Discussion Paper. on Urbanization and

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1 Discussion Paper on Urbanization and Water Management Issues in Ethiopia Based on Case Study of Addis Ababa GEREMEW SAHILU G.(PhD) President, Ethiopian Association of Civil Engineers Director, Ethiopian Institute of Water Resources Addis Ababa University Sept. 27/2017 Kigali, Rwanda

2 OUTLINE INTRODUCTION URBANIZATION WATER MANAGEMENT ISSUES WAY FORWARD

3 Introduction Urbanization brings water management issues at the forefront of development agenda Currently, 50% of the world population lives in cities 85% of municipalities wastewater is discharged to water bodies without treatment. High demand for water supply and increased runoff Africa the most rapidly urbanizing continent is expected to have 1.23 billion people (60% of the continent s population) living in cities by 2050 In Ethiopia about 20 million people (about 20%) live in Urban Areas

4 Objective General Introduce issues of urban water management in Ethiopia considering Addis Ababa as a case study and indicate the way forward to ensure environmental health in the city. Specific to assess the situation of historical and future trend of urbanization, water supply, wastewater, and stormwater management and indicate the way forward in order to ensure environmental health in urban centers based on case study of Addis Ababa How? Review of Previous and Ongoing Researches / Projects

5 Urbanization Global Perspective Urbanization in Ethiopia Urbanization in Addis Ababa

6 GLOBAL and AFRICAN POPULATION GROWTH BEHIND RAPID POPULATION GROWTH / POPULATION PYRAMID

7 URBAN POPULATION / 1950 to 2030 URBAN POPULATION PAST- RURAL/ 2010

8 URBAN POPULATION IN AFRICA

9 Population in Thousand Ethiopia's National Population Growth ( ) Increased 10 times in 100+ years (Since 1900) Year

10 urbanisation (The New Climate Economy, 2014) (Fig. 11). rural and urban access to resources limits how effectively cities are Egis International in association with IAU-IdF & Urba Lyon Existing Situation and Diagnostic Final Report (March 2015) Map 0-4: Urban clusters 4M Addis Ababa 3M 2M 1M 11 0 Figure 11: Most populated g cities in Ethiopia Adama Gonder Mekele Awasa Bahir Dire Dar Dawa Dese Jima Jijiga Shashemene Bishoftu URBAN CENTERS OF ETHIOPIA / Big Gap Between Addis and Others (Population of 2 nd 1/8 of Addis) Source: Consultant s own analysis, based on CAS Census and ERT traffic data URBAN CLUSTER SCHEMES OF ETHIOPIA xxxvi

11 Exponential Growth! 6 times in 50 years!! Change in Population Density in Lideta (Inhabitants/km 2 : Year 2012 and 2017) 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10, Population Density Shift From Decreasing ( ) to Increasing ( ) Trend

12 Lideta Before/After Densification

13 BUILT UP AREA EXPANSION WITHIN BOUNDARY OF ADDIS ABABA ( )

14 BUILT UP AREA EXPANSION WITHIN BOUNDARY OF JAKARTA / INDONESIA ( )

15 WATER SUPPLY Shift from Surface to Groundwater (50+%) Middle Ladder of Water Supply (Yard Connection) Spatial Difference (24 h/ 72 hr / 1 week ) High NRW (40% almost / 25+ Real Loss) Quantity / Quality / Pressure Problem (Housing Developments/ Higher Floors)

16 withdrawals, as summarized in Table 2 and presented on Fig. 11. Surface Water Groundwater According to AAWSA, daily treated water has now reached a volume of more than 500,000 m 3, with the majority sourced from groundwater. The current water supply coverage has been reported to be about 90%. Table 2: Water Sources and Daily Production Quantity in 2015 (AAWSA) Source Type Source Name Catchme nt Area (km2) Reservoir Capacity (10 6 m 3 ) Daily Production m 3 /day Year Started Remark Gefersa , Legedadi , Dire Directly connected to Legedadi Treatment plant 42,000 m 3 /day Sub-Total ,000 Akaki well-field (Phase 1-3), Legedadi deep wells, springs and wells within the city >300, Several new wells have entered into service recently Distribution System Fig. 11: Water supply sources and main distribution lines of Addis Ababa The Addis Ababa water supply distribution system has more than 30 pressure zones Wastewater management due to variations in topography and numerous surface water features which laterally intersect the city. According to AAWSA (2011), the daily volume of treated wastewater is about m 3 /day. Service coverage is estimated to be 15%, of which 8% is by vacuum trucks and 7% by sewer systems. LOCATION OF SURFACE WATER & GROUNDWATER SOURCES / GROUNDWATER > 50% (Shift)

17 Modality of Water Supply in Addis Ababa (2007 / 2010) %age of population Daily water consumption (l/c/d) Mode of Supply House Connection (HC) Shared HC (HCS) Yard Connection (YC) Shared YC (YCS) Public Fountain (PF) Total Population 2,618,991 2,772,720

