Energy and Society. Physics Energy Society Technology and Values Professor Ani Aprahamian
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1 Energy and Society Physics Energy Society Technology and Values Professor Ani Aprahamian
2 Help with the homework Wednesday 2pm - 3pm in 113b NSH Mallory Smith msmith40@nd.edu Can be flexible if you ...
3 Part I of this course (chapters 1-4) Production of Energy Loss of Energy Efficiency Heat (friction, convection, evaporation,etc) 2 nd law of Thermodynamics Refrigeration/heat pumps
4 Part I of this course What is the origin of Earth? How old? Life? Population of earth now? Energy Use: Power Work, Energy, Power (units) Potential Energy, Kinetic Energy Generation of Electricity- Electric and Magnetic Fields Electromagnetic Radiation
5 Part II of this course (chapters 5-6) Production of Energy from Fossil Fuels Energy content Coal Natural gas Oil (gasoline, diesel, etc) Pollution CO 2, particulate, other (sulfur, nitrogen oxides, heavy metals, etc)
6 Total energy flow in the US: in Quads of BTU Renewable energy resources solar energy wind geothermal hydropower
7 Assignment: Due Tuesday Sept. 11, 2012 Republicans Democrats Fossil Fuels Coal Natural gas oil Nuclear Energy? Renewable energy resources solar energy wind geothermal hydropower
8 Conversions joule wah hour electronvolt calorie 1 J = 1 kg m 2 s 2 = W h = ev = cal =
9 How many megajoules are in 1 exajoule? joules are energy Mega= Exa= How many petagrams in 1 gigatonne? Peta= Giga= Tonne= How many kilowatt hours in 1 gigawatt-hr?
10 Energy is the ability/capacity to do work Work is the transfer of energy.. 1 J = 1 N m A force of 1 N moving a body over 1 m does 1 J of work. Power = the rate at which work is performed.
11 How is friction different than gravity? If you apply a force on an object to move it along a surface. Frictional force is exerted on the body by the surface
12 Exercise 1: Average daily human diet has an energy content of 2000 kcal. Convert this 2000 kcal per day into watts.
13 Power: rate at which energy is converted to work Power = energy time Units: Joules per second, J/s, or watts (W) Familiar units of power: kilo-watt, kw 1hp = 746 W Energy = power x time =kwh is what you get charged for J
14 6. USA imports about 12 million barrels of oil per day. a) what is this in terms of equivalent power? b) suppose we wanted to replace all the imported oil with energy produced by fission from domestic uranium. How many 1000 MW nuclear power plants would we have to build?
15 14. An energy efficient refrigerator consumes energy at the rate of 280W when it is actually running, but it is so well insulated that it runs only about one-sixth of the time. You pay for that efficiency up front: it costs $950 to buy the refrigerator. You can buy a conventional refrigerator at $700. However, it consumes 400 W when running, and it runs one-fourth of the time. Calculate the total energy used by each refrigerator over a 10 year lifetime and then compare the total costs-purchase price + energy cost- assuming electricity costs 10 cents per kilowatt-hour.
16 Efficiency & Power loss in Transmission of Electricity
17 What is electricity? Electricity & Magnetism are closely related. Electricity.is a flow/stream of charges.current (I) Resistance to flow of Electricity or current.r=voltage/current Energy electrical potential energy.voltage (V).V=IR energy transferred is equal to current x resistance Work is transfer of Energy.Work = force x distance Power=Energy (Work done)/time Power loss in electrical transmission I 2 R
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20 Electric force per unit charge: Electric Field.N/coulomb= Volt/m
21 Watt is a unit of power.. How is it that kilowatt-hour is a unit of energy? Watt = Joule/second Kilowatt= 1000Joules/second = Kilowatthour= 1000 Joules/second x 1 hrx 3600s/hr= = Joules or 3.6 x10 6 Joules
22 Induction: One example. ThinkQuest
23 A water turbine is a rotary engine that takes energy from moving water.
24 Transformers So.we want to minimize losses P=I 2 R Low current transmission high voltage But we want to use the energy when it arrives safely.. Solution Transformers. Input V/(Nin)= Output V/ (No) output V= input V x (No/Nin)
25 Transformer: raise Voltage for transmission And you want to lower voltage for use (safety). The product of current x voltage is kept essentially constant. Input V/(Nprimary)= Output V/ (Nsecondary) output V= input V x (Nsecondary/Nprimary)
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