow meters are based on Faraday's Law of Magnetic Induction. In a magnetic flow meter, the liquid acts as a conductor as it flows through the pipe. This induces a voltage which is proportional to the average flow velocity - the faster the flow rate, the higher the voltage. This voltage is picked up by sensing electrodes mounted in the meter tube and sent to the transmitter which takes the voltage and calculates the flow rate based on the cross sectional area of the meter tube. Flow Meters Ultrasonic Doppler ultrasonic flowmeters operate on the Doppler effect, whereby the transmitted frequency is altered linearly by being reflected from particles and bubbles in the fluid. The net result is a frequency shift between transmitter and receiver frequencies that can be directly related to the flow rate. Transit-time flowmeters measure the difference in travel time between pulses transmitted in a single path along and against the flow. Two transducers are used, one upstream of the other. Each acts as both a transmitter and receiver for the ultrasonic beam. Flow Measurement Problem Selecting Flow meters Major Considerations All Types Ability to withstand the process environment, i.e., Types Eligible pressure, temp., etc. Ability to provide accuracy required Types Eligible under process conditions specified Physical Interactions, i.e. pressure loss, swirl, or pulsation produced Types Eligible REJECT Long term stability, durability, and calibration requirements Total cost (equipment and installation) compared to budget Interface to Types Eligible existing equipment, future adaptation Types Eligible Instrument serviceability, maintenance costs Types Eligible Selected Device APPA Institute Dallas, TX Feb 214 5

6 Flow meter Characteristics Comparison Sheet Flow meter Element Recommended Service Turndown Pressure Loss Typical Accuracy(%) Required Upstream pipe diameters Viscosity Effect Relative Cost Orifice Venturi tube Clean, dirty fluids; some slurries Clean, dirty and viscous fluids; some slurries 4 to 1 Medium ±2 to ±4 of full scale 1 to 3 High Low 4 to 1 Low ±1 of full scale 5 to 2 High Medium Flow nozzle Clean and dirty fluids 4 to 1 Medium ±1 to ±2 of full scale 1 to 3 High Medium Pitot tube Clean fluids 3 to 1 Very low ±3 to ±5 of full scale 2 to 3 Low Low Elbow meter Target meter Clean, dirty fluids; some slurries Clean, dirty viscous fluids; some slurries 3 to 1 Very low ±5 to ±1 of full scale 3 Low Low 1 to 1 Medium ±1 to ±5 of full scale 1 to 3 Medium Medium Variable area Clean, dirty viscous fluids 1 to 1 Medium ±1 to ±1 of full scale None Medium Low Positive Displacement Clean, viscous fluids 1 to 1 High ±.5 of rate None High Medium Turbine Clean, viscous fluids 2 to 1 High ±.25 of rate 5 to 1 High High Vortex Clean, dirty fluids 1 to 1 Medium ±1 of rate 1 to 2 Medium High Electromagnetic Ultrasonic (Doppler) Clean, dirty, viscous conductive fluids and slurries Dirty, viscous fluids and slurries 4 to 1 None ±.5 of rate 5 None High 1 to 1 None ±5 of full scale 5 to 3 None High Ultrasonic (Transit Time) Clean, viscous fluids 2 to 1 None ±1 to ±5 of full scale 5 to 3 None High Mass (Coriolis) Mass (Thermal) Clean, dirty viscous fluids; some slurries Clean, dirty, viscous fluids; some slurries 1 to 1 Low ±.4 of rate None None High 1 to 1 Low ±1 of full scale None None High Metering Compound Values for reference Some commonly metered values require multiple inputs and must be calculated, e.g. Chilled water: Tons or BTU/hr; requires volumetric flow, supply and return temperatures ( T), density compensation generally not required Hot Water: BTU/hr; same as chilled water Steam Flow: Pounds/hr or BTU/hr; requires density compensation using temperature, pressure, and heat content. Some meters can do this dynamically, but most use static values. Liquid Fuel Mass or Energy Flow: Natural gas or fuel oils; requires density compensation using temperature, pressure, and heat content. Solid Fuel Mass or Energy Flow: Coal or wood; requires mass and heat content Monitoring Collecting and organizing the data for use Manual Data Collection Assign responsibility (who) Locate all meters to be read (where) Learn how to read the meters (how) Determine the frequency of data collection (when) Create data collection forms (what) Plan for future automated collection, i.e. use tablets, netbooks, Microsoft Excel or Access. APPA Institute Dallas, TX Feb 214 6

