Introduction. Project background Energy in SA An overview of hydropower Conduit hydropower potential assessment. Operation and maintenance

Transcription

1 Ione Loots

2 Introduction Project background Energy in SA An overview of hydropower Conduit hydropower potential assessment First Phase: Pre-feasibility Second Phase: Feasibility Third Phase: Detail design Operation and maintenance

3 Project Background WRC project Project aims

4 Energy in SA Energy = lifeblood Sustainability Current situation in SA Energy crisis Fossil fuel dependant Coal (92.75%) Nuclear (5.10%) Wind (0.001%) Gas turbine (0.08%) Hydro-electric (0.83%) Pumped storage (1.24%)

5 Hydropower Overview Types of hydropower

6 Hydropower Overview Types of hydropower Conduit hydropower Untapped potential Many uses Advantages of hydropower Clean Long lifespan Multi-purpose

7 Potential Assessment Conduit hydropower potential tool Flow diagram Excel-based 3 Phases 1: Pre-feasibility 2: Feasibility 3: Detail design

8 YES Are there reservoirs/ PRVs in the municipality? NO YES Are they the property of the municipality? NO Unlikely for any significant potential Phase 1 Organise for agreement for energy use with owner Desktop study YES Is there a known average daily flow at the reservoir/prv? NO Site identification Location Determine the estimated available power Obtain/estimate an average daily flow Flows Power potential YES Is the estimated energy demand known? NO Demand Potential vs demand Compare the energy demand with the available power Estimate the average energy demand Economic analysis Do a pre-feasibility economic analysis YES Is the project economically feasible? NO Continue to Phase 2 Abort project

9 Phase 2 YES Did the First Phase investigation indicate feasibility? NO Evaluate site within system Flow measurements Reservoir size Use of energy Regulatory assessment Environmental Social Regulatory Demand vs Potential Distance to users Economic analysis Environmental Social On-site Regulatory requirements YES Continue to Phase 3 Determine the use of the generated electricity Re-do economic analysis with added detail Is the project still feasible? Commercial Regulatory requirements Assess the distance of site to the grid connection NO Abort project Environmental NERSA licensing Social Do not continue

10 YES Did the first and second phases indicate feasibility? NO Phase 3 YES Are historical flow and pressure records available? NO Abort project Hydraulic study Obtain historic flow and pressure records Measure flow and pressure Infrastructure Economic evaluation Measure current flow and pressure Regulatory assessment Analyse current flow and pressure records YES Is there hydro potential? NO Obtain town development and network development forecast YES Is there hydro potential? NO Continue to infrastructure design Abort project

11 Ph3: Hydraulic Study Historic flow Operating scenarios Current demand measurement Forecast demand Demand vs potential Surge analysis

12 Ph3: Infrastructure Pipework Velocities Junctions Measurement Valves Isolating Control Buildings Turbine Setup

13 Ph3: Turbine Selection Types Impulse (Pelton, Turgo, Crossflow) Reaction (Kaplan, Francis)

14 Turbines: Impulse

15 Turbines: Reaction

16 Ph3: Turbine Selection Types Impulse (Pelton, Turgo, Crossflow) Reaction (Kaplan, Francis) Selection

17 Ph3: Turbine Selection

18 Ph3: Turbine Selection Types Impulse (Pelton, Turgo, Crossflow) Reaction (Kaplan, Francis) Selection Efficiency

19 Ph3: Turbine Efficiency

20 Ph3: Turbine Selection Types Impulse (Pelton, Turgo, Crossflow) Reaction (Kaplan, Francis) Selection Efficiency Power

21 Ph3: Turbine Power P = ρgqhη With: P = Mechanical power output (W) ρ = Density of water (kg/m 3 ) g = Gravitational acceleration (9.81 m/s 2 ) Q = Flow rate through the turbine (m 3 /s) H = Effective pressure head across turbine (m) η = Hydraulic efficiency of the turbine (%)

22 Ph3: Setup Typical setups Bottom entry Top entry Parallel Phasing

23 Ph3: Typical Setups

24 Ph3: Setup Typical setups Safety of equipment Power distribution Operational optimisation

25 Ph3: Economic Evaluation Life cycle approach Costs Initial Capital O&M Disposal Unit cost Returns Uncertainty Risk Non-monetary advantages

26 Ph3: Econ. Evaluation Methods Present worth of cost Net present value Internal rate of return Benefit/cost ratio

27 Ph3: Regulatory Assessment Environmental Social NERSA

28 Operation & Maintenance Organisational capacity Documents Operation manual Component manuals Installers manuals Operational fault checklist Maintenance schedule Repairs manual Log Book Training Manual

29 Conclusion Strive towards renewable energy Untapped potential in conduits Guideline for municipalities Potential evaluation tool Life cycle approach Importance of O&M

30 Questions?