Annotated Bibliography:

Transcription

1 Annotated Bibliography: Albrechtsen, H., Binning, P., & Rygaard, M. (2010). Increasing urban water self sufficiency: New era, new challenges. Journal of Environmental Management, 92(1), 185. Retrieved from A &v= Urban water supplies, for the most part, are based on the limited use of freshwater resources. However, there are a variety of new concepts and techniques that allow one to exploit alternative water sources, especially through the recycling of used water. This push for the demand of alternative waters sources is happening because water demands have started to exceed the freshwater available for cities. This article is centered on the ideas of public policy toward the alternatives to fresh water resources and the challenges and issues through dealing with the environment, society, and health. The research for this article is fairly recent and cannot be directly used to base a conclusion but the information is helpful by providing background information involving the main concerns towards using alternative sources of water and the public policy that will be involved. Bailey, J., & Wallman, H. (1971). A survey of household waste treatment systems. Water Pollution Control Federation, 43(12), Retrieved from How homes are connected to and affected by waste water systems is portrayed within this article. It provides a basis for how the homes affect the waste water systems and how they change how they are used within society. Also, it portrays how laws are connected to the production and the control of waste water within a community. It explains how the treatment of waste water is facilitated and executed. This is beneficial for us to know because it is another part of this system and gives us a more general view of the various pieces that fit into it. With it being written in 1971, the information may be outdated but it gives us a view of policy on this issue that has been developing over the last 40 years. Baker, A., Hambly, A. C., Henderson, R. K., Storey, M. V., & Stuetz, R. M. (2010). Fluorescence monitoring at a recycled water treatment plant and associated dual distribution system - implications for cross-connection detection. Water Research, 44(18), Retrieved from A &v= This article discusses the benefits of duel distribution water systems though the redistribution recycled water to households. The duel distribution system creates a mix between recycled and drinking water systems. The article argues, however, that these mixes are unlikely to lead to sickness in the community. It is important to understand why, and have evidence that deems this argument true. We can use this to see how the mix between recycled and drinking water systems is allegedly safe enough for the community to drink. Bixio, D., Cisneros, B., Dillon, P., Genthe, B., Page, D., & Toze, S. (2010). Valuing the

2 subsurface pathogen treatment barrier in water recycling via aquifers for drinking supplies. Water Research, 44(6), Retrieved from In aquifer recharge sites managed in South Africa, Belgium, Mexico, and Australia, wastewater and storm water is recycled by aquifers for drinking supplies. The article explains the process of the aquifers in each of the locations and the risk-based approach used for public water supplies. The results from testing the sites show the risks from pathogens in the water, but also how they can be reduced, arguing the aquifer is safer than discharging directly into bodies of water. This article is important and will help our group by showing the results of test preformed in different locations all over the globe, and will give us more information that can be used to compare ad contrast water recycling in different nations of the world. Cáceres, V. L., Gruttner, D. E., & Contreras, N. R. (1992). Water recycling in arid regions: Chilean case. Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, 21(2), Retrieved from The recycling of water and its effects in arid areas such as Chile are shown within this article. It shows the contaminants, how they are released and how governmental authorities dealt with this issue. How they handled these decisions can show us how this is likely to impact the system and how it is implemented in the future. With this case study article it is more clear what impacts these systems and how they work. This can reveal to us many different issues involved with this system, how they have been handled and what the reaction is by the public and the government. Since this article is from Chile, it is important to realize that this is not transferrable to every country. Rather, this is a good model for one country and can make certain lucid implications about another area. Comparing the differences in various areas can be very helpful. Gloyna, E. F., Ford, D. L., & Eller, J. (1970). Water reuse in industry. Water Pollution Control Federation, 42(2), Retrieved from The recycling of water occurs in many different places and areas. This article depicts the process of waste water recycling in industry. It shows the concentration of chemicals in the water after it s recycling and how exactly the process is illustrated. It also shows how much unwanted material is removed from the water using this process. This is useful to our project because it is important to note the evolution of this process and how it occurred years ago in relation to now. Since the article was written in 1970, the information may be outdated for present purposes but the system has undergone change over the years and it is important to look at that change respectively. Godfrey S., Labhasetwar P., and Wate S. (2009), Greywater reuse in residential schools in Madhya Pradesh, India -- A case study of cost-benefit analysis. Resources, Conservation & Recycling, 287, retrieved from: go.galegroup.com.libcat.lafayette.edu/ps/i.do?&id=gale% 7CA &v=

