Overview of large-scale CO 2 capture projects in Europe, Asia and Africa. Camille Petit
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1 Overview of large-scale CO 2 capture projects in Europe, Asia and Africa Camille Petit Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, United Kingdom 2014 RCN Meeting, April
2 What is Large-Scale? Development stage Technology Readiness Levels 7-8 Size > 0.8 Mt CO 2 /yr for coal-fired plants > 0.4 Mt CO 2 /yr for other emissions-intensive industrial facilities Comparison to pilot-scale ~ Tens and hundreds kt CO 2 /yr What are integrated large-scale projects? Involving capture, transportation and storage
3 Locations
4 Locations 34 large-scale projects 18 in Asia and Australia 11 in Europe 4 in Africa and the Middle East 1 in South America 26 projects currently in the US and Canada In continental Europe, the number of projects dropped from 14 in 2011 to 5 today In China, the number of projects doubled from 6 in 2011 to 12 today
5 Projects Size Distribution CO 2 Captured Power Generation Mt CO 2 /year < >4 MW < >650 The largest project outside North America in terms of CO 2 captured is in the UK (Don Valley Power project) The largest project worldwide captures 8.4 Mt CO 2 /year (Century Plant) The largest project in terms of power generation is in China (Lianyungang IGCC)
6 Phases of Development IEA Development Phase Classification Development stages Target: 30 projects worldwide at the execute or operate stage by 2020 (2013: 21 projects) Less mature stage than in the US and Canada: Identify: 0 Evaluate: 5 Define: 7 Execute: 6 Operate: 8 Identify Evaluate Define Execute Operate
7 Sector and Type of Capture Sectors Type of Capture Power generation and gas processing Other industrial activities Not decided Pre-combustion Post-combustion Oxy-fuel combustion Other industrial activities Not decided Capture units for power generation and gas processing facilities are dominant The industrial facilities correspond to chemicals, iron and steel and fertilizer productions
8 Technologies Involved Capture Technologies Solvents Gas separation Solid adsorbent Cryogenic Various Half of the projects have not yet decided on the technology Among the solvents: MEA, MDEA, Fluor, ethanol + amine
9 CO 2 Transportation Type of transport Transport length (km) Pipeline Shipping No transport < Not specified Most technically mature step Most of the transportation occurs via pipeline Most of the storage is relatively far from the capture site
10 CO 2 Utilization Overview 32% of the projects have a utilization components Among those projects, 100% correspond to EOR EOR Limited information on EOR: Net amount of CO 2 stored? No systematic monitoring, measurement and verification EOR can only be considered at a local scale EOR can initially serve as an economic driver Other utilization approaches Long-term: plastics, chemicals, fuels production
11 Challenges Technological challenges Absorption rate Sensible heat requirement Cost Degradation Absorption capacity Environmental challenges Solvent emissions Co-products emissions Waste handling Equipment-related challenges Construction and transport of equipment Heat integration (e.g., waste heat utilization) Heat exchanger optimization New design (i.e. not used before) Integration Improved controls
12 Why some projects fail? Reasons of project cancellation Underestimated complexity Timeline not respected Cost overruns No clear financial structure Not enough funding Missing legal framework Public opposition Examples of recently cancelled projects Porto Tolle (Portugal) Mongstad (Norway) OXYCFB 300 Compostilla Project (Spain) Getica (Romania)
13 Steps Forward (by 2020) CO 2 capture Address the technological, environmental and equipment-related challenges Demonstrate carbon capture at full-scale in the industrial sector Support R&D for new capture technologies CO 2 transport Locate future CCS units to develop the pipeline infrastructure Provide legal framework for cross-countries pipelines CO 2 utilization Identify local solutions Improve the EOR monitoring, measurement and verification Examples of current trends UK - UK Energy Act (2013): No new coal-fired power plants approved unless equipped with a CCS unit
14 References Reports Global CCS Institute, The Global Status of CCS, Feb IEA, Technology Roadmap Carbon capture and storage, 2013 IEA, Post-combustion CO 2 capture scale-up study, Feb Members and Committees of Congress, Carbon Capture: A Technology Assessment, Jul Database Global Institute large-scale DOE/NETL MIT Carbon Sequestration Program
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