Creating a Circular Economy for Hard Disk Drives A Shared Vision. Carol Handwerker (Purdue University) Bill Olson (Seagate) Mark Schaffer (inemi)

Transcription

1 Creating a Circular Economy for Hard Disk Drives A Shared Vision Carol Handwerker (Purdue University) Bill Olson (Seagate) Mark Schaffer (inemi) ACS Green Chemistry Portland OR 18 June 2018

2 Key Findings from inemi Metals Recycling Project Need: Value Recovery in the context of a circular economy Key role for inemi and its members to play in increasing metals recovery, while promoting sustainable electronics. Focus on value recovery Focus on innovative designs, business models, technologies, supply chains Focus on community building and self-managing the commons Of particular importance is the ability of inemi to convene stakeholders to solve common problems 2

3 Creating a Circular Economy for HDDs

4 Phase 1

5 Value Recovery from Used Electronics inemi Phase 2 project started in October 2017 In-kind funding model - self-assembling and self-managing group setting common goals (Ostrom framework) Demonstration of circular economy for HDDs: supply chain, economics, logistics, reducing life cycle costs Members: Ames Lab, Cascade Asset Management, Cisco, Critical Materials Institute, Echo Environmental, Google, Green Electronics Council, IBM/Geodis, Idaho National Lab, Microsoft, Momentum Technologies, Oak Ridge National Labs, Purdue University, Seagate, Teleplan, Urban Mining 5

6 Task 1 Task 2 Task 3 Task 4 Task 5 Task 6 Task 7 Task 8 Task 9 Task 10 6 Task List and Timeline O N D J F M A M J J A S O Task 1: Identify Criteria for Enabling Reuse of used, functioning HDDs and of components from used, non-functioning HDDs Task 2: Identify Criteria for Enabling Reuse of HDD components in HDD applications both direct and indirect for metal components, disks, magnetics, motors, head, PWBs etc. Task 3: Identify Criteria for Enabling Reuse of magnets in non-hdd applications Task 4: Develop economic and logistics estimates for cases studies identified in Tasks 1-3. Task 5: Summarize, Review Design principles for the system for value recovery / Define Demonstration project (based on Task 1-4 studies) Task 6: Benchmark current reuse and recovery (direct, indirect) and barriers with stakeholder input Task 7: Identify Leverage Points Task 8: Identify/Map the supply chain and identify key gaps for developing a circular economy including each value recovery pathway for HDDs Task 9: Conduct Demonstration Projects Task 10: Socialize and publish findings

7 Electronics: Common Pool Resources Commons: A resource shared by many people who depend on it for their livelihoods In context of e-waste, there are multiple commons the environment - creating pollution and wasting embedded resources the products themselves, their components, and retaining value to society Natural Fisheries Forests Groundwater Irrigation Systems Rivers Air Man-Made E-waste Paper Plastic Food

8 The Tragedy of the Commons The Tragedy of the Commons Hardin (Science ) A few people will destroy common pool resources by operating out of narrow self-interest for short-term gain It is inevitable unless all resources are privatized or controlled by the government 8

9 Key Resources Published literature: UN Environmental Programme series, Umicore, Graedel, Meskers, Hageluken, Stevels, Ostrom, Babbitt, Dahmus, Gutowski, Williams, and others

10 Social-Ecological Framework for Self-Managing the Commons(Ostrom) Elinor Ostrom 2009 Nobel Prize in Economics

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12 We posit Two Additional Necessary Factors for Success Actors have shared goals for the SYSTEM as well as individual goals for themselves that are explicitly articulated Actors recognize that others individual goals are important - so that when there are disagreements or things get hard, we continue to work together to meet our shared goals 12 This is explicitly what we are developing in the inemi Value Recovery project

13 Fast Turn Project Value Recovery from Hard Disk Drives Momentum within the community Seagate President Hard drives from hard drives inemi Project, Seagate, and the Critical Materials Institute (CMI) have been examining various approaches to value recovery for HDDs: new technologies for removing and reusing magnets from HDDs in new HDDs, for critical materials recovery economic, life cycle, and logistics analyses to examine the viability of various scenarios for used HDDs and other used electronics 13