Monitoring Automated Data Acquisition The automated retrieval of field data from remote locations to a centralized data storage location.

capability to collect and process local data for download to a central storage location Smart Meters: Devices that contain software that allow them to process, connect and download data directly to

) Database Servers: computer(s) used to store the data for real-time, historical, and archival use.

7 Monitoring Automated Data Acquisition The automated retrieval of field data from remote locations to a centralized data storage location. Components include both hardware and software Monitoring for reference Automated Data Acquisition Hardware Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs): Devices located near the sensors that have the capability to collect and process local data for download to a central storage location Smart Meters: Devices that contain software that allow them to process, connect and download data directly to the network Network Connection Devices: Interface between the various field device data transfer protocols (Modbus, ControlNet, BacNet, TCP/IP, etc) and the network (phone, wireless, ethernet, etc.) Database Servers: computer(s) used to store the data for real-time, historical, and archival use. Firewalls: computer(s) used solely to limit access to the servers and data collection network Workstation(s): other computers that can connect to the database servers to disseminate and process collected data Wiring: between field devices internal to building, between buildings. 4-2 ma, Cat5e, RS485, etc. Need to chose whether to use campus WAN or install dedicated network Monitoring RS-485 Electric Meters - OR Ethernet APPA Institute Dallas, TX Feb 214 7

8 Monitoring Chilled Water BTU = Flow = Supply Temp = Return Temp = Both = Supply Pressure = Return Pressure = Both = Monitoring for reference Automated Data Acquisition Software PLC Programming: software necessary to program PLCs to process data, e.g. convert flow and temperature into BTU s, read field input terminals, load data into storage registers, upload data to other devices, etc. Device Calibration: software required to configure field sensors and devices, e.g. pipe size, fluid properties, etc. Protocol Converters: software interface modules to convert between the various field device data transfer protocols (Modbus, ControlNet, BacNet, TCP/IP, etc) Database Manager: software used to organize and relate the data for end-use, e.g. MSSQL, MySQL, Oracle, etc. Firewall: software used to set up authorized access to the database manager, e.g. Kerio, Cisco, etc. Workstation: software used to disseminate and gather the field data, e.g. web server, visualization, scheduler, etc. APPA Institute Dallas, TX Feb 214 8

12/14/216 Verification Energy Management

INFORMATION Gather dispersed and disparate

and budget energy data from multiple sites,

information, particularly meaningful Key

Generate meaningful reports that include the

Distribute the analyses and reports across

9 12/14/216 Verification Energy Management Information System (EMIS): Convert DATA into INFORMATION Gather dispersed and disparate production, energy use (both billing and meter) and budget energy data from multiple sites, multiple energy suppliers and different types of energy suppliers. Validate the data and manage missing or erroneous data. Convert the raw data into usable management information, particularly meaningful Key Performance Indicators (KPIs). Generate meaningful reports that include the analysis of trends and exceptions. Distribute the analyses and reports across multiple sites, internally and externally, in a timely fashion. Verification Metrics Examples Convert INFORMATION into KNOWLEDGE Example Applications Data Analysis Report Writer Statistical Analysis Real-Time Web Viewer Data Provisioning to 3rd Party Applications APPA Institute Dallas, TX Feb 214 9

10 APPA Institute Dallas, TX Feb 214 1

11 Questions & Answers Thank You! APPA Institute Dallas, TX Feb

Metering, Monitoring, and Verification Part 2 APPA Institute for Facilities Management Dallas, TX January 16, 217 Purpose of Today s Presentation To provide a broad understanding of: Various energy

