Various Aspects of Energy Issues. 30 July 2012

Transcription

1 1 Various Aspects of Energy Issues 30 July 2012

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3 Energy use grows with economic development Energy demand and GDP per capita ( ) US Primary Energy per capita (GJ) Australia Russia France Japan S. Korea UK Ireland Malaysia Mexico Greece China Brazil 0 India 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000 GDP per capita (PPP, $2000) Source: UN and DOE EIA Russia data P.Ravindran, only Elective-course on Solar Energy and Its Applications: 1. Various Aspects of Energy Issues

4 (Source:IEA GHG, 2002) 4 Global Distribution of Large CO 2 Sources Large sources clustered in four geographical regions. Fossil fuel power plants account for 78% of emissions; industrial processes (including biomass) emit 22%.

5 Himalayan Glaciers North Pole Ice in Sep. Source: NASA

6 6 Global warming cause millions of people at risk 4 Parte I Graz Energy Agency P.Ravindran, - For requests: Elective-course Bleyl@grazer-ea.at on Solar Energy and Its Applications: 1. Various Aspects of Energy Issues

7 7 Present (Unsustainable) Energy System useful energy fossil fuels combustion oxygen oxygen water CO 2 pollutants 2 Sustainable Energy System useful energy hydrogen utilization fossil fuel reserves environment oxygen environment renewable energy sources water

8 8 Availability of Renewable Resources vs. Consumption Areas Wind (intensity) Solar (irradiation) Geothermal (thermal flow density) World night satellite photo 2008 Per-capita primary energy demand by region, 2030 Areas with greatest availability of resources Source: IEA-WEO 2008

9 Faster growth than conventional energy growth (% pa) Coal Oil Gas Hydro Nuclear Renewables

10 Continued strong growth ahead 10 Solar PV Wind Biomass Solar Thermal Geothermal Biofuels Projected growth (%pa)

11 A small but growing share of primary energy 11 Total primary energy: TWh/year Renewables: 1 100TWh/year PV Oil Gas Coal Renewables Solar thermal Geothermal Biomass P.Ravindran, FME-course on Ab initio Modelling of solar cell Materials 21 February 2011 Various Aspects of Energy Issues

12 12 Actual and Projected Solar Power, 1996 to 2050 P.Ravindran, FME-course on Ab initio Modelling of solar cell Materials 21 February 2011 Various Aspects of Energy Issues

13 Other Renewable Energy (Geothermal, Biomass etc.) 13 Production, 1990 to 2050 P.Ravindran, FME-course on Ab initio Modelling of solar cell Materials 21 February 2011 Various Aspects of Energy Issues

14 14 Future energy mix P.Ravindran, FME-course on Ab initio Modelling of solar cell Materials 21 February 2011 Various Aspects of Energy Issues

15 Mtoe Global energy consumption and CO 2 emmissions MtCO Nuclear Renewable Fossil Kilde: IEA WEO 2002, BP, WEC

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17 Energy and basic human needs. The international relationship between energy use (kilograms of oil equivalent per capita) and the Human Development Index (2000). (Source: UNDP, 2002, WRI, 2002)

18 Global Warming/Energy Savings Potential of LEDs ->Lighting Consumes 22% of all Electricty Produced ->If a 150 lm/watt Solid State White LED system was developed, and employed, then in the United States alone: Alleviate the need of 133 new power stations!* Eliminate 258 million metric tons of Carbon* * The Promise of Solid State Lighting OIDA Report, 2001, **A. D. Little, Energy Savings Potential of SSL Report for Dept. of Energy,

19 The Global Energy Mix in 1965

20 The Global Energy Mix in 2005

21 The Global Energy Mix in 2050

22 If the world follows the US pattern in fossil fuel consumption : the world would peak soon Adapted from: Richard C. Duncan and Walter Youngquist

23 Mtoe - Million Tonnes of Oil Equivalent Global Oil Production, 1965 to 2050

24 Global Natural Gas Production, 1965 to 2050

25 Global Coal Production, 1965 to 2050

26 Global Hydro Production, 1965 to 2050

27 Global Nuclear Production, 1965 to 2100

28 Actual and Projected Wind Power, 1997 to 2050

29 Actual and Projected Solar Power, 1996 to 2050

30 Other Renewable Energy Production, 1990 to 2100

31 Energy Use by Source, 1965 to 2100

32 32 Are we in the right track? P.Ravindran, FME-course on Ab initio Modelling of solar cell Materials 21 February 2011 Various Aspects of Energy Issues