18 DISTANCE & WATER CONSUMPTION A 30 m B 1 km C 3 km Water Point D

20 WASTEWATER 10 % area of City with Sewerage Lines Over 70% Latrines / In line with water supply modality Sludge vacuum trucking serves both onsite sanitation systems / like Septic Tanks and latrines up to 400,000 m 3 /year Urban Agriculture with untreated wastewater / Point and Non-point Vegetable grown with untreated wastewater appear in market Industrial wastewater mostly not treated (though there are policy and legal frameworks)

21 Table TYPE 4-1: Percentage OF TOILET Distribution FACILITIES of Toilet Facilities (2007) by Housing Unit 70+ % Latrines (Not Water Based) Type of Toilet Facility No Toilet Facility Flush Toilet Private Flush toilet connected to sewer Flush Toilet Private on site Flush Toilet Shared VIP Latrine, Private VIP Latrine, Shared PIT Latrine, Private PIT Latrine, Shared No Toilets 58,123 33,850 24,273 17,842 28,903 31,840 62,009 64,635 90,206 Population served 248, , , , , , ,959 1,104, ,442 Coverage % 9.24% 5.38% 3.86% 5.67% 4.60% 15.19% 9.86% 41.10% 14.34%

22 and Sewerage Authority MASTER PLAN REPORT Figure 3-1, Main Waste Water Catchments PLANNED AND EXISTING DECENTRALIZED WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS (Good Opportunity)

23 URBAN WASTEWATER IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE (400 + ha) and Vegetables in Akaki Market

24 EXAMPLES OF WASTEWATER IRRIGATION SITES/ Mekanisa and Akaki

25 STORMWATER Built up area increase / Runoff increase River side erosion / Street Flooding / Blockage of Lines by solid waste Design Problem / Strip vs Watershed or catchment approach No responsible institution that manages storm water based on basin/catchment approach ACCRA / Asphalted road side drainage AWSA / Water Supply and Wastewater

26 Increased Built Up Area Increased Impermeability Coefficient (60 %) Increased Runoff (62%) ( )

27 soil conservation measures, provision of drainage ditches, and provision of river embankments. River Side Erosion Blockage of Lines Street Flooding

28 The Way Forward Water Supply, Wastewater and Stormwater Management are dealt separately in Addis (Conventional Approach) But more water is needed for various purposes as we are mainly still in the middle ladder of water supply Paradigm shift in approach needed to save water and use both wastewater and stormwater as resource, and also demand side management Supply and Demand Side Management in Water Supply; Treatment and reuse of wastewater and utilizing stormwater like in rainwater harvesting, infiltration/ groundwater recharge For this we should shift to a Water Sensitive / Integrated Urban Water Management (IUWM) Professional Societies can play a significant role, Strengthening Societies and Establishment of Engineering Council is vital to realize ethical and quality service and create integration

29 Sustainable Urban Drainage System Direct runoff Source control

30 Groundwater Surfacewater Rainwater Evapotrasnpir ation Leakage Water supply Roof Surface Public Tab Conventional HH connection Yard Tab Toilet Kitchen, Laundry & Bathroom Irrigation Runoff storage Pit latrine Septic Tanks Cross Contamination Sewer Infiltration CONVENTIONAL APPROACH (Missing the Link and Interaction) Exfiltration Groundwater Recharge/infiltration Subsurface flow Receiving Water Fig. 1: Conventional Urban Water Management

31 Non- CONVENTIONAL APPROACH (Link and Interaction/Integration Considered)

35 Take Home Still more water is needed since the demand is not satisfied and modality needs to be upgraded from YC to House Connection Water Supply, Wastewater and Stormwater Management are being Handled in Isolation Paradigm Shift Needed to create Water Sensitive IUWM Strengthening Professional Societies and Establishment of Engineering Council will have substantial contribution towards ensuring quality of service and Integration One should also Note Also there is good opportunity to bring Paradigm Shift /GTP2 ONEWASH/SDG /Housing Devt. Programs

36 References Addis Ababa Master Plan Office, Land use and Land Cover Change in Addis Ababa (multiple years) Arup, 2016, Future Proofing Cities, Ethiopia Regional Cities AWSA, 2011, Business Plan Phase II AWSA, 2012, Water Audit and Benchmarking Report AWSA, 2014, Design and Study of Decentralized Wastewater Management, Master Plan CSA and Bielli Ethal, 2001, Ethiopian Population Growth Ministry of Urban Development, Housing and Construction, National Urban Development Spatial Plan, Existing Situation and Diagnostic Final Report, egis international Tsegaye. S. et al, 2017, Integrated Urban Water Management for Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Concept Note, 4.1, Addis Ababa Unviersity and University of Florida, Patel College of Global Sustainability UrAdapt, 2014, Managing Water in the urban-rural interface for climate change resilient cities ( World Bank, 2010 : World Urbanization Prospect, 2003 : The 2003 Revision

Part I Policy and Institutional Setup Geremew Sahilu Addis Ababa Institute of Technology (AAiT)/AAU

Part I Policy and Institutional Setup Geremew Sahilu Addis Ababa Institute of Technology (AAiT)/AAU OUTLINE OBJECTIVE POLICY and INSTITUTIONAL SETUP Constitution and Environmental Issues Constitution Addis