12 Metering, Monitoring, and Verification Part 2 APPA Institute for Facilities Management Dallas, TX January 16, 217 Purpose of Today s Presentation To provide a broad understanding of: Various energy analysis methodologies Ways to create energy information Use of information to verify energy performance WORDS OF WISDOM You can manage what you don t measure, but if you do, you re just guessing 1

Agenda Overview Definitions Basic Options Description of M & V Options Examples IPMVP* *International Performance Measurement and Verification Protocol Purpose: The IPMVP provides an overview of

13 Agenda Overview Definitions Basic Options Description of M & V Options Examples IPMVP* *International Performance Measurement and Verification Protocol Purpose: The IPMVP provides an overview of current best practice techniques available for verifying results of energy efficiency, water efficiency, and renewable energy projects. This document can help in the selection of the M&V approach that best matches: i) project costs and savings magnitude ii) technology-specific requirements iii) risk allocation between buyer and seller (i.e., which party is responsible for installed equipment performance and which party is responsible for achieving long term energy savings). 5 Option A Option B Option C Option D IPMVP M&V Options M&VOption Option A: Retrofit Isolation, Key Parameter Basedonmeasuredequipment performance,measuredorestimated operationalfactors,andannualverificationof potential to perform. Howsavingsare calculated Engineering calculations using measured and estimated data Option B: Retrofit Isolation, All Parameters Engineering calculations using Based on measurements(usually periodic or measured data continuous) taken of all relevant parameters. OptionC: Basedonwhole-buildingor facility-levelutilitymeterdataadjustedfor weather and/or other factors. OptionD: Basedon computersimulationof buildingorprocess;simulationiscalibrated with measured data. Analysis of utility meter data Comparing different models 5 2

Options A and B vs. Options C and D Options A&B are retrofitisolation methods. Options C&D are wholefacility methods. The difference is where the boundary lines are drawn.

14 Options A and B vs. Options C and D Options A&B are retrofitisolation methods. Options C&D are wholefacility methods. The difference is where the boundary lines are drawn. 6 Option A Option B Option C Option D Option A Simple approach (and low cost) Performance parameter(s) measured (before and after); usage parameters may be measured or estimated. Used where the potential to perform needs to be verified but highly accurate savings estimation is simple or not necessary. Option A is NOT stipulated savings! 7 Option A Option B Option C Option D Stipulate To stipulate is to agree to a term or condition. Under IPMVP, to stipulate means to estimate without measurement. Measured values may also be stipulated. 8 3

15 Option A Option B Option C Option D Appropriate Use of Stipulations Parameter is well understood Willingness to accept risk Previous experience Probable success of ECM Small savings and/or small uncertainty Greater M&V costs not justified Stipulations don t add to uncertainty Monitoring serves no other purpose 9 Option A Option B Option C Option D Inappropriate Use of Stipulations Unwillingness to assume risk Parameters not known with reasonable certainty Potential for technical problems Monitoring provides valuable information Stipulation significantly contributes to overall uncertainty 1 Option A Option B Option C Option D Acceptable Sources of Stipulations Unacceptable Measurements Engineering Analysis Measurement-based models Manufacturer s data Standard tables TMY weather ANSI/ARI/ASHRAE Facility logs Undocumented assumptions Proprietary algorithms Unsupported handshake agreements Guesses at parameters Models based on questionable data Other buildings 11 4

16 Option B Under Option B, all relevant parameters are measured, usually periodically or continuously. Measurement frequency is consistent with expected variations. Applicable where accurate savings estimation is necessary and where long-term performance needs to be tracked. Reduces uncertainty, but requires more effort. 12 Option C Option C looks at energy use and cost of entire facility, not at specific equipment. Considers weather, occupancy, etc. for baseline adjustments Applicable where total savings need to be quantified but component-level savings do not AND where savings are > 15% of current energy use Easily implemented; commercial and free software is available 13 Option A Option B Option C Option D Option D Option D treats building as computer model Flexible, but requires significant effort Applications: New construction Energy management & control systems Multiple interacting measures Building use changes Building modifications (e.g., windows) 14 5