14 14 Phase 2 inemi Project Value Recovery from Hard Disk Drives Members in the project with a common goal HDD Manufacturers Seagate HDD Users Cisco, Google, Microsoft Authorized After-market Service Providers Teleplan Recyclers and IT Asset Management Companies Geodis/IBM, Cascade Asset Management, Echo Environmental Secondary Market Buyers and Sellers connected through recyclers Smelters and Other Materials Recovery Organizations- Momentum Technologies, Urban Mining Corporation After First-Market Users - consumers, data center, enterprise, cloud, computer connected through HDD Users + AM Service Providers Technology Developers research organizations (national labs, universities, all the above) CMI Ames, INL, ORNL, Purdue Standards organizations GEC (EPEAT)

15 Decision Tree for Used HDDs Start Receive undamaged HDD Scan Model for Recovery decision into Floor Control System Four value recovery options: Resell as OEM labelled HDD Resell as white-label HDD Manually remove circuit boards and sell for $7-$9/lb for Au, Pd, Cu recovery Sell for mixed Al scrap at $0.25/lb as shred or whole Recovery decision? Scrap Hard drive contain large circuit card? No Shred Hard Drive to destroy data Reuse Run SMART test to verify functionality of Hard Drive Pass SMART Test? Yes No No Yes Remove Circuit card and sell as Precious Metal Hard Drive Blank Circuit Card Precious Metal Mixed Aluminum Sell at Commodity level Perform Data Wipe Pass Data Wipe? Yes White Label Process Only Drive? Yes No Segregate and process for White Label Sale Process for resale or internal use End

16 New technologies

17 Phase 2 inemi Project New Technologies for Value Recovery Pre-Processing Automated dismantling Automated magnet punching Shredding with separation Magnet Powder Techno-economic analysis Life cycle analysis Logistics & supply chain Magnet to Magnet Processing: hydrogen decrepitation of magnets Metals Recovery Super-Critical Fluid Extraction Membrane Solvent Extraction Biosorption & Bioleaching Acid-Free Dissolution and REO Recovery Electrochemical Metal and REO Recovery from Complex e-waste Selective Sulfation of Shredded HDD Magnet Fractions Low Temperature β-diketonate Separation Processes Electrochemical Deposition of High Purity RE Metals using RTIL 17

18 Demo Project 5: from reuse or shred to reuse, remfg, and recover Identify and remove barriers for switching from reuse or shred to reuse, remanufacture, and recover 18 Enable reuse: data wiping works (cryptoerase/nist wipe), and verification processes exist to minimize risk and recover highest value Develop economic, logistics, and life-cycle analyses for multiple pathways for reuse, remanufacturing, and recovery Demonstrate innovative pathways for value recovery technological, economic, environmental, risk, Identify business models and relationships between supply chain partners that create barriers Establish use cases of economic modeling + LCA in decisionmaking Quantify stocks and flows of end-of-use HDDs in a global context Build a circular economy model for HDDs to meet your organization s needs

19 Demonstration Project 5: from reuse or shred to reuse and recover Deliverables: Parameterized decision making models to support building a circular economy. Parameters and process flow diagram for current and alternatives Examples of customized business models for major classes of organizations System dynamics model of data center HDD stocks and flows integrated with different scenarios for economics and LCA and mind maps to compare practices Present examples of best practices for different HDD users, large to small 19

20 Examples: inemi Demonstration Projects for HDD Magnets Dismantle HDD Reuse magnets in HDDs: Pull drives, recover magnets and reuse the magnets in a new HDD Reuse magnets into another application - as is or after machining to shape Turn recovered magnet into powder and remake into magnet for HDDs or other applications. Punch out magnets from HDD or separate shred Turn magnetic fraction into usable powder for magnetto-magnet processing Recover rare earths as oxides or metals for magnet manufacturing 20

21 Uniqueness of this project This project goes beyond the theoretical: We have people from 15+ organization all working on practical applications of CE concepts 6 month plan to actually demonstrate recapturing and reuse of HDDs and/or their key components and materials This will be the first practical work for magnet remanufacturing for a HDD and a first step in making a new HDD from an old HDD 21

22 Uniqueness of this project This project goes beyond the theoretical: We have 15+ organization all working on practical applications of CE concepts 6 month plan to actually demonstrate recapturing and reuse of HDDs and/or their key components and materials This will be the first practical work for magnet remanufacturing for a HDD and a first step in making a new HDD from an old HDD and then transfer this knowledge beyond HDDs: value in the methodology for managing 22 other man-made common pool resources

23 Rules of the Game This is explicitly how we are organized in the inemi Value Recovery project 23