3 In this study, the cost and benefit of Grey water reuse was studies at a school level. So it can be a good reference to us for if Lafayette College will build a similar water reuse system. The study shows that it is economic beneficial to install a recycling system at a school level. The researchers classified cost and benefit in terms of internal and external. The internal costs include building maintaining and operating the recycling system. Hampton, G. (2010). Discursive evaluation of water recycling. Qualitative Research Journal, 10(2), 65. Retrieved from A &v=2.1&u=east55695&it=r&p =AONE&sw=w Much of the study of public perception of and attitudes towards recycled water has relied on surveys and experiments utilizing quantitative methods, and attitude assessment methods, which rely on statistical modeling. Some of this research is conducted with the aim of developing a general knowledge of public attitudes towards water recycling so that planning of particular recycling proposals will be able to take probable public reaction into account. The local knowledge of a particular sector of the public, who are receiving the major impact of a policy, may be more pertinent as this group may have a better knowledge and understanding of the impacts. The author provides several case studies, discussing current policy decisions involving water recycling at a local level. The information provided in this journal is mainly about the research and analysis techniques towards researching public opinion of water recycling. However the case studies give great background information about how current policy decisions have and will be made involving public opinion and the use of recycled water. Keller, J. (2010). The role of water recycling in australia's future water supply. AQ-Australian Quarterly, 82(2), 8. Retrieved from /ps/i.do?&id=gale%7ca &v= Water recycling has become more and more common in Australia. The public media attention received on this topic generates strong opinions from people within local communities. The article explains that is important that the community knows water recycling is being considered and implemented in many ways all over Australia other than for replacing drinking water (irrigation of parks, playing fields, golf courses, and agricultural applications for example). It is important for our group to understand all the different implementations of recycled water as well. Koumakis, G. (2009). What's in a name: Framing treated wastewater as recycled water increases willingness to use and willingness to pay. Journal of Economic Psychology, 30(3), 285. Retrieved from A &v= The authors designed an experiment comparing the effects of descriptive terms on farmer s willingness to use and willingness to pay for recycled water for irrigation and consumers willingness to use and pay for products irrigated with recycled water. The water used in treatment plants was classified as either recycled water or treated water. Both of these terms described the same commodity but the willingness to use was higher with the recycled water description for both the farmers and the consumers. This is a reliable source because it provides a

4 variety of background information towards researching and discussing public policy towards the implementation of recycled water systems in a variety of communities. Also the article provides an insight towards what is driving consumer and producer opinions of using recycled water, also involving public policy decisions. The information will not be used entirely to format the discussion of the use of recycled water because it is based off of a specific industry and the interaction between consumers and farmers rather than a broader perspective, which is useful for further analysis and interpretation. Lustig, T., & Najia, F. (2006). On-site water recycling -- a total water cycle management approach. Desalination, 188(1-3), 193. Retrieved from The recycling of water is just one strategy that is currently being used to help reduce the massive amounts of water that is being consumed and used by the general public. This article discusses a water cycle management approach in Sydney, Australia, introducing BASIX to promote the use of recycled water for new residential developments. BASIX is web-based measuring sustainability tool by the government used in attempts to reduce water consumption. This can be valuable for the project by seeing how water recycling enforcement tools are used to convince that it is important, and see the risks that are associated with it as well. Safe Drinking Water Act of 1996, Filter Backwash Recycling Rule (2001). Filter Backwash Recycling Rule retrieved from wash_fbrr_techguidance.pdf Procedure of controlling and implementing these recycled water systems is important for us to note and this source is a specific manual of how to do that. This shows us how the EPA is in control of these systems and how they are regulated. Without this knowledge we would not know the full government involvement. It is not a peer-reviewed source but it is a governmental document. Stenekes N., Colebatch H. K., Waite T. D., & Ashbolt N. J. (2006). Risk and governance in water recycling: Public acceptance revisited. Science, Technology, & Human Values, 31(2), Retrieved from This article portrays the problems involving the governing of water recycling and how certain problems affect these systems. It also communicates the various risks involved in this system. This allows us to see how the pubic responds to this knowledge and how the people in control of these systems react to specific problems. This is useful to us because we can see how the public feels about this issue. Tziakis, I., Pachiadkis, I., Moraitakis, M., Xideas, K., Theologis, G., & Tsagarakis, K. (2009). Valuing benefits from wastewater treatment and reuse using contingent valuation methodology. Desalination, 237(1-3), 117. Retrieved from

5 libcat.lafayette.edu/ps/i.do?&id=gale A &v=2.1&u=east55695&it=r&p=AO NE&sw=w The authors did a study focusing on residents willingness to pay for a centralized wastewater treatment system and local farmers willingness to pay for recycled water used in crop irrigation. Several case studies were done involving local households and farmers directed affected by the possibility of implementing a water system other than from fresh water sources. From the farmer s standpoint it was found that the average willingness to pay for recycled water was 61.2 percent of the price of fresh water. This information is fairly useful because it gives great background information and research dealing with people s willingness to use recycled water as an alternative to fresh water. This study will be helpful in analyzing public policy and the decisions, based off of local residents reactions, to either set up a waste water treatment system or to directly use recycled water rather than fresh water. For the most part the article is helpful except for the fact that it concentrates on areas in Europe, especially around the Mediterranean, which has a different climate than that of American and Pennsylvania. For the most part the information in this article will be used to analyze policy discussions and decisions based off of current societal wants and concerns. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Guidelines for Water Reuse, EPA/625/R- 04/108.Retrieved from This Guideline is an introduction of the water reuse industry. It mentions types of water reuse, Technical Issues in Planning Water Reuse Systems, Legal and Institutional Issues, public involvement program and water outside USA. In the Legal and Institutional Issues Chapter, various laws concerning water reuses are brought up. This chapter also maps out the States that have regulated water reuses in United States. Moreover, it has water reuse system examples from different countries. Comparison or a summary about water reuses system in different countries can be made. (2008) "Constructed wetlands for urban grey water recycling." International Journal of Environment and Pollution 33.1, 93. Retrieved from &v= Three differently configured constructed wetlands: a Horizontal Flow Reed Bed (HFRB), Vertical Flow Reed Bed (VFRB) and a novel constructed wetland are all very efficient in reducing key pollutants in grey water over a 9 month period. Because Lafayette College has huge open spaces, these open spaces can be utilized to build wetlands. This information is helpful to us because it shows a solution to grey water pollution. This is limited to us though in that wetlands are difficult to develop.