Examples Option A: Lighting Option B: Variable-Speed Drive Option C: Heating Plant Option D: New Construction 15 Option A Option B Option C Option D Example Lighting Project Consider the following

17 Examples Option A: Lighting Option B: Variable-Speed Drive Option C: Heating Plant Option D: New Construction 15 Option A Option B Option C Option D Example Lighting Project Consider the following lighting project: Upgrade 5, fixtures Existing performance: 86 Watts New performance: 56 Watts Operating hours: 3,/year Electricity: $.1 / kwh + $1 / kwd/mo What s measured? What s estimated? 16 Option A Option B Option C Option D Option A Performance: Baseline power consumption is 86 Watts. Proposed power consumption is 56 Watts. Difference is 3 Watts. Usage: Baseline and New: 3, hours / year Financial: Energy = $.1/kWh + $1/kWd/mo 17 6

Option A Option B Option C Option D Lighting Savings Energy Savings = QTY*(Before - After) * Hours ES = (5,) * (86 W - 56 W) * (3, hours) * (1 kw / 1 W) ES = 45, kwh / year Demand Svgs = QTY *

18 Option A Option B Option C Option D Lighting Savings Energy Savings = QTY*(Before - After) * Hours ES = (5,) * (86 W - 56 W) * (3, hours) * (1 kw / 1 W) ES = 45, kwh / year Demand Svgs = QTY * (Before - After) * DF DS = (5,)*(86 W - 56 W)*(1 kw/1 W)*DF DS = 15 kw * DF What s measured? What s estimated? DF: Diversity Factor. % of lights operating when peak demand is set. 18 Option A Option B Option C Option D Lighting Cost Savings Cost Savings = (Unit Cost)*(Energy Savings) + (Unit Cost)*(Demand Savings) CS = (45, kwh) * ($.1/kWh) + (15 kw) * (75%) * ($1/kW) * 12 mo. Cost Savings = $45, + $13,5 = $58,5 / year Assumes diversity factor of 75%. 19 Example VSD Project Variable-Speed Drive on HVAC Fan Baseline Fan: Operates continuously at a single speed and power no matter what the cooling load is. VSD Fan: Speed and power change with cooling load. 2 7

19 Fan Performance Option B Baseline fan: Constant power (14 kw). VSD Fan: Power changes w/ weather. Fan Usage Fan power changes hourly with cooling load (outside temperature and sunshine). Financial Energy = $.1 / kwh + $1 / kw-mo What s measured? What s estimated? 21 VSD Fan kw Monitor Fan Performance Variable Speed Drive Fan Power baseline fan power savings 5 Baseline Post-retrofit gap in data collection 3 Air Temperature 1-Jul-14 6-Jul Jul Jul Jul Jul Jul Temperature, F Calculate Monthly Energy Savings Energy Savings =(kw Before - kw After ) * (1 Hour) * hrs/mo. Cost Savings = (Unit Cost) (Energy Savings) Month kwh Saved Cost Savings July 27,592 $2,759 August 24,316 $2,432 September 26,87 $2,687 October 34,724 $3,472 November 4,858 $4,

20 Calculate Monthly Demand Savings Demand Savings = kw Before - Max(kW After ) Cost Savings = (Unit Cost) (Demand Savings) Why no DF? Month kw Saved Cost Savings July 59 $587 August 71 $712 September 64 $645 October 74 $737 November 85 $ Heating system upgrade Example Heating Project Baseline: Oil-fired boilers with central steam plant provide heat to buildings. New System: Shut down steam plant. Install gas boilers in all buildings. 25 Heating System Characteristics Baseline Performance: Oil-fired, low-efficiency, distribution losses (7% system efficiency) New Performance: Gas-fired, high efficiency, no distribution losses (91% system efficiency) Usage: Driven by weather Financial: Oil is $ 1.5 / gallon (1.4 therms / gal) Gas is $.75 / therm ( 1 therm 1, BTU) 26 9

21 Compare Oil Use to Temperature Baseline Oil Use for Heating Therms 4, 1,2 3, 2, 1, Total Therms HDD Oct-99 Jan- Apr- Jul- Nov- Feb-1 1, HDD base 65 Monthly Therms 4, 3, 2, 1, Develop Baseline Model Therms = 23.6 * HDD + r 2 =.676 Regression Model Prediction Interval Confidence Interval Baseline Oil Use Model outlier What s measured? What s estimated? Monthly HDD 8 1, 1,2 28 Calculate Monthly Energy Savings Baseline Therms = 23.6 * HDD New Therms = Baseline*.7 Energy Month HDD Baseline Therms New Therms Savings, Therms January February March April May June July August September October November ,46 17,617 11,934 7, ,489 7,94 9,937 15,432 12,332 8,354 5, ,42 5,558 6,956 6,614 5,285 3,58 2, ,382 2,981 December ,691 13,784 5,97 Total 4,367 99,137 69,396 29,

22 Calculate Monthly Cost Savings Oil = ($1.5/gal) / (1.4 therms/gal) = $1.7 / therm Gas = $.75 / therm Month Baseline Cost New Cost Cost Savings January February March April May June July August September October November $23,621 $18,876 $12,786 $8,69 $1,2 $ $ $ $1,596 $8,58 $1,647 $11,574 $9,249 $6,265 $3,954 $5 $ $ $ $782 $4,169 $5,217 $12,47 $9,627 $6,521 $4,115 $52 $ $ $ $814 $4,339 $5,43 December $21,97 $1,338 $1,76 Total $16,218 $52,47 $54,171 3 Option A Option B Option C Option D Example New Construction Proposed building incorporates energy-efficient design features selected and implemented by ESCO. Baseline building is existing design before ESCO modifications. 31 Option A Option B Option C Option D Develop Computer Model

23 Option A Option B Option C... Calibrate Model... Option D What s measured? What s estimated? Building Level Calibration 1, 5, Therms or kw 8, 4, Therms Therms DOE2 6, 3, kw kw DOE2 4, kw h 2, kw h DOE2 2, 1, kwh Jan-14 Mar-14 Apr-14 Jun-14 Aug-14 Oct Option A Option B Option C... and Evaluate Results Option D What s measured? What s estimated? 34 Option A Option B Option C Option D Calculate Savings Evaluate energy use for each scenario. Calculate savings for each scenario relative to base case. Energy Use, kwh Alternative Lights Cooling Other Total Savings Base Case 1,5, ,263 2,447,979 4,93,54 - Efficient Lighting 1,125,24 86,62 2,365,638 4,35,94 552,6 Efficient Chiller 1,5, ,681 2,426,812 4,715, ,749 Chiller& Lighting 1,125,24 78,933 2,346,427 4,18,6 722,

24 Option A Option B Option C Option D Option D Risk Allocation OptionD (savingsbased on TMY weather) Usage Owner Performance ESCO 36 Review and Discussion Total energy use and savings are functions of both usage and performance. Options A and B are retrofit-isolation methods. Options C and D are whole-facility methods. Can mix and match methods. Selection of M&V method based on need to verify savings cost-effectively. 37 GROUP DISCUSSION WHAT OPTION SHOULD BE USED FOR EACH OF THESE PROJECTS? Convert building from electric heat to hydronic gas-fired condensing hot water system Install 1.5 MW solar photovoltaic system on building roof Campus wide replacement of steam traps Construct LEED platinum building in lieu of LEED silver 37 13

25 Questions & Answers Thank You! 38 14

February 5, 2013 Roy Ratcliffe, President RM Controls, Inc.

February 5, 2013 Roy Ratcliffe, President RM Controls, Inc. Volumetric Flow A velocity is a measure of the distance a particle of a substance moves in a given period of time The method of measurement used