Advancements and Challenges of Stormwater Management Along Highways

Transcription

1 Advancements and Challenges of Stormwater Management Along Highways Peter T. Weiss, PhD, PE Professor, Department of Civil Engineering 2017 INAFSM Annual Conference

2 Highway Stormwater Management US 30 in Merrillville, IN (Photo courtesy of Joey B. Lax-Salinas)

3 Stormwater Management Goals Volume Reduction Rate Control Contaminant Retention Sediment (or TSS) Nutrients (N & P) Metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, etc.) Oils & Greases Chloride Commercial Carrier Journal Chris Fertnig/istockphonto doityourself.com

4 Contaminant Sources Vehicles Motor oil: Phosphorus, oils Batteries: Lead, nickel Brakes: Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn Tires: TSS, Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn Electronics: Copper Buildings Metal roofs, flashing, siding, gutters Atmospheric Deposition shutterstock.com evening_tao, freepik.com

5 Dissolved & Particulate Fractions Arsenic Cadmium Chromium Copper Lead Nickel Total (Dissolved + Particulate) Dissolved Median Pollutant Concentration (µg/l) Phosphorus Zinc Adapted from Pitt et al Image courtesy of Andy Erickson

6 Stormwater Management Options Permeable Pavements Permeable Pavement Shoulders Open Graded Friction Course Drainage Swales Iron Enhanced Sand Filter Check Dams

7 Conventional Pavement Agg-Agg Contact Low void content High Stability Photo courtesy of M. Barrett

8 Permeable Pavement Agg-Agg Contact High void content (15-25%) Photos courtesy of M. Barrett and perviouspavement.org

9 Full-Depth Permeable Pavement Stone reservoir under permeable pavement Underdrains, if necessary Infiltration into soil subgrade Runoff Underdrain Infiltration Image source: MPCA

10 Permeable Pavement Shoulders Full depth Must separate permeable reservoir from road subbase Found viable by Caltrans and NCHRP Hein et al and Chai et al. 2012

11 Permeable Pavement Shoulders Full depth Must separate permeable reservoir from road subbase Underdrains optional South Bend, Indiana (Photo courtesy of Brian Lutey, Ozinga)

12 Hein et al Image source: ABC 10 San Diego

13 Source: Drake 2013, Hein 2013, NCDENR 2012 Image source: Delaware Free News

14 Source: Rowe 2010, UMD, Concrete Network. Image: NY DEC

15 Open Graded Friction Course (OGFC) Placed over conventional pavement mm thick ~20% voids Vertical then lateral infiltration 8-10 year life Image source: Putman and Kline 2012

16 Image source: Barrett 2008

17 TSS (mg/l) Open Graded Friction Course Storm Dates Image source: Barrett 2008

18 Open Graded Friction Course OGFC core impregnated with fluorescent epoxy after > 2.5 years of service Image source: Barrett 2008

19 Open Graded Friction Course Spray reduction may mean less TSS on road surface (Video source: Plantmix Asphalt Industry of KY)

20 OGFC Test on I74 - Indianapolis Test section of OGFC east of Indianapolis in 2003 Monitored for 4 years (until 5 years old) OGFC can perform well under Indiana conditions Voids did not clog over the life of the study INDOT now has a new tool McDaniel et al. 2010

21 OGFC Test on I74 - Indianapolis Not recommended for slower traffic OGFC was colder, retained snow and ice longer Required 1-2 additional salt applications I74 OGFC after 5 years of service (McDaniel et al. 2010).

22 Winter Maintenance of OGFC Winter infiltration may decrease % Use pre-wetted salts & increase frequency More anti-icing agent (50 300% increase) Do not use with frequent snowplowing OGFC no worse than conventional pavements in Switzerland winter Backstrom & Bergstrom 2002, Camomilla et al. 1990, FHWA 2005, Isenring et al. 1990, Moore et al. 2001

23 OGFC on US 59 in TX (from Texas A&M Transportation Institute) NCHRP 2009 Limitations of OGFC Ice will form more quickly: Need early and close attention Lower friction with locked wheels Not for use in: Urban or high solids areas (i.e. farms) Low volume roads (ADT < 1000) Curbed areas or areas requiring handwork Heavily snow plowed areas Projects with long hauls (draindown)

24 Highway Drainage Swales Monitoring of a swale in California. Image : Barrett 2004

25 TSS Removal typically > 70% TSS Removal on side slope or embankment Barrett 2008 Image source: sdstate.edu 59-82%, 2 m from EOP 93-96%, 4 m from EOP No N or P removal (may increase) Total metals reduced

26 Impact of Median Width Performance of highway swale in Sacramento, CA. Slope = 33% Barrett 2004

27 Monitoring of a highway median in Washington. (Ahmed et al. 2014, Barrett et al. 1998, Barrett 2004, Lancaster 2009, Li et al Image: Cory Lancaster.)

28 Drainage Swale Maintenance Costs Maintenance Activity Cost (2013) Annual O&M* 5-6% of total construction $ Swale: Mow & sediment removal $6-$13 per foot Concrete end aprons: Sediment removal $285 per apron Break up soil to inches $420 per acre Maintenance Activity Swale: Mow & sediment removal Concrete end aprons: Sediment removal Person-hours per foot 5.7 per apron. Source: Ahmed et al. 2014, US EPA 1999, MnDOT personal communication except as noted. * US EPA Photo: roads.maryland.gov

29 Swale Hydraulic Model Schematic of modeling grid Grid established over entire channel Model infiltration: Green-Ampt eq. Model flow: Kinematic Wave eq. Calculate volume & fraction of runoff Garcia-Serrana et al. 2016

30 Field Verification of Hydraulic Model Garcia-Serrana et al. 2016

31 Field Verification of Hydraulic Model Garcia-Serrana et al. 2016

32 Estimating Annual Performance Garcia-Serrana et al. 2016

33 Estimating Annual Performance Percent rainfall volume and frequency graph (Garcia-Serrana et al. 2016) : 10% of rain volume

34 Estimating Annual Performance Avg = 36% Example: Ws/Wr = 0.4, Ksat = 2.03 cm/hr (Garcia-Serrana et al. 2016) S = 60.6%

35 Annual Infiltration Performance using MSP historic rainfall data. (Garcia-Serrana et al. 2016) Estimating Annual Performance 60.6%

36 Drainage Swales Infiltration Capacity Modified Philip Dunne (MPD) Infiltrometer & In field measurements (Ahmed et al. 2014)

37 Wide Variation in Permeability K sat-eff = 0.32(K avg ) (K geomean ) ~20 measurements in 350 m long swale Spatial variation of K sat adjacent to HWY 212 near Twin Cities (Ahmed et al. 2014, 2015; Weiss & Gulliver 2015)

38 Iron-Enhanced Sand Filtration (IESF) Maplewood, MN Iron-enhanced surface sand filter. Targets dissolved P 5-7% Fe w/ C33 sand Iron rusts (+ charge) Phosphate (- charge) P adsorbs to Fe Up to 70-90% dissolved P retained Used in surface sand filters in Minnesota Photo Source: Barr Engineering & MPCA

39 IESF for Highway Swales Check dam w/ filter Iron-sand mix socks Supported by cage 7% iron by weight Sand d 50 = 1.2 mm Larger than C33 (d 50 = 0.7 mm) Schematic of IESF Check Dam (Natarajan & Gulliver 2015)

40 IESF for Highway Swales IESF Check Dam, TH5 in Stillwater, MN (Natarajan & Gulliver 2015)

41 Testing of IESF Check Dam Water truck testing, TH 5 in Stillwater, MN (Natarajan & Gulliver 2015)

42 Test Results Influent P load = 0.41 g Effluent P load = g 78% dissolved P retention Each data point is average concentration of 20 L synthetic runoff volume Water truck synthetic runoff test results. (Natarajan & Gulliver 2015)

43 Rainstorm monitoring results, TH 5 in Stillwater, MN. (Natarajan & Gulliver 2015) Natural Rainstorm Monitoring IESF Check Dam: 35% P retention. Unmodified Check Dam: 14% P increase.

44 Heavy Rain in Central Indiana on June 15, Photo: Kim Mosier

45 Heavy Rain in Central Indiana on June 15, Photo: Kim Mosier

46 Thank you for your attention! Questions? Photo Source: roads.maryland.gov

47 References (page 1) Ahmed, F., Natarajan, P., Gulliver, J.S., Weiss, P.T., and Nieber, J.L Assessing and Improving Pollution Prevention by Swales. Minnesota Department of Transportation, St. Paul, MN. Ahmed, F., Gulliver, J.S., and Nieber, J.L Field infiltration measurements in grassed roadside ditches: Spatial and temporal variability. Journal of Hydrology, 530: Bäckström, M., and Bergström, A Draining function of porous asphalt during snowmelt and temporary freezing. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, Vol. 27, pp Barrett, M.E Effects of a Permeable Friction Course on Highway Runoff. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 134(5): Barrett, M.E Performance and Design of Vegetated BMPs in the Highway Environment. Proceedings of the World Water and Environmental Congress, Salt Lake City, Utah, June 27-July 1. Caltrans, BMP Retrofit Pilot Program, Final Report, CTSW RT , Caltrans Division of Environmental Analysis, Sacramento, California. Camomilla, G., Malgarini, M. and Gervasio, S Sound Absorption and Winter Performance of Porous Asphalt Pavement. Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1265, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., pp Chai, L., Kayhanian, M., Givens, B., and Harvey, J.T Hydraulic Performance of Fully Permeable Highway Shoulder for Storm Water Runoff Management. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 138(7): Davis, A. P., Shokouhian, M., Shubei, N., Loading Estimates of Lead, Copper, Cadmium, and Zinc in Urban Runoff from Specific Sources, Chemosphere, Vol. 44, p , 2001.

48 References (page 2) Drake, J Performance and operation of partial infiltration permeable pavement systems in the Ontario climate. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) (2005) Quiet Pavement Systems in Europe, United States Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Garcia-Serrana, M., Gulliver, J.S., and Nieber, J.L Enhancement and application of the Minnesota Dry Swale Calculator. Minnesota Department of Transportation, St. Paul, MN. Hein, D., Strecker E., Poresky A., Roseen R Permeable shoulders with stone reservoirs. Report prepared for AASHTO, NCHRP Project 25-25, Task 82, National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Transportation Research Board. Lancaster, C.D., Beutel, M.W., and Yonge, D Evaluation of roadside infiltration to manage stormwater runoff in semiarid eastern Washington. Environmental Engineering Science, 26(5): Moore, L., Hicks, R. and Rogge, D Design, Construction, and Maintenance Guidelines for Porous Asphalt Pavements. Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1778, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., pp Natarajan, P., and Gulliver, J.S Assessing iron-enhanced swales for pollution prevention. St. Anthony Fall Laboratory, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. Project Report #576. NCDENR North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Stormwater Best Practice Manual. Raleigh, North Carolina.

49 References (page 3) NCHRP Construction and maintenance practices for permeable friction courses. National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Report 640. Transportation Research Board, The National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC. Pitt, R., Maestre, A., Morquecho, R., Brown, T., Schueler, T., Cappiella, K., and Sturm, P. (2005). "Evaluation of NPDES Phase 1 Municipal Stormwater Monitoring Data." University of Alabama and the Center for Watershed Protection. Putman, B.J., and Kline, L.C Comparison of Mix Design Methods for Porous Asphalt Mixtures. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 24(11): Rowe, A., Permeable Pavement Research--Edison New Jersey, EPA National Risk Management Research Laboratory. Stanard, C., Candaele, R., Charbeneau, R., and Barrett, M State of the Practice: Permeable Friction Courses. Center for Transportation Research UT at Austin, Austin, TX. UMD (University of Maryland Extension) (undated). Permeable Pavement Fact Sheet. USEPA. (1999a). Preliminary data summary of urban stormwater best management practices. EPA- 821-R , U.S Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, Washington, D.C.

50 References (page 4) Virginia DCR Stormwater Design Specification No Weiss, P.T., and Gulliver, J.S Effective saturated hydraulic conductivity of an infiltration-based stormwater control measure. Journal of Sustainable Water in the Built Environment, 1(4): Winston, R.J., Hunt, W.J., Kennedy, S.G., Wright, J.D., and Lauffer, M.S Field evaluation of storm-water control measures for highway runoff treatment. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 138(1): Yonge, D.R., Contaminant Detention in Highway Grass Filter Strips. Report No. WA RD 474.1, Washington State Department of Transportation, Olympia, Washington, USA.