Vegetation Condition and Water Quality in Great Lakes Coastal Wetlands
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1 Vegetation Condition and Water Quality in Great Lakes Coastal Wetlands Carol A. Johnston, Professor South Dakota State University Understanding the Vegetation and Hydrology of Upper Midwest Wetlands September 22-24, 2010 Carlton, MN
2 Acknowledgments Many collaborators, including: Michael Bourdaghs Bad River Band of the Lake Superior Tribe of Chippewa Indians for permission to sample Tom Hollenhorst This research has been supported by a grant from the US Environmental Protection Agency's Science to Achieve Results (STAR) Estuarine and Great Lakes (EaGLe) Coastal Initiative through funding to the Great Lakes Environmental Indicators (GLEI) Project, US EPA Agreement EPA/R
3 GLEI: Great Lakes Environmental Indicators ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS IN THE ESTUARINE ENVIRONMENT 2000 Science To Achieve Results (STAR) Program Carol A. Johnston develop a suite of new, integrative indicators of ecological condition, integrity, and/or sustainability that can be incorporated into long-term monitoring programs Great Lakes, Great Wetlands
4 Research Questions What are the plant community types of northern Great Lakes coastal wetlands? How are they related to water chemistry?
5 Carol A. Johnston Made 20,560 observations of cover class within 2051 sample plots in 90 wetlands Great Lakes, Great Wetlands Photo: Lynn Vaccaro
6 Northern Great Lakes wetland vegetation sample sites +3 sites on northern L. Huron Water chemistry measured on 26 northern sites (Trebitz et al. 2007, Morrice et al. 2008)
7 A Unifying Approach sample sample wetlands wetlands representing representing the the entire entire Carol A. Johnston range range of of anthropogenic anthropogenic stress stress sample sample aa range range of of water water depths depths within within wetlands wetlands use use non-metric non-metric multidimensional multidimensional scaling scaling to to determine determine aa condition condition gradient gradient use use hierarchical hierarchical clustering clustering to to interpret interpret MDS MDS results results use use GIS GIS to to map map results results Great Lakes, Great Wetlands
8 Step 1: Sample wetlands representing the entire range of anthropogenic stress Wolter et al Land use land cover change in the U.S. Great Lakes basin 1992 to J. Great Lakes Res. 32:
9 Step 2: sample a range of water depths within wetlands
10 Step 3: Use non-metric multidimensional scaling to determine a condition gradient Carol A. Johnston MDS, MDS, NMS, NMS, NMDS NMDS computed computed Bray-Curtis Bray-Curtis similarities similarities among among wetlands wetlands ordination ordination based based on on ranked ranked distances distances among among vegetation vegetation species species assemblages assemblages software software packages packages PC-ORD, PC-ORD, Primer Primer Great Lakes, Great Wetlands
11 Step 4: Use hierarchical clustering to interpret MDS results eastern cattail western cattail burreed/ lake sedge threesquare bluejoint/ tussock poor fens Phragmites % similarity Mere
12 Step 5: Use GIS to map results Carol A. Johnston ArcMap ArcMap identify identify geographic geographic clusters clusters of of similar similar vegetation vegetation identify identify geographic geographic outliers outliers Great Lakes, Great Wetlands
13 Plant Communities of Northern Great Lake Wetlands Pokegama River
14 burreed (Sparganium eurycarpum) arrowhead (Sagittaria latifolia) Northwest Territory sedge (Carex utriculata) bladderwort (Utricularia macrorhiza) bulrush (Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani) Photo: M. Bourdaghs Burreed marsh Photo: C. Johnston
15 Wild rice (Zizania aquatica) 8 out of 90 sites, 7 on Lake Superior Silt soil indicator
16 Plant Communities of Northern Great Lake Wetlands Bayview Beach
17 Sphagnum moss Wooly-fruit sedge (Carex lasiocarpa) Myrica gale leatherleaf (Chamaedaphne calyculata) bog rosemary (Andromeda polifolia) pitcher plant (Sarracenia purpurea) bogbean (Menyanthes trifoliata) Photo: M. Bourdaghs Northern poor fen Photo: C. Johnston
