Renewable freshwater resources & Freshwater abstraction

Transcription

1 Renewable freshwater resources & Freshwater abstraction 2 nd nd Joint Task Force Meeting on Environmental Indicators Geneva, May 21 Daniel Clarke United Nations Statistics Division, DESA

2 Renewable freshwater resources = Internal flow + Inflow of surface and groundwater Estimated based on regular measurements from a representative set of hydrological stations on levels and horizons, flow rates, and countrywide precipitation. Time series provides measure of the volume of renewable resources for the country for human and all other uses However, the indicator does not address the intra- national and seasonal distribution of resources or the quality of the resources

3 Internal flow and Inflow Internal flow = Precipitation Actual evapotranspiration Inflow of surface and groundwater: : total volume of actual inflow of rivers and groundwater coming from neighboring countries. Boundary waters are divided 5/5 unless specified otherwise in current water sharing agreements.

4 Inflows as a proportion of renewable resources The inflows component represents the relative importance for the country of international agreements and cooperation in management of renewable freshwater resources. Proportion of total renewable resources: Inflows of surface and groundwaters % Georgia Armenia The Former Yugoslav Rep. of Macedonia Belarus Republic of Moldova Serbia Calculated from data collected through the UNSD/UNEP Questionnaire on Environment Statistics

5 Renewable vs. non-renewable Internal flow and Inflow of surface and groundwater represents the recharge of freshwater back into the water balance. Some groundwater sources are non-renewable if they are held in aquifers that have negligible rates of natural recharge over a human lifespan. (see IRWS for more info) Also, if pollution makes a source unhealthy for human use it could become non-renewable in the short or long-term.

6 Renewable freshwater resources per capita Data are reported every 2 years to the UNSD/UNEP Questionnaire on Environment Statistics (non-oecd members) and the Joint OECD/Eurostat Eurostat Questionnaire on the State of the Environment (OECD and EU members) FAO Aquastat also collects data from national sources and supplements with modeled data and FAO estimations in the Aquastat main country database. Aquastat values are reported for 5 year periods (see chart), but each value also has a single reference year. This reference year was matched with UNSD/UNEP annual data for the below chart. Both sources currently cover the time period: Usually the time series data from the 2 sources converge over the period. However, in some cases this means that the trends themselves diverge. m 3 p e r c a p i t a Renewable freshwater resources (UNSD/UNEP) (Aquastat, estimated) Belarus (UNSD/UNEP) Belarus (Aquastat, estimated) Republic of Moldova (UNSD/UNEP) Republic of Moldova (Aquastat, estimated) Serbia (UNSD/UNEP) Serbia (Aquastat, includes Montenegro) The Former Yugoslav Rep. of Macedonia (UNSD/UNEP) The Former Yugoslav Rep. of Macedonia (Aquastat, estimated) Calculated from data collected through the UNSD/UNEP Questionnaire on Environment Statistics and downloaded from Aquastat main country database

7 Proportion of renewable resources abstracted = Total renewable resources / gross abstractions. Annual data used to estimate for the 4 5-year 5 periods. Proportion of freshwater resources abstracted % Belarus Republic of Moldova Serbia The Former Yugoslav Rep. of Macedonia Calculated from data collected through the UNSD/UNEP Questionnaire on Environment Statistics

8 With selected other Eastern Europe Proportion of freshwater resources abstracted % Belarus Republic of Moldova Serbia The Former Yugoslav Rep. of Macedonia Czech Republic Hungary Poland Romania Calculated from data collected through the UNSD/UNEP Questionnaire on Environment Statistics and the Joint OECD/Eurostat Questionnaire on the State of the Environment

9 With selected Western Europe In other selected European countries a U -shape is prevalent for this time series Propotion of freshwater resources abstracted 7 6 % Belarus Republic of Moldova Serbia The Former Yugoslav Rep. of Macedonia Germany Netherlands Spain Switzerland Calculated from data collected through the UNSD/UNEP Questionnaire on Environment Statistics and the Joint OECD/Eurostat Questionnaire on the State of the Environment

10 Freshwater abstraction Annual abstractions from surface and groundwater sources: total and by abstracter industry in accordance with ISIC Rev. 4 Abstraction volumes are calculated by hydrology experts by combining direct indicators of abstraction (such as metered pumps or pump energy use measures) with information on expected use by abstracters or suppliers (e.g. use coefficients). A useful application of the data is the Water exploitation index (WEI) = TA t (*1) / RFR t Where: TA t = total volume of abstractions in year t and RFR= renewable freshwater resources Note: WEI can also be calculated for each industry by substituting TA t with annual abstractions by ISIC category