33 33 The Sun as Energy Source The Sun daily provides about times more energy to the Earth than we consume Photovoltaic technology directly converts solar energy into electricity No moving parts no noise no emissions long lifetime Large industrial potential - cost reductions needed Feedstock for PV industry is silicon - the second most abundant element in the crust of the Earth

34 34 Main Application Areas Off-grid Space Water Pumping Telecom Solar Home Systems P.Ravindran, FME-course on Ab initio Modelling of solar cell Materials 21 February 2011 Various Aspects of Energy Issues

35 35 Main Application Areas-Grid Connected Commercial Building Systems (50 kw) Residential Home Systems (2-8 kw) PV Power Plants ( > 100 kw) P.Ravindran, FME-course on Ab initio Modelling of solar cell Materials 21 February 2011 Various Aspects of Energy Issues

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37 37 The PV Value Chain (multi-crystalline) Polysilicon Wafer Solar Cell Solar Module Systems Chemical Process (purification) Casting Cutting Surface Treatment Assembly Installation Operation P.Ravindran, FME-course on Ab initio Modelling of solar cell Materials 21 February 2011 Various Aspects of Energy Issues

38 Actual Growth vs. Historic Forecasts Actual market development

39 Generations of Photovoltaics Cells 39 P.Ravindran, FME-course on Ab initio Modelling of solar cell Materials 21 February 2011 Various Aspects of Energy Issues

40 40 Cost goals for third generation solar cells Efficiency and cost projections for first-, second- and third generation photovoltaic technology (wafers, thin-films, and advanced thin-films, respectively) Source: University of New South Wales P.Ravindran, FME-course on Ab initio Modelling of solar cell Materials 21 February 2011 Various Aspects of Energy Issues

41 Efficiency of Various Kinds of Solar Cells 41 P.Ravindran, FME-course on Ab initio Modelling of solar cell Materials 21 February 2011 Various Aspects of Energy Issues

42 42 Crystalline PV production rate expected to slow over next few years due to silicon shortage. Thin film PV production rate expected to continue to increase. P.Ravindran, FME-course on Ab initio Modelling of solar cell Materials 21 February 2011 Various Aspects of Energy Issues

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46 PV-Cells Future trends 46 P.Ravindran, FME-course on Ab initio Modelling of solar cell Materials 21 February 2011 Various Aspects of Energy Issues

47 PV efficiency 47 P.Ravindran, FME-course on Ab initio Modelling of solar cell Materials 21 February 2011 Various Aspects of Energy Issues

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49 49 Solar Energy of Commercially-Available Thin Film Technologies, a-si most clearly has no fundamental material limitations P.Ravindran, FME-course on Ab initio Modelling of solar cell Materials 21 February 2011 Various Aspects of Energy Issues

50 50 Next generation technology Silicon nanostructures Bandgap engineering of silicon. Applications could be tandem solar cells and energy selective contacts for hot carrier solar cells. Fabrication of silicon nanostructures consisting of quantum well and quantum dot super lattices to achieve band gap control P.Ravindran, FME-course on Ab initio Modelling of solar cell Materials 21 February 2011 Various Aspects of Energy Issues

51 51 Next generation technology (cont.) Up/Down converters Luminescent materials that: EITHER absorb one high energy photon and emit more than one low energy photon just above the bad gap of the solar cell (down-conversion) OR that absorb more than one low energy photon below the band gap of the cell and emit one photon just above the band gap (up-conversion). P.Ravindran, FME-course on Ab initio Modelling of solar cell Materials 21 February 2011 Various Aspects of Energy Issues

52 Saudi saying: My father rode a camel. I drive a car. My son flies a jet airplane. His son will ride a camel.

53 53 Set Your Goal Always Highest Famous Tamil Poet Thiruvalluvar(200 BC) Arise, Awake and Stop not till the Goal is Reached Swami Vivekananda P.Ravindran, FME-course on Ab initio Modelling of solar cell Materials 21 February 2011 Various Aspects of Energy Issues 133 ft. Granite Thiruvalluvar Statue, Kanyakumari, India