18 Tahquamenon River Plant Communities of Northern Great Lake Wetlands
19 Bluejoint / tussock sedge Bluejoint (Calamagrostis canadensis) Tussock sedge (Carex stricta) Softstem bulrush (Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani) Jointed rush (Juncus nodosus) Photos: M. Bourdaghs
20 Plant Communities of Northern Great Lake Wetlands Point au Sable
21 Cattail marshes Photos: C. Johnston cattail (Typha angustifolia, Typha x glauca) bluejoint (Calamagrostis canadensis) jewelweed (Impatiens capensis) rice cutgrass (Leersia oryzoides)
22 So much diversity hat are plants telling us about wetland conditio
23 Non-metric multidimensional scaling northern Great Lakes wetland vegetation
24 Non-metric multidimensional scaling northern Great Lakes wetland vegetation worst Condition best
25 Chemical gradients among plant communities log conductivity log [Chloride] a bc b ph c poor fen burreed bluejoint cattail
26 Nutrient gradients among plant communities log [TN] log [TP] a b log [Chlorophyll a] b b poor fen burreed bluejoint cattail
27 Turbidity gradients among plant communities log [TSS] log Ttube a a b b b b b poor fen burreed bluejoint cattail poor fen b burreed bluejoint cattail
28
29 Plant communities have different chemistry Parameter Relationship specific conductance*** cattail & bluejoint > burreed & fen chloride***, ph** cattail > bluejoint burreed fen total P***, total N***, chl_a***, turbidity***, TSS*** cattail > bluejoint & burreed & fen NO3-N, NH4-N, DOC, DO not significant ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001
30 Non-metric multidimensional scaling northern Great Lakes wetland vegetation Superior Michigan, Huron
31 Lake Superior fluctuates less than Lakes Michigan/Huron Elevation, meters Superior lake level Michigan/Huron lake level Year
32 Lakes have different chemistry Parameter Relationship specific conductance***, ph*** Huron & Michigan > Superior chloride** Michigan Huron Superior total P**, total N*** Michigan > Superior & Huron chlorophyll_a* Michigan Superior Huron NO3-N* no Tukey differences NH4-N, TSS, DOC, DO, turbidity not significant * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001
33 3 Geomorphic Types Open-coast wetlands (Cw) Riverine wetlands (Rw) Protected wetlands (Pw)
34 Geomorphology conductivity: Pw < Cw*
35 Conclusions Plant species distinguish four major plant communities in northern Great Lakes Water quality varies by plant community and lake but not by geomorphology Based on chloride: cattail > bluejoint burreed fen Cattail wetlands (Lake Michigan) have poorest water quality (more total P, total N, chl_a, turbidity, TSS)
36 Future threats: invasive wetland plants
37 2004: common reed (Phragmites australis) 1999!!!!!!!!!!!!! Kilometers Photos: M. Tulbure 0.2
38 M a J u r - 99 Se n D p-9 e 9 M c - 99 a Ju r-00 Se n D p- 0 e 0 M c-00 a J u r - 01 Se n D p- 0 e 1 M c-0 ar 1 J u - 02 Se n D p- 0 e 2 M c - 02 a Ju r-03 Se n D p-0 e 3 M c-03 a J u r - 04 Se n - 0 p Water level (Meters above IGLD 1985) MWL Mean Minimum /10/99 6/19/01 7/9/04 Monthly Water Level (MWL) at Green Bay, Lake Michigan, WI from Source: NOAA
39 Take home messages A one-time snapshot sampling of multiple wetlands can advance understanding Take a GPS with you when you do the sampling! Keep looking at the data it has many stories to tell
40 References Johnston, C.A., et al Plant species indicators of physical environment in Great Lakes coastal wetlands. J. Great Lakes Res. 33 (sp3): Trebitz A.S., et al Water quality in Great Lakes coastal wetlands: Basin-wide patterns and responses to an anthropogenic disturbance gradient. J. Great Lakes Res. 33 (sp3): Morrice J.A., et al Human influences on water quality in Great Lakes coastal wetlands. Environ. Manage. 41: Johnston, C.A., et al A unifying approach for evaluating the condition of wetland plant communities and identifying related stressors. Ecol. Appl. 19:
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