11 Abstractions, use and withdrawals Abstractions: Water removed from any source, either permanently or temporarily.. Includes abstraction by the water supply industry (ISIC 36) and direct abstraction by other activities, including water abstracted but returned without use, such as mine water and drainage water. -UNSD/UNEP Questionnaire on Environment Statistics Use: Quantity of freshwater that is actually used in a year by end users including water delivered by the water supply industry (ISIC 36), water directly abstracted for own o use and water received from other parties. Excludes freshwater returned without use. = Total freshwater available for use - Losses during transport = used by (Household + Agriculture, forestry and fishing + Manufacturing acturing + Electricity industry + Other economic activities) -UNSD/UNEP Questionnaire on Environment Statistics Withdrawals are used by FAO Aquastat and in the MDG indicator proportion of total water resources used : Annual quantity of freshwater withdrawn for agricultural, industrial and municipal purposes. It includes renewable freshwater resources as well as potential over-abstraction of renewable groundwater or withdrawal of fossil groundwater and eventual use of desalinated water or treated wastewater. It does not include other categories of water use, such s as for cooling of power plants, mining, recreation, navigation, fisheries, etc., which are sectors that are characterized by a very low net consumption rate. -FAO Aquastat online glossary

12 Gross abstractions / total renewable resources and Proportion of total freshwater resources used (MDG) Data are latest available matching years MDG Indicator is calculated from Aquastat withdrawals and renewable freshwater resources data 7 MDG Proportion of resources used 6 Gross abstractions / Total renewable resources (UNSD/UNEP Questionnaire) Belarus 199 Belarus 2 Georgia 199 Republic of Moldova 199 Republic of Moldova 2 Calculated from data collected through the UNSD/UNEP Questionnaire on Environment Statistics and data downloaded from UNSD MDG Indicators database.

13 Groundwater abstraction Important to monitor for over-abstractions, e.g. regular assessments of groundwater abstraction compared to average recharge for each individual aquifer source. Therefore, where available, abstractions should also be reported according to surface and groundwater. Proportion of total freshwater abstractions from groundwater % Georgia 25 The Former Yugoslav Rep. of Macedonia Kyrgyzstan Serbia 26 Republic of Moldova 25 Ukraine 25 Armenia 25 Bosnia and Herzegovina 27 Croatia 26 Belarus 25 Calculated from data collected through the UNSD/UNEP Questionnaire on Environment Statistics

14 Abstractions by industry latest year available, selected Europe 1% 9% 8% 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% % Austria 1999 Belgium 23 Czech Republic 22 Denmark 24 Finland 1999 France 26 Georgia 24 Hungary 24 Latvia 27 Netherlands 26 Poland 27 Republic of Moldova 27 Spain 26 Sweden 24 Manufacturing (ISIC1-33) Agriculture (ISIC 1-3) Households Water supply industry (ISIC 36) Calculated from data collected through the UNSD/UNEP Questionnaire on Environment Statistics and the Joint OECD/Eurostat Questionnaire on the State of the Environment

15 Comparing abstractions and withdrawals by industry Abstractions by industry are reported according to the abstracter whereas withdrawals are reported according to the use. Also, a direct correspondence with ISIC is not currently possible with Aquastat statistics. However, according to the Aquastat online glossary: Municipal withdrawals are usually computed as the total water withdrawn by the public distribution network (i.e. the water supply industry) for direct use by the population and can include industries connected to the municipal network. Kyrgyzstan: water supply industry abstractions are equal to gross abstractions. Abstraction volumes reported to UNSD/UNEP are much greater than Aquastat modeled data. : volumes are more similar but the trends are reversed millions of cubic meters millions of cubic meters 11,5 11, 1,5 1, 9,5 9, 8,5 8, 7,5 7, 6,5 6, 5,5 5, 4,5 4, 3,5 3, 2,5 2, 1,5 1, Kyrgyzstan Municipal w ithdraw als (Aquastat) Gross abstractions by w ater supply industry Municipal w ithdraw als (Aquastat) Gross abstractions by w ater supply industry Calculated from data collected through the UNSD/UNEP Questionnaire on Environment Statistics and downloaded from Aquastat main country database

16 Water use efficiency Freshwater use by industry per unit of value added, selected EECCA countries Use efficiency/intensity measures are distinct from WEI because they represent the end user perspective whereas WEI measures exploitation by the categories of abstracters Manufacturing, ISIC 1-33 Agriculture, ISIC Armenia Belarus Georgia Kyrgyzst an Ukraine Armenia Belarus Georgia Kyrgyzst an Ukraine Calculated from data collected through the UNSD/UNEP Questionnaire on Environment Statistics and data downloaded from the UNSD National Accounts Main Aggregates database.

17 Final remarks Both indicators require strong cooperation with national hydrology officials/experts Clear definitions and use of terminology is very important because there are important differences in the concepts behind the terms: Use, Withdrawals, Abstractions, Renewable,, etc. Data availability in international databases is currently still very limited for cross-country country and time series analysis, but improving