Water.Org s 2014 Regional Water Credit Forum. Mapping the Provision of Water in Kenya

Transcription

1 Water.Org s 2014 Regional Water Credit Forum Mapping the Provision of Water in Kenya

2 Agenda Introduction to Habitat for Humanity International and The MasterCard Foundation Funded Project. Kenya Housing Market Mapping Report with emphasis on Mapping the Provision of Water and Sanitation.

3 Introduction Habitat for Humanity International (HFHI) is an international non-profit organization dedicated to eliminating substandard housing and homelessness worldwide and to making adequate, affordable shelter a matter of conscience and action. HFH programs work to construct, renovate or repair houses, using contextually appropriate housing solutions linked with affordable financing.

4 Building Assets, Unlocking Access project In partnership with The MasterCard Foundation, Habitat for Humanity is developing housing microfinance products and services with nine leading financial institutions in Ghana, Uganda and Kenya to serve people living on less than US$5 per day who want to improve their shelter conditions progressively.

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6 Habitat s response Center for Innovation in Shelter and Finance (CISF) Cultivating partnerships Creating a platform to test new products Prompting a multiplier effect

7 Project goals Mapping the Housing Sector Developing viable products and meeting demand Highlighting what we learn Motivating the industry Sharing the insights

8 Market Mapping of the Housing Sector Value chains mapped: (NRB/NKR/KSM) Acquisition of land Upgrading of the property/land tenure Provision of Basic Infrastructure at Community Level Provision of Electricity Provision of Water and Sanitation Housing Construction/Housing Support Services Microfinance and Housing Finance

9 The Housing Value Chain and Housing Support Services Assistance in securing land and tenure Land and Tenure Assistance in securing or improving essential services Essential services (WATSAN, power, etc.) Finance Construction Other Support Services Financing Assistance in obtaining 3 rd party finance, subsidy, or savings facilities Building materials Assistance in obtaining or producing quality building materials Design and building skills/services Providing design advice and/or building services, or referrals On-going support Housing Construction technical assistance Community Development 9-9-

10 Map 1 Household Water Delivery Value Chain Consumption Retailing and Metering Water Service Providers (WSP) Urban Areas High Income Residential Areas Private Service Providers (PSP) Rural Areas Low income urban areas/ slums Water User Associations (WUA) Small Service Providers (SSP) 1. Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MWI)- (Policy, strategy, legislation, coordination, resource mobilization, M&E) 2. WASREB Water Services Regulation Board Monitor service provision) CSOs/ NGOS Distribution and Storage Water Service Boards (WSB) Informal Water Service Providers WSS 3. Water Services Trust Fund (WASTF) Finance provision of WSS to poor areas 4. Water Appeal Board, WAB determine appeals & disputes Donors Treatment Abstraction/Collection National Water Conservation and Pipeline Corporation (NWCPC) Informal Water Service Providers (WSS) 5. NWCPC- Develop & manage state schemes 6. KEWI-training & research 7. National Irrigation Board (NIB)- develop, manage state schemes 8. Water Resource Management Authority (WRMA) Regulate/manage water resources Financial Service Providers Input Supply Water, Equipment, Pipes, Tools, Technology and People Skills Water drilling Companies, Plumbing Material companies NWSC, Kenya Water Institute (KEWI) POLICY DEVELOPMENT Support Services

11 Governance + Policy Instruments The policy instrument for governance of the water sector is through The Water Act. No 8 of Ministry of Environment, Water and Natural Resources (MEWNR) is in charge of policies for water supply, water sector investments, planning and resource mobilization. Department of water formulates policies and strategies for water and sewerage services, coordinates and monitors water service institutions Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation oversees policies related to sanitation.

12 Regulation 1/3 The National Water Services Regulatory Board (WASREB) formed on the basis of the 2002 Water Act, regulates urban and rural water through: Issuance of licenses. Approvals of Service Provision Agreements (SPAs). Sets standards and carrying out service negotiation. Publishes results of sector monitoring in the form of comparative reports

13 Regulation 2/3 Ministry of local government, through elected city council, used to oversee public sanitation and on site sanitation in urban centers. Changes have however taken place since devolution. The Council s office of environment was responsible for solid waste management. There have been changes since the devolution Water Services Trust Fund (WASTF) finances the provision of water services to low income settlements. Through the Urban poor concept there has been construction of water kiosks that meet sustainability standards.

14 Regulation 3/3 Water Resource Management Authority (WRMA) regulates and manages water resources. National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA), does environmental regulation and formulates water quality regulation. Water Asset Management Water services boards (WSBs) are in charge of the development and rehabilitation of water and sewerage facilities, investments and planning. 8 Service Boards (Athi, Coast, Tana, Lake Victoria North, Lake Victoria North, Northern, Rift Valley and Tana Athi Water Services Boards. Regulated by services provision agreements (SPAs) to ensure compliance with water standards on quality, service levels and performance established by WASREB.

15 Service Provision In high income urban areas, water and sanitation service provision is through water service providers, generally limited liability companies owned by local authorities; or private sector providers e.g. Runda Estate. In rural and low income urban areas and slums, water user associations and small water suppliers registered as associations by registrar of societies are the main providers. National Water Conservation and Pipeline Corporation is in charge of bulk water supply.

16 Map 2 Roles of MEWNR and Formal Water Service Delivery Institutions MWI Ministry of Water and Irrigation,, National Level Regional Level Local Level WASREB Water Services Regulatory Board Regulate & Monitor Service Provision WSTF Water Services Trust Fund Finance Provision of WSS to Poor WSB - Water Service Boards WSS Asset Holders and Developers WSPs Water Service Providers Direct provision of services WAB Water Appeal Board Determine Appeals & Disputes Policy and Strategy Formulation, Legislation, resource mobilization, coordination, monitoring and evaluation Water and Sewerage Services WSB s LVN, LVS, RV, ATHI, TANA, NORTHERN, COAST NWCPC National Water Cons & Pipeline Corp Develop& manage state schemes KEWI Kenya Water Institute Training and research Consumers, Users NIB National Irrigation Board Develop manage national schemes Water Resources Management WRMA Water Resource Mgt Authority Regulate Manage Water Resources Catchment Area Advisory Committee CAAC Advise on Conservation and Apportionment CAAC- LVN, LVS, RV, ATHI, TANA, EWASO, N GIRO WRUA s- Water Resource Users Associtaions Cooperative Management of Water Resources

17 Water Usage (Findings from FGDs) In Informal settlements, Most people use tapped water from water kiosks, while others use shallow wells in close proximity with pit latrins The majority never do in house plumbing for water but opts for a single tap within the compound. It is estimated that 52% of the total drinking water supply comes from rain water during the rainy season or springs, rivers, and streams during dry season. Majority of Kenyans live 15mins from water supply source Formal Settlements. Majority use taps and have plumbing works for water within their houses.

18 Water UN-Habitat Standards Findings in Low Income Areas of Kisumu, Nairobi and Nakuru Quality Access and Quantity Water is palatable Sufficient in quality for drinking and domestic use Not causing significant risk to health. Safe and equitable access to adequate storage of sufficient quantity Public water points are sufficiently close to households to enable use of the minimum water requirement. Shallow wells in close proximity with pit latrines and with high chances of contamination Broken and/or poorly connected water pipes The two water treatment systems amount to 20,000 m3/day against a projected demand of 50,000 m3/day. High usage of communal bathrooms

19 Statistics of water and sanitation access. According to Progress on Sanitation and Drinking Water update 2013 Report: 29% of Kenyans in 2011 had access to improved sanitation systems (flush toilets, piped sewer system, septic tanks, pit latrines and ventilated pit latrines 14% used open defecation 26% shared toilet facilities among 3 or more families 31% used unimproved sanitation facilities (pit latrines without slabs or platforms, bucket latrines and hanging latrines.

20 Sanitation UN-Habitat Standards Findings in low income areas of Nairobi, Kisumu and Nakuru Access to toilets Design, constructio n and use of toilets Adequate in number close to their dwellings, to allow them rapid, safe and acceptable access at all times of the day and night Toilets are sited, designed, constructed and maintained in such a way as to be comfortable, hygienic and safe to use. Use of communal toilets and bathrooms Toilets and bathrooms are external to main house Mostly simple pit latrines shared among an average of 37 people Use of soak away pits for human waste disposal Pit latrines were generally made of bricks or mabati. Toilets with poor plumbing and low quality pipes with bursting septic tanks Nairobi

21 Sanitation (cont d) UN-Habitat Standards Drainage Dwelling has an environment in which the health and other risks posed by water erosion and standing water, including storm water, floodwater, domestic wastewater and wastewater from medical facilities, are minimized. Findings Drainage is an issue most households never had or planned for. Most houses have bath and dirty water flowing into the neighbours backyard. Missing drainages and sewerage systems

22 Infrastructure Water and sanitation Some Key Players Equity Bank and other FSPs Activities Has linked up with technical service providers, through a capacity building partnership with Water.org the purposes of enabling poor households to through linkages with financial service Financing mainly towards construction of septic tanks. Water.org Promoting provision of credit finance for access water and sanitation facilities providers. Maji na community development and infrastructure Ufanisi construction in urban slums of small towns. Also advocates for improved sector governance

23 Opportunities Conducive legal framework that provides flexibility and allows operations of private sector companies and corporations in the form of contracts and sourcing for investment funds. Cooperative movement in Kenya provides for solid grounds to support low income household members to access quality water and manage infrastructure connections. Decentralization of water management functions from MEWNR to new regional based institutions has led to improved management of water resources and services.

24 Constraints Privatization increasing costs cost recovery and profitability motives lead to higher tariffs and user fees by private companies. Limited access to quality and quantity demanded by consumers. Limited distribution of sewage systems and waste water collection systems. Limited willingness to pay for WATSAN services Bureaucratic hurdles related to obtaining water connections causes delays and sometimes necessitate bribes. Limited activism - increased heterogeneity in urban areas breeds poor responsiveness to collective efforts towards better